DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Recent advances in multiple myeloma: a Korean perspective

  • Hong, Junshik (Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center) ;
  • Lee, Jae Hoon (Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center)
  • Received : 2015.12.22
  • Accepted : 2016.08.22
  • Published : 2016.09.01

Abstract

Epidemiologically, multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignant disorder of plasma cells with a higher incidence among Western populations than among Asians. However, there is growing evidence of a recent increase in the age-standardized incidence rate (ASR) of MM in Asian countries, particularly Korea. Application of novel agents has resulted in significant improvement of treatment outcomes, and the advances are ongoing with the recent introduction and U.S. Food and Drug Administration's approval of newer agents, including carfilzomib, ixazomib, elotuzumab, and daratumumab. In concert with the technical advances in the cytogenetic and molecular diagnostics of MM, modifications of its diagnosis and staging system have been attempted for better risk stratification. The modified diagnostic criteria from the International Myeloma Working Group in 2014 enabled a strategy of more active treatment for some patients with smoldering MM, with an ultra-high risk of progression, and fine-tuned the definition of end-organ damage, known as CRAB (hypercalcemia, renal insufficiency, anemia, and bone lesions). Considering Korea's trend of aging at an unprecedented rate, we can expect that the ASR of MM will maintain a gradual increase for many years to come; therefore, MM will be a cancer of critical importance from both medical and socioeconomic perspectives in Korea.

Keywords

References

  1. Kumar SK, Rajkumar SV, Dispenzieri A, et al. Improved survival in multiple myeloma and the impact of novel therapies. Blood 2008;111:2516-2520. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2007-10-116129
  2. Kumar SK, Dispenzieri A, Lacy MQ, et al. Continued improvement in survival in multiple myeloma: changes in early mortality and outcomes in older patients. Leukemia 2014;28:1122-1128. https://doi.org/10.1038/leu.2013.313
  3. Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Dikshit R, et al. Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012. Int J Cancer 2015;136:E359-E386. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.29210
  4. Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2015. CA Cancer J Clin 2015;65:5-29. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21254
  5. Kyle RA, Therneau TM, Rajkumar SV, et al. A long-term study of prognosis in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. N Engl J Med 2002;346:564-569. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa01133202
  6. Kyle RA, Therneau TM, Rajkumar SV, et al. Prevalence of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. N Engl J Med 2006;354:1362-1369. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa054494
  7. Blade J. Clinical practice: monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. N Engl J Med 2006;355:2765-2770. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMcp052790
  8. Kyle RA, Durie BG, Rajkumar SV, et al. Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and smoldering (asymptomatic) multiple myeloma: IMWG consensus perspectives risk factors for progression and guidelines for monitoring and management. Leukemia 2010;24:1121-1127. https://doi.org/10.1038/leu.2010.60
  9. Rajkumar SV, Dimopoulos MA, Palumbo A, et al. International Myeloma Working Group updated criteria for the diagnosis of multiple myeloma. Lancet Oncol 2014;15:e538-e548. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(14)70442-5
  10. Park HK, Lee KR, Kim YJ, et al. Prevalence of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance in an elderly urban Korean population. Am J Hematol 2011;86:752-755. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajh.22095
  11. Lee YG, Bang SM, Lee JO, et al. Five-year follow-up study of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance in a Korean elderly urban cohort. Cancer Res Treat 2015;47:215-220.
  12. Riedel DA, Pottern LM. The epidemiology of multiple myeloma. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 1992;6:225-247. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0889-8588(18)30341-1
  13. Lee JH, Lee DS, Lee JJ, et al. Multiple myeloma in Korea: past, present, and future perspectives. Experience of the Korean Multiple Myeloma Working Party. Int J Hematol 2010;92:52-57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12185-010-0617-6
  14. Huang SY, Yao M, Tang JL, et al. Epidemiology of multiple myeloma in Taiwan: increasing incidence for the past 25 years and higher prevalence of extramedullary myeloma in patients younger than 55 years. Cancer 2007;110:896-905. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.22850
  15. Khuhaprema T, Attasara P, Sriplung H, Wiangnon S, Sangrajrang S. Cancer in Thailand. Vol. 7. Bangkok: Ministry of Public Health and Ministry of Education, Thailand, 2013.
  16. Jung KW, Won YJ, Kong HJ, et al. Cancer statistics in Korea: incidence, mortality, survival, and prevalence in 2012. Cancer Res Treat 2015;47:127-141. https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2015.060
  17. Park EH, Lee H, Won YJ, et al. Nationwide statistical analysis of myeloid malignancies in Korea: incidence and survival rate from 1999 to 2012. Blood Res 2015;50:204-217. https://doi.org/10.5045/br.2015.50.4.204
  18. Rosenberg PS, Barker KA, Anderson WF. Future distribution of multiple myeloma in the United States by sex, age, and race/ethnicity. Blood 2015;125:410-412. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2014-10-609461
  19. Statistics Korea. Life table 2014 [Internet]. Daejeon (KR): Statistics Korea, c1996 [cited 2016 Aug 22]. Available from: http://kostat.go.kr/portal/korea/kor_nw/2/2/7/index.board?bmode=read&aSeq=350178.
  20. Hyun KR, Kang S, Lee S. Population aging and healthcare expenditure in Korea. Health Econ 2015 Jun 16 [Epub]. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hec.3209.
  21. Hernandez JM, Garcia-Sanz R, Golvano E, et al. Randomized comparison of dexamethasone combined with melphalan versus melphalan with prednisone in the treatment of elderly patients with multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol 2004;127:159-164. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2141.2004.05186.x
  22. Attal M, Harousseau JL, Stoppa AM, et al. A prospective, randomized trial of autologous bone marrow transplantation and chemotherapy in multiple myeloma. Intergroupe Francais du Myelome. N Engl J Med 1996;335:91-97. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199607113350204
  23. Child JA, Morgan GJ, Davies FE, et al. High-dose chemotherapy with hematopoietic stem-cell rescue for multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med 2003;348:1875-1883. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa022340
  24. Moreau P, Attal M. All transplantation-eligible patients with myeloma should receive ASCT in first response. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2014;2014:250-254.
  25. Orlowski RZ. Novel agents for multiple myeloma to overcome resistance in phase III clinical trials. Semin Oncol 2013;40:634-651. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.seminoncol.2013.07.007
  26. Singhal S, Mehta J, Desikan R, et al. Antitumor activity of thalidomide in refractory multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med 1999;341:1565-1571. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199911183412102
  27. Rajkumar SV, Blood E, Vesole D, Fonseca R, Greipp PR; Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. Phase III clinical trial of thalidomide plus dexamethasone compared with dexamethasone alone in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: a clinical trial coordinated by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol 2006;24:431-436. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2005.03.0221
  28. Richardson PG, Barlogie B, Berenson J, et al. A phase 2 study of bortezomib in relapsed, refractory myeloma. N Engl J Med 2003;348:2609-2617. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa030288
  29. Richardson PG, Sonneveld P, Schuster MW, et al. Bortezomib or high-dose dexamethasone for relapsed multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med 2005;352:2487-2498. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa043445
  30. Orlowski RZ, Nagler A, Sonneveld P, et al. Randomized phase III study of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin plus bortezomib compared with bortezomib alone in relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma: combination therapy improves time to progression. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:3892-3901. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2006.10.5460
  31. San Miguel JF, Schlag R, Khuageva NK, et al. Bortezomib plus melphalan and prednisone for initial treatment of multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med 2008;359:906-917. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0801479
  32. Sonneveld P, Goldschmidt H, Rosinol L, et al. Bortezomib-based versus nonbortezomib-based induction treatment before autologous stem-cell transplantation in patients with previously untreated multiple myeloma: a meta-analysis of phase III randomized, controlled trials. J Clin Oncol 2013;31:3279-3287. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2012.48.4626
  33. Dimopoulos M, Spencer A, Attal M, et al. Lenalidomide plus dexamethasone for relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med 2007;357:2123-2132. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa070594
  34. Weber DM, Chen C, Niesvizky R, et al. Lenalidomide plus dexamethasone for relapsed multiple myeloma in North America. N Engl J Med 2007;357:2133-2142. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa070596
  35. Benboubker L, Dimopoulos MA, Dispenzieri A, et al. Lenalidomide and dexamethasone in transplant-ineligible patients with myeloma. N Engl J Med 2014;371:906-917. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1402551
  36. McCarthy PL, Owzar K, Hofmeister CC, et al. Lenalidomide after stem-cell transplantation for multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med 2012;366:1770-1781. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1114083
  37. Kumar SK, Lee JH, Lahuerta JJ, et al. Risk of progression and survival in multiple myeloma relapsing after therapy with IMiDs and bortezomib: a multicenter international myeloma working group study. Leukemia 2012;26:149-157. https://doi.org/10.1038/leu.2011.196
  38. San Miguel J, Weisel K, Moreau P, et al. Pomalidomide plus low-dose dexamethasone versus high-dose dexamethasone alone for patients with relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma (MM-003): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 2013;14:1055-1066. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70380-2
  39. Kortuem KM, Stewart AK. Carfilzomib. Blood 2013;121:893-897. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2012-10-459883
  40. Stewart AK, Rajkumar SV, Dimopoulos MA, et al. Carfilzomib, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone for relapsed multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med 2015;372:142-152. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1411321
  41. Dimopoulos MA, Moreau P, Palumbo A, et al. Carfilzomib and dexamethasone versus bortezomib and dexamethasone for patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (ENDEAVOR): a randomised, phase 3, open-label, multicentre study. Lancet Oncol 2016;17:27-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(15)00464-7
  42. Moreau P, Masszi T, Grzasko N, et al. Ixazomib, an investigational oral proteasome inhibitor (PI), in combination with lenalidomide and dexamethasone (IRd), significantly extends progression-free survival (PFS) for patients (Pts) with relapsed and/or refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM): the phase 3 tourmaline-MM1 study. Blood 2015;126:727.
  43. Moreau P. Oral therapy for multiple myeloma: ixazomib arriving soon. Blood 2014;124:986-987. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2014-06-581611
  44. San-Miguel JF, Hungria VT, Yoon SS, et al. Panobinostat plus bortezomib and dexamethasone versus placebo plus bortezomib and dexamethasone in patients with relapsed or relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 2014;15:1195-1206. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(14)70440-1
  45. Lonial S, Dimopoulos M, Palumbo A, et al. Elotuzumab therapy for relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med 2015;373:621-631. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1505654
  46. Lokhorst HM, Plesner T, Laubach JP, et al. Targeting CD38 with daratumumab monotherapy in multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med 2015;373:1207-1219. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1506348
  47. Mateos MV, Hernandez MT, Giraldo P, et al. Lenalidomide plus dexamethasone for high-risk smoldering multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med 2013;369:438-447. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1300439
  48. Dispenzieri A, Stewart AK, Chanan-Khan A, et al. Smoldering multiple myeloma requiring treatment: time for a new definition? Blood 2013;122:4172-4181. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2013-08-520890
  49. International Myeloma Working Group. Criteria for the classification of monoclonal gammopathies, multiple myeloma and related disorders: a report of the International Myeloma Working Group. Br J Haematol 2003;121:749-757. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2141.2003.04355.x
  50. Ghobrial IM, Landgren O. How I treat smoldering multiple myeloma. Blood 2014;124:3380-3388. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2014-08-551549
  51. Kyle RA, Remstein ED, Therneau TM, et al. Clinical course and prognosis of smoldering (asymptomatic) multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med 2007;356:2582-2590. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa070389
  52. Landgren O. Multiple myeloma precursor disease: current clinical dilemma and future opportunities. Semin Hematol 2011;48:1-3. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.seminhematol.2010.11.008
  53. Rajkumar SV, Larson D, Kyle RA. Diagnosis of smoldering multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med 2011;365:474-475. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc1106428
  54. Kastritis E, Terpos E, Moulopoulos L, et al. Extensive bone marrow infiltration and abnormal free light chain ratio identifies patients with asymptomatic myeloma at high risk for progression to symptomatic disease. Leukemia 2013;27:947-953. https://doi.org/10.1038/leu.2012.309
  55. Larsen JT, Kumar SK, Dispenzieri A, Kyle RA, Katzmann JA, Rajkumar SV. Serum free light chain ratio as a biomarker for high-risk smoldering multiple myeloma. Leukemia 2013;27:941-946. https://doi.org/10.1038/leu.2012.296
  56. Hillengass J, Fechtner K, Weber MA, et al. Prognostic significance of focal lesions in whole-body magnetic resonance imaging in patients with asymptomatic multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol 2010;28:1606-1610. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2009.25.5356
  57. Weber DM, Dimopoulos MA, Moulopoulos LA, Delasalle KB, Smith T, Alexanian R. Prognostic features of asymptomatic multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol 1997;97:810-814.
  58. Regelink JC, Minnema MC, Terpos E, et al. Comparison of modern and conventional imaging techniques in establishing multiple myeloma-related bone disease: a systematic review. Br J Haematol 2013;162:50-61. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjh.12346
  59. Hutchison CA, Batuman V, Behrens J, et al. The pathogenesis and diagnosis of acute kidney injury in multiple myeloma. Nat Rev Nephrol 2012;8:43-51. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneph.2011.168
  60. Avet-Loiseau H, Durie BG, Cavo M, et al. Combining fluorescent in situ hybridization data with ISS staging improves risk assessment in myeloma: an International Myeloma Working Group collaborative project. Leukemia 2013;27:711-717. https://doi.org/10.1038/leu.2012.282
  61. Palumbo A, Avet-Loiseau H, Oliva S, et al. Revised international staging system for multiple myeloma: a report from International Myeloma Working Group. J Clin Oncol 2015;33:2863-2869. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2015.61.2267
  62. Kim C, Lee HS, Min CK, et al. The prognostic impact of inflammatory factors in patients with multiple myeloma treated with thalidomide in Korea. Korean J Intern Med 2015;30:675-683. https://doi.org/10.3904/kjim.2015.30.5.675
  63. Mikhael JR, Dingli D, Roy V, et al. Management of newly diagnosed symptomatic multiple myeloma: updated Mayo Stratification of Myeloma and Risk-Adapted Therapy (mSMART) consensus guidelines 2013. Mayo Clin Proc 2013;88:360-376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.01.019
  64. Chng WJ, Dispenzieri A, Chim CS, et al. IMWG consensus on risk stratification in multiple myeloma. Leukemia 2014;28:269-277. https://doi.org/10.1038/leu.2013.247
  65. Kuiper R, van Duin M, van Vliet MH, et al. Prediction of high- and low-risk multiple myeloma based on gene expression and the International Staging System. Blood 2015;126:1996-2004. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2015-05-644039
  66. Palumbo A, Bringhen S, Mateos MV, et al. Geriatric assessment predicts survival and toxicities in elderly myeloma patients: an International Myeloma Working Group report. Blood 2015;125:2068-2074. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2014-12-615187
  67. Lee H, Lee M. A case of alpha2 plasmacytoma. New Med J 1959;2:1113-1117.
  68. Kang DY, Lee DI, Kim KH, et al. Statistical studies on multiple myeloma in Korea: preliminary report. Korean J Hematol 1972;7:31-40.
  69. Kim HJ, Heo DS, Bang YJ, et al. Multiple myeloma in Korea: clinical analysis and treatment results in 61 cases. Korean J Med 1985;28:770-779.
  70. Jung JW, Kim JH, Kim SY, Yoon HJ, Cho KS. A clinical study on multiple myelom. J Korean Cancer Assoc 1995;27:869-879.
  71. Kim TY, Heo DS, Bang YJ, et al. Combination chemotherapy with vincristine, melphalan, and prednisolone for multiple myeloma. Korean J Med 1993;45:1-12.
  72. Kim HJ, Seo CI, Park KC, et al. Combination chemotherapy for the treatment of multiple myeloma. J Korean Cancer Assoc 1992;24:577-585.
  73. Lee JT, Kim IH, Ahn JS, et al. Phase 2 trial of VAD (vincristine, doxorubicin, and dexamethasone) in refractory multiple myeloma. Korean J Hematol 1996;31:145-153.
  74. Lee JH, Bang SM, Lee S, et al. High dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell transplantation in multiple myeloma. Korean J Hematol 1999;34:306-316.
  75. Bang SM, Cho EK, Suh C, et al. High dose therapy followed by autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation as a first line treatment for multiple myeloma: a Korean Multicenter Study. J Korean Med Sci 2003;18:673-678. https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2003.18.5.673
  76. Bang SM, Lee JH, Yoon SS, et al. Preliminary report of risk-based approach in Korean patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. Blood 2004;104:4911.
  77. Lee KW, Yun T, Song EK, et al. A pilot study of bortezomib in Korean patients with relapsed or refractory myeloma. J Korean Med Sci 2005;20:598-562. https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2005.20.4.598
  78. Kim DY, Im SA, Seong CM, et al. Salvage therapy with thalidomide in patients with multiple myeloma. Korean J Hematol 2002;37:259-264.
  79. Oh HS, Choi JH, Park CK, et al. Comparison of microvessel density before and after peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in multiple myeloma patients and its clinical implications: multicenter trial. Int J Hematol 2002;76:465-470. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02982813
  80. Bang SM, Lee JH, Yoon SS, et al. A multicenter retrospective analysis of adverse events in Korean patients using bortezomib for multiple myeloma. Int J Hematol 2006;83:309-313. https://doi.org/10.1532/IJH97.A30512
  81. Kim HJ, Yoon SS, Lee DS, et al. Sequential vincristine, adriamycin, dexamethasone (VAD) followed by bortezomib, thalidomide, dexamethasone (VTD) as induction, followed by high-dose therapy with autologous stem cell transplant and consolidation therapy with bortezomib for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: results of a phase II trial. Ann Hematol 2012;91:249-256. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00277-011-1298-9
  82. Yang DH, Kim YK, Sohn SK, et al. Induction treatment with cyclophosphamide, thalidomide, and dexamethasone in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: a phase II study. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk 2010;10:62-67. https://doi.org/10.3816/CLML.2010.n.007
  83. Kim JS, Suh C, Cheong JW, et al. Sequential high-dose dexamethasone and response adapted PAD (bortezomib, adriamycin, dexamethasone) or VAD (vincristine, adriamycin, dexamethasone) induction chemotherapy followed by high-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell transplantation for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: open-labelled, multicenter phase 2 study (KMM-94 study): interim analysis. Blood 2011;118:2044. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2011-03-331371
  84. Eom HS, Kim YK, Chung JS, et al. Bortezomib, thalidomide, dexamethasone induction therapy followed by melphalan, prednisolone, thalidomide consolidation therapy as a first line of treatment for patients with multiple myeloma who are non-transplant candidates: results of the Korean Multiple Myeloma Working Party (KMMWP). Ann Hematol 2010;89:489-497. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00277-009-0871-y
  85. Lee HS, Kim YS, Kim K, et al. Early response to bortezomib combined chemotherapy can help predict survival in patients with multiple myeloma who are ineligible for stem cell transplantation. J Korean Med Sci 2013;28:80-86. https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2013.28.1.80
  86. Lee SS, Suh C, Kim BS, et al. Bortezomib, doxorubicin, and dexamethasone combination therapy followed by thalidomide and dexamethasone consolidation as a salvage treatment for relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma: analysis of efficacy and safety. Ann Hematol 2010;89:905-912. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00277-010-0943-z
  87. Kim YK, Sohn SK, Lee JH, et al. Clinical efficacy of a bortezomib, cyclophosphamide, thalidomide, and dexamethasone (Vel-CTD) regimen in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma: a phase II study. Ann Hematol 2010;89:475-482. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00277-009-0856-x
  88. Kim K, Kim SJ, Voelter V, et al. Lenalidomide with dexamethasone treatment for relapsed/refractory myeloma patients in Korea-experience from 110 patients. Ann Hematol 2014;93:113-121. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00277-013-1893-z
  89. Kim JS, Kim K, Cheong JW, et al. Complete remission status before autologous stem cell transplantation is an important prognostic factor in patients with multiple myeloma undergoing upfront single autologous transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2009;15:463-470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbmt.2008.12.512
  90. Min CK, Kim H, Kim K, et al. A multicenter comparison of autologous stem cell transplantation followed by reduced-intensity allogenic stem cell transplantation with tandem autologous stem cell transplantation in multiple myeloma. Blood 2007;110:940.
  91. Kim SJ, Kim K, Kim BS, et al. Clinical features and survival outcomes in patients with multiple myeloma: analysis of web-based data from the Korean Myeloma Registry. Acta Haematol 2009;122:200-210. https://doi.org/10.1159/000253027
  92. Oh S, Koo DH, Kwon MJ, et al. Chromosome 13 deletion and hypodiploidy on conventional cytogenetics are robust prognostic factors in Korean multiple myeloma patients: web-based multicenter registry study. Ann Hematol 2014;93:1353-1361. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00277-014-2057-5
  93. Kim HJ, Choi DR, Yun GW, et al. Myelomatous pleural effusion of multiple myeloma: characteristics and outcome. Blood 2009;114:3874.
  94. Kim MK, Suh C, Lee DH, et al. Immunoglobulin D multiple myeloma: response to therapy, survival, and prognostic factors in 75 patients. Ann Oncol 2011;22:411-416. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdq393
  95. Bang SM, Seo JW, Park KU, et al. Molecular cytogenetic analysis of Korean patients with Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 2010;197:117-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2009.11.008
  96. Jun HJ, Kim K, Kim SJ, et al. Clinical features and treatment outcome of primary systemic light-chain amyloidosis in Korea: results of multicenter analysis. Am J Hematol 2013;88:52-55. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajh.23333
  97. Kim HJ, Shin H, Park EK, et al. Osteonecrosis of the jaw in multiple myeloma patients: incidence and characteristics in Korean patients. Blood 2009;114:4956.
  98. Kim SJ, Kim K, Kim BS, et al. Bortezomib and the increased incidence of herpes zoster in patients with multiple myeloma. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma 2008;8:237-240. https://doi.org/10.3816/CLM.2008.n.031
  99. Kim SJ, Kim K, Do YR, Bae SH, Yang DH, Lee JJ. Low-dose acyclovir is effective for prevention of herpes zoster in myeloma patients treated with bortezomib: a report from the Korean Multiple Myeloma Working Party (KMMWP) Retrospective Study. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2011;41:353-357. https://doi.org/10.1093/jjco/hyq194
  100. Koh Y, Bang SM, Lee JH, et al. Low incidence of clinically apparent thromboembolism in Korean patients with multiple myeloma treated with thalidomide. Ann Hematol 2010;89:201-206. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00277-009-0807-6
  101. Bang SM, Kim YR, Cho HI, et al. Identification of 13q deletion, trisomy 1q, and IgH rearrangement as the most frequent chromosomal changes found in Korean patients with multiple myeloma. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 2006;168:124-132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2006.02.015
  102. Kang SH, Kim TY, Kim HY, et al. Association of NQO1 polymorphism with multiple myeloma risk in Koreans. Korean J Lab Med 2006;26:71-76. https://doi.org/10.3343/kjlm.2006.26.2.71
  103. Kang SH, Kim TY, Kim HY, et al. Protective role of CYP1A1*2A in the development of multiple myeloma. Acta Haematol 2008;119:60-64. https://doi.org/10.1159/000117572
  104. Kim TY, Park J, Oh B, et al. Natural polyphenols antagonize the antimyeloma activity of proteasome inhibitor bortezomib by direct chemical interaction. Br J Haematol 2009;146:270-281. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2141.2009.07752.x
  105. Kim SY, Min HJ, Park HK, et al. Increased copy number of the interleukin-6 receptor gene is associated with adverse survival in multiple myeloma patients treated with autologous stem cell transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2011;17:810-820. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbmt.2011.01.002
  106. Park G, Kang SH, Lee JH, et al. Concurrent p16 methylation pattern as an adverse prognostic factor in multiple myeloma: a methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction study using two different primer sets. Ann Hematol 2011;90:73-79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00277-010-1043-9
  107. Lee JJ, Choi BH, Kang HK, et al. Induction of multiple myeloma-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte stimulation by dendritic cell pulsing with purified and optimized myeloma cell lysates. Leuk Lymphoma 2007;48:2022-2031. https://doi.org/10.1080/10428190701583975
  108. Kim SK, Nguyen Pham TN, Nguyen Hoang TM, et al. Induction of myeloma-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes ex vivo by CD40-activated B cells loaded with myeloma tumor antigens. Ann Hematol 2009;88:1113-1123. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00277-009-0721-y
  109. Yang DH, Park JS, Jin CJ, et al. The dysfunction and abnormal signaling pathway of dendritic cells loaded by tumor antigen can be overcome by neutralizing VEGF in multiple myeloma. Leuk Res 2009;33:665-670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leukres.2008.09.006
  110. Yang DH, Kim MH, Hong CY, et al. Alpha-type 1-polarized dendritic cells loaded with apoptotic allogeneic myeloma cell line induce strong CTL responses against autologous myeloma cells. Ann Hematol 2010;89:795-801. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00277-010-0931-3
  111. Avet-Loiseau H, Durie BG, Haessler J, et al. Impact of FISH and cytogenetics on overall and event free survival in myeloma: an IMWG analysis of 9,897 patients. Blood 2009;114:743. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2009-05-217778
  112. Palumbo A, Sezer O, Kyle R, et al. International Myeloma Working Group guidelines for the management of multiple myeloma patients ineligible for standard high-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell transplantation. Leukemia 2009;23:1716-1730. https://doi.org/10.1038/leu.2009.122
  113. Richardson PG, Delforge M, Beksac M, et al. Management of treatment-emergent peripheral neuropathy in multiple myeloma. Leukemia 2012;26:595-608. https://doi.org/10.1038/leu.2011.346
  114. Kim K, Lee JH, Kim JS, et al. Clinical profiles of multiple myeloma in Asia-An Asian Myeloma Network study. Am J Hematol 2014;89:751-756. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajh.23731
  115. Tan D, Chng WJ, Chou T, et al. Management of multiple myeloma in Asia: resource-stratified guidelines. Lancet Oncol 2013;14:e571-e581. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70404-2
  116. Tan D, Kim K, Kim JS, et al. The impact of upfront versus sequential use of bortezomib among patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (MM): a joint analysis of the Singapore MM Study Group and the Korean MM Working Party for the Asian Myeloma Network. Leuk Res 2013;37:1070-1076. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leukres.2013.06.008
  117. Baz R, Lin HY, Yoon SS, et al. Response adapted lenalidomide based therapy for newly diagnosed (ND) standard risk older adults with multiple myeloma (MM): an international collaboration. Blood 2013;122:3201.

Cited by

  1. A case of synchronous multiple myeloma and chronic myeloid leukemia vol.52, pp.3, 2016, https://doi.org/10.5045/br.2017.52.3.219
  2. Epidemiology of Multiple Myeloma in Novosibirsk (Siberian Federal District) vol.12, pp.1, 2019, https://doi.org/10.21320/2500-2139-2019-12-1-86-94
  3. Primary plasma cell leukemia: A case report and review of the literature vol.7, pp.9, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1002/ccr3.2339
  4. Cellular immunotherapy in multiple myeloma vol.34, pp.5, 2016, https://doi.org/10.3904/kjim.2018.325
  5. Two Rare Cases of Therapy-Related Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in Patients With Plasma Cell Myeloma vol.39, pp.5, 2019, https://doi.org/10.3343/alm.2019.39.5.496
  6. Potential diagnostic value of circulating miRNA for multiple myeloma: A meta-analysis vol.25, pp.None, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbo.2020.100327
  7. Prognostic value of integrated cytogenetic, somatic variation, and copy number variation analyses in Korean patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma vol.16, pp.2, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246322
  8. Screening Tests for Early Diagnosis of Multiple Myeloma and Related Plasma Cell Disorders vol.96, pp.5, 2016, https://doi.org/10.3904/kjm.2021.96.5.371