Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics

대한소아청소년과학회 (The Korean Pediatric Society)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Reference values of lead in blood and related factors among Korean adolescents: the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010-2013

  • Choi, Min-Gyu (Department of Pediatrics, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine) ;
  • Park, Mi-Jung (Department of Pediatrics, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine) ;
  • Kim, Shin-Hye (Department of Pediatrics, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine)
  • 투고 : 2015.07.07
  • 심사 : 2015.10.30
  • 발행 : 2016.03.15
PDF 다운로드
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

Purpose: This study aimed to assess the reference values and factors influencing blood lead levels among Korean adolescents. Methods: The study population consisted of 1,585 adolescents (801 males, 784 females; aged 10-19 years) who participated in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010-2013. We analyzed blood lead concentrations in relation to demographic/lifestyle characteristics for all participants. "Reference values" of blood lead levels were calculated as the upper limit of the 95% confidence interval of the 95th percentile. Results: The average "reference value" for blood lead concentrations among Korean adolescents was $2.25{\mu}g/dL$ ($2.49{\mu}g/dL$ for males, $2.07{\mu}g/dL$ for females), and the geometric mean of the blood lead concentrations was $1.34{\mu}g/dL$. Males had higher blood lead concentrations than females (male, $1.48{\mu}g/dL$; female, $1.19{\mu}g/dL$; P<0.001). Elementary school students had higher blood lead concentrations than junior and senior high school students ($1.44{\mu}g/dL$ vs. $1.31{\mu}g/dL$, P<0.001). Participants living in detached houses had higher blood lead concentrations than those living in apartments (P<0.001) and current smokers had higher concentrations than nonsmokers or participants with secondhand smoke exposure (P<0.05). Additionally, participants with excessive alcohol consumption had higher levels than non-drinkers (P<0.001). Conclusion: This study provides national reference data on blood lead concentrations stratified by demographic and lifestyle factors among Korean adolescents. Further studies are needed to elucidate the relationship between increased lead exposure and demographic factors including type of housing.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Tchounwou PB, Yedjou CG, Patlolla AK, Sutton DJ. Heavy metal toxicity and the environment. EXS 2012;101:133-64.
  2. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Environmental Health. Lead exposure in children: prevention, detection, and management. Pediatrics 2005;116:1036-46. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2005-1947
  3. Kim NS, Lee BK. National estimates of blood lead, cadmium, and mercury levels in the Korean general adult population. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2011;84:53-63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-010-0522-6
  4. Lee BK, Kim Y. Blood cadmium, mercury, and lead and metabolic syndrome in South Korea: 2005-2010 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Ind Med 2013;56:682-92. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.22107
  5. Choi JW, Kim SK. Association between blood lead concentrations and body iron status in children. Arch Dis Child 2003;88:791-2. https://doi.org/10.1136/adc.88.9.791
  6. Min KB, Min JY, Cho SI, Kim R, Kim H, Paek D. Relationship between low blood lead levels and growth in children of whitecollar civil servants in Korea. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2008;211:82-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2007.03.003
  7. Cho SC, Kim BN, Hong YC, Shin MS, Yoo HJ, Kim JW, et al. Effect of environmental exposure to lead and tobacco smoke on inattentive and hyperactive symptoms and neurocognitive performance in children. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2010;51:1050-7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02250.x
  8. Abelsohn AR, Sanborn M. Lead and children: clinical management for family physicians. Can Fam Physician 2010;56:531-5.
  9. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Clinical Chemistry Division Commission on Toxicology. Calculation and application of coverage intervals for biological reference values. Technical report. A supplement to the approved IFCC recommendation (1987) on the theory of reference values. Pure Appl Chem 1997;69:1601-11. https://doi.org/10.1351/pac199769071601
  10. Becker K, Schroeter-Kermani C, Seiwert M, Ruther M, Conrad A, Schulz C, et al. German health-related environmental monitoring: assessing time trends of the general population's exposure to heavy metals. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2013;216:250-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.01.002
  11. Vrijens J, Leermakers M, Stalpaert M, Schoeters G, Den Hond E, Bruckers L, et al. Trace metal concentrations measured in blood and urine of adolescents in Flanders, Belgium: reference population and case studies Genk-Zuid and Menen. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2014;217:515-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.10.001
  12. Centers for disease control and prevention. Fourth national report on human exposure to environmental chemicals, updated tables, February 2015 [Internet]. Atlanta: National center for environmental health; c2015 [cited 2015 May 20]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/exposurereport/.
  13. Bushnik T, Haines D, Levallois P, Levesque J, Van Oostdam J, Viau C. Lead and bisphenol A concentrations in the Canadian population. Health Rep 2010;21:7-18.
  14. Ilmiawati C, Yoshida T, Itoh T, Nakagi Y, Saijo Y, Sugioka Y, et al. Biomonitoring of mercury, cadmium, and lead exposure in Japanese children: a cross-sectional study. Environ Health Prev Med 2015;20:18-27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12199-014-0416-4
  15. Lee YH, Chang HS, Choi BK, Hwang KG, Choi AH. A study on blood lead levels in pediatric inpatients. J Korean Pediatr Soc 1994;37:1111-5.
  16. Shim HS, Kim HC, Park HR, Kim MH, Kwun KS, Kwon YS, et al. The relationship between iron and heavy metal concentrations in blood among students at a middle school in Incheon. Clin Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2007;14:43-52.
  17. NTP monograph on health effects of low-level lead. NTP Monogr 2012;(1):xiii, xv-148.
  18. Jeong SW, Lee CK, Suh CH, Kim KH, Son BC, Kim JH, et al. Blood lead concentration and related factors in Korea from the 2008 National Survey for Environmental Pollutants in the Human Body. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2014;217:871-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2014.06.006
  19. Cao J, Li M, Wang Y, Yu G, Yan C. Environmental lead exposure among preschool children in Shanghai, China: blood lead levels and risk factors. PLoS One 2014;9:e113297. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0113297
  20. Liu J, Yuan E, Zhang Z, Jia L, Yin Z, Meng X, et al. Age- and sexspecific reference intervals for blood copper, zinc, calcium, magnesium, iron, lead, and cadmium in infants and children. Clin Biochem 2012;45:416-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2012.01.014
  21. Dixon SL, Gaitens JM, Jacobs DE, Strauss W, Nagaraja J, Pivetz T, et al. Exposure of U.S. children to residential dust lead, 1999-2004: II. The contribution of lead-contaminated dust to children's blood lead levels. Environ Health Perspect 2009;117:468-74. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.11918
  22. McKelvey W, Gwynn RC, Jeffery N, Kass D, Thorpe LE, Garg RK, et al. A biomonitoring study of lead, cadmium, and mercury in the blood of New York city adults. Environ Health Perspect 2007;115:1435-41.
  23. Weyermann M, Brenner H. Alcohol consumption and smoking habits as determinants of blood lead levels in a national population sample from Germany. Arch Environ Health 1997;52:233-9. https://doi.org/10.1080/00039899709602892
  24. Graziano JH, Blum C. Lead exposure from lead crystal. Lancet 1991;337:141-2. https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(91)90803-W

피인용 문헌

  1. Time for a change in blood lead reference value for Chinese children vol.267, pp.None, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128868