Journal of Embryo Transfer (한국수정란이식학회지)

The Korean Society of Embryo Transfer (한국수정란이식학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

The Need for the Development of Pig Brain Tumor Disease Model using Genetic Engineering Techniques

유전자 조작기법을 통한 돼지 뇌종양 질환모델 개발의 필요성

  • Hwang, Seon-Ung (Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University) ;
  • Hyun, Sang-Hwan (Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University)
  • 황선웅 (충북대학교 수의과대학 수의학과) ;
  • 현상환 (충북대학교 수의과대학 수의학과)
  • Received : 2016.01.21
  • Accepted : 2016.03.03
  • Published : 2016.03.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Although many diseases could be treated by the development of modern medicine, there are some incurable diseases including brain cancer, Alzheimer disease, etc. To study human brain cancer, various animal models were reported. Among these animal models, mouse models are valuable tools for understanding brain cancer characteristics. In spite of many mouse brain cancer models, it has been difficult to find a new target molecule for the treatment of brain cancer. One of the reasons is absence of large animal model which makes conducting preclinical trials. In this article, we review a recent study of molecular characteristics of human brain cancer, their genetic mutation and comparative analysis of the mouse brain cancer model. Finally, we suggest the need for development of large animal models using somatic cell nuclear transfer in translational research.

Keywords

References

  1. Betthauser J, Forsberg E, Augenstein M, Childs L, Eilertsen K, Enos J, Forsythe T, Golueke P, Jurgella G and Koppang R. 2000. Production of cloned pigs from in vitro systems. Nat. Biotechnol. 18:1055-1059. https://doi.org/10.1038/80242
  2. Charest A, Wilker EW, McLaughlin ME, Lane K, Gowda R, Coven S, McMahon K, Kovach S, Feng Y and Yaffe MB. 2006. ROS fusion tyrosine kinase activates a SH2 domaincontaining phosphatase-2/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling axis to form glioblastoma in mice. Cancer Res. 66:7473-7481. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-1193
  3. Coleman A. 1999. Somatic cell nuclear transfer in mammals: Progress and application. Cloning 1:185-200. https://doi.org/10.1089/15204559950019825
  4. Cushing H and Bailey P. 1926. Classification of tumors of the glioma group on a histogenetic basis with a correlated study of prognosis. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 16:872.
  5. Dai C, Celestino JC, Okada Y, Louis DN, Fuller GN and Holland EC. 2001. PDGF autocrine stimulation dedifferentiates cultured astrocytes and induces oligodendrogliomas and oligoastrocytomas from neural progenitors and astrocytes in vivo. Genes. Dev. 15:1913-1925. https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.903001
  6. Danks RA, Orian JM, Gonzales MF, Tan S-S, Alexander B, Mikoshiba K and Kaye AH. 1995. Transformation of astrocytes in transgenic mice expressing SV40 T antigen under the transcriptional control of the glial fibrillary acidic protein promoter. Cancer. Res. 55:4302-4310.
  7. Ding H, Roncari L, Shannon P, Wu X, Lau N, Karaskova J, Gutmann DH, Squire JA, Nagy A and Guha A. 2001. Astrocyte-specific expression of activated p21-ras results in malignant astrocytoma formation in a transgenic mouse model of human gliomas. Cancer Res. 61:3826-3836.
  8. Ding H, Shannon P, Lau N, Wu X, Roncari L, Baldwin RL, Takebayashi H, Nagy A, Gutmann DH and Guha A. 2003. Oligodendrogliomas result from the expression of an activated mutant epidermal growth factor receptor in a RAS transgenic mouse astrocytoma model. Cancer Res. 63:1106-1113.
  9. Farin CE, Barnwell CV and Farmer WT. 2015. Abnormal Offspring Syndrome. Bovine Reproduction 620-638.
  10. Federspiel MJ, Bates P, Young J, Varmus HE and Hughes SH. 1994. A system for tissue-specific gene targeting: transgenic mice susceptible to subgroup A avian leukosis virus-based retroviral vectors. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 91:11241-11245. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.91.23.11241
  11. Ghim TT. 2002. Childhood brain tumors. Korean J. Pediatr. 45:1055-1058.
  12. Gilbertson RJ. 2004. Medulloblastoma: Signalling a change in treatment. The lancet. Oncology 5:209-218.
  13. Guha A, Feldkamp MM, Lau N, Boss G and Pawson A. 1997. Proliferation of human malignant astrocytomas is dependent on Ras activation. Oncogene 15:2755-2765. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1201455
  14. Hambardzumyan D, Amankulor NM, Helmy KY, Becher OJ and Holland EC. 2009. Modeling adult gliomas using RCAS/t-va technology. Translational Oncology 2:89-IN86. https://doi.org/10.1593/tlo.09100
  15. Hara H, Ezzelarab M, Rood PP, Lin YJ, Busch J, Ibrahim Z, Zhu X, Ball S, Ayares D and Zeevi A. 2006. Allosensitized humans are at no greater risk of humoral rejection of GT KO pig organs than other humans. Xenotransplantation 13:357-365. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3089.2006.00319.x
  16. Hitoshi Y, Harris BT, Liu H, Popko B and Israel MA. 2008. Spinal glioma: Platelet-derived growth factor B-mediated oncogenesis in the spinal cord. Cancer Res. 68:8507-8515. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-1063
  17. Holland EC, Celestino J, Dai C, Schaefer L, Sawaya RE and Fuller GN. 2000. Combined activation of Ras and Akt in neural progenitors induces glioblastoma formation in mice. Nat. Genet. 25:55-57. https://doi.org/10.1038/75596
  18. Hoshino Y, Uchida M, Shimatsu Y, Miyake M, Nagao Y, Minami N, Yamada M and Imai H. 2005. Developmental competence of somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos reconstructed from oocytes matured in vitro with follicle shells in miniature pig. Cloning Stem Cells 7:17-26. https://doi.org/10.1089/clo.2005.7.17
  19. Howells DW, Porritt MJ, Rewell SS, O'Collins V, Sena ES, van der Worp HB, Traystman RJ and Macleod MR. 2010. Different strokes for different folks: The rich diversity of animal models of focal cerebral ischemia. J. Cereb. Blood Flow. Metab. 30:1412-1431. https://doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.2010.66
  20. Hu X, Pandolfi PP, Li Y, Koutcher JA, Rosenblum M and Holland EC. 2005. mTOR promotes survival and astrocytic characteristics induced by Pten/AKT signaling in glioblastoma. Neoplasia 7:356-368. https://doi.org/10.1593/neo.04595
  21. Huse JT and Holland EC. 2010. Targeting brain cancer: Advances in the molecular pathology of malignant glioma and medulloblastoma. Nat. Rev. Cancer 10:319-331. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc2818
  22. Huszthy PC, Daphu I, Niclou SP, Stieber D, Nigro JM, Sakariassen PO, Miletic H, Thorsen F and Bjerkvig R. 2012. In vivo models of primary brain tumors: Pitfalls and perspectives. Neuro-oncol. 14:979-993. https://doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/nos135
  23. Jaenisch R and Young R. 2008. Stem cells, the molecular circuitry of pluripotency and nuclear reprogramming. Cell 132:567-582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2008.01.015
  24. Jeon H-M, Jin X, Lee J-S, Oh S-Y, Sohn Y-W, Park H-J, Joo KM, Park W-Y, Nam D-H and DePinho RA. 2008. Inhibitor of differentiation 4 drives brain tumor-initiating cell genesis through cyclin E and notch signaling. Genes Dev. 22:2028-2033. https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.1668708
  25. Jin Y-X, Jeon Y, Lee S-H, Kwon M-S, Kim T, Cui X-S, Hyun S-H and Kim N-H. 2014. Production of pigs expressing a transgene under the control of a tetracycline-inducible system. PloS One. 15:e86146.
  26. Jung K-W, Won Y-J, Kong H-J, Oh C-M, Cho H, Lee DH and Lee KH. 2015. Cancer statistics in Korea: Incidence, mortality, survival, and prevalence in 2012. Cancer Research and Treatment: Official Journal of Korean Cancer Association 47:127. https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2015.060
  27. Kararli TT. 1995. Comparison of the gastrointestinal anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry of humans and commonly used laboratory animals. Biopharm Drug Dispos. 16:351-380. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdd.2510160502
  28. Kernohan JW and Mabon R. 1949. A simplified classification of the gliomas. Proceedings of the Staff Meetings Mayo Clinic 24:71-75.
  29. Kwon C-H, Zhao D, Chen J, Alcantara S, Li Y, Burns DK, Mason RP, Eva Y-HL, Wu H and Parada LF. 2008. Pten haploinsufficiency accelerates formation of high-grade astrocytomas. Cancer Res. 68:3286-3294. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-6867
  30. Li X, Zhou X, Guan Y, Wang Y-XJ, Scutt D and Gong Q-Y. 2006. N-nitrosodiethylamine-induced pig liver hepatocellular carcinoma model: Radiological and histopathological studies. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 29:420-428. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00270-005-0099-8
  31. Lim DH. 2012. 소아뇌종양의 치료 원칙. J. Korean Med. Assoc. 55:418-419. https://doi.org/10.5124/jkma.2012.55.5.418
  32. Llaguno SA, Chen J, Kwon C-H, Jackson EL, Li Y, Burns DK, Alvarez-Buylla A and Parada LF. 2009. Malignant astrocytomas originate from neural stem/progenitor cells in a somatic tumor suppressor mouse model. Cancer Cell 15:45-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2008.12.006
  33. Longo D, Fauci A, Kasper D and Hauser S. 2011. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 18th edition (McGraw-Hill Professional).
  34. Louis DN, Ohgaki H, Wiestler OD, Cavenee WK, Burger PC, Jouvet A, Scheithauer BW and Kleihues P. 2007. The 2007 WHO classification of tumours of the central nervous system. Acta. Neuropathol. 114:97-109. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-007-0243-4
  35. Macleod KF and Jacks T. 1999. Insights into cancer from transgenic mouse models. J. Pathol. 187:43-60. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9896(199901)187:1<43::AID-PATH246>3.0.CO;2-P
  36. McGregor CG, Davies WR, Oi K, Teotia SS, Schirmer JM, Risdahl JM, Tazelaar HD, Kremers WK, Walker RC and Byrne GW. 2005. Cardiac xenotransplantation: Recent preclinical progress with 3-month median survival. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 130:844, e841-844, e849.
  37. McLendon R, Friedman A, Bigner D, Van Meir EG, Brat DJ, Mastrogianakis GM, Olson JJ, Mikkelsen T, Lehman N and Aldape K. 2008. Comprehensive genomic characterization defines human glioblastoma genes and core pathways. Nature 455:1061-1068. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07385
  38. McNeil CJ, Nwagwu MO, Finch AM, Page KR, Thain A, McArdle HJ and Ashworth CJ. 2007. Glucocorticoid exposure and tissue gene expression of $11{\beta}$ HSD-1, $11{\beta}$ HSD-2, and glucocorticoid receptor in a porcine model of differential fetal growth. Reproduction 133:653-661. https://doi.org/10.1530/rep.1.01198
  39. Ogura A, Inoue K and Wakayama T. 2013. Recent advancements in cloning by somatic cell nuclear transfer. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci. 368:20110329.
  40. Ohgaki H, Kita D, Favereaux A, Huang H, Homma T, Dessen P, Weiss WA, Kleihues P and Heppner FL. 2006. Brain tumors in $S100{\beta}$-v-erbB transgenic rats. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 65:1111-1117. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.jnen.0000248544.28423.48
  41. Organization WH. 2014. World Cancer Report, 2014. WHO Report Geneva: WHO.
  42. Ostrom QT, Gittleman H, Farah P, Ondracek A, Chen Y, Wolinsky Y, Stroup NE, Kruchko C and Barnholtz-Sloan JS. 2013. CBTRUS statistical report: Primary brain and central nervous system tumors diagnosed in the United States in 2006-2010. Neuro-oncol. 15:ii1-ii56.
  43. Park K-W, Cheong H-T, Lai L, Im G-S, Kuhholzer B, Bonk A, Samuel M, Rieke A, Day BN and Murphy CN. 2001. Production of nuclear transfer-derived swine that express the enhanced green fluorescent protein. Anim. Biotechnol. 12:173-181 https://doi.org/10.1081/ABIO-100108344
  44. Ramirez P, Montoya M, Rios A, Palenciano CG, Majado M, Chavez R, Munoz A, Fernandez O, Sanchez A and Segura B. 2005. Prevention of hyperacute rejection in a model of orthotopic liver xenotransplantation from pig to baboon using polytransgenic pig livers (CD55, CD59, and H-transferase). Transplant Proc. 37:4103-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2005.09.186
  45. Reilly KM, Loisel DA, Bronson RT, McLaughlin ME and Jacks T. 2000. Nf1; Trp53 mutant mice develop glioblastoma with evidence of strain-specific effects. Nat. Genet. 26:109-113. https://doi.org/10.1038/79075
  46. Rideout WM, Eggan K and Jaenisch R. 2001. Nuclear cloning and epigenetic reprogramming of the genome. Science 293: 1093-1098. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1063206
  47. Ringertz N. 1950. Grading of gliomas. Acta. Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. 27:51-64.
  48. Schuurman H-J and Pierson R. 2008. Progress towards clinical xenotransplantation. Front Biosci. 13:204-220. https://doi.org/10.2741/2671
  49. Shih AH, Dai C, Hu X, Rosenblum MK, Koutcher JA and Holland EC. 2004. Dose-dependent effects of platelet-derived growth factor-B on glial tumorigenesis. Cancer Res. 64:4783-4789. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-03-3831
  50. Stupp R, Mason WP, Van Den Bent MJ, Weller M, Fisher B, Taphoorn MJ, Belanger K, Brandes AA, Marosi C and Bogdahn U. 2005. Radiotherapy plus concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide for glioblastoma. N. Engl. J. Med. 352:987-996. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa043330
  51. Suzuki S, Iwamoto M, Saito Y, Fuchimoto D, Sembon S, Suzuki M, Mikawa S, Hashimoto M, Aoki Y and Najima Y. 2012. Il2rg gene-targeted severe combined immunodeficiency pigs. Cell Stem Cell 10:753-758. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2012.04.021
  52. Talmadge JE, Singh RK, Fidler IJ and Raz A. 2007. Murine models to evaluate novel and conventional therapeutic strategies for cancer. Am. J. Pathol. 170:793-804. https://doi.org/10.2353/ajpath.2007.060929
  53. Ueki K, Ono Y, Henson JW, Efird JT, von Deimling A and Louis DN. 1996. CDKN2/p16 or RB alterations occur in the majority of glioblastomas and are inversely correlated. Cancer Res. 56:150-153.
  54. Uhrbom L, Dai C, Celestino JC, Rosenblum MK, Fuller GN and Holland EC. 2002. Ink4a-Arf loss cooperates with KRas activation in astrocytes and neural progenitors to generate glioblastomas of various morphologies depending on activated Akt. Cancer Res. 62:5551-5558.
  55. Uhrbom L, Hesselager G, Nister M and Westermark B. 1998. Induction of brain tumors in mice using a recombinant platelet-derived growth factor B-chain retrovirus. Cancer Res. 58:5275-5279.
  56. Walker SC, Shin T, Zaunbrecher GM, Romano JE, Johnson GA, Bazer FW and Piedrahita JA. 2002. A highly efficient method for porcine cloning by nuclear transfer using in vitro-matured oocytes. Cloning & Stem Cells 4:105-112. https://doi.org/10.1089/153623002320253283
  57. Wee B, Charles N, and Holland EC. 2011. Animal models to study cancer-initiating cells from glioblastoma. Front Biosci. (Landmark Ed). 16:2243-2258. https://doi.org/10.2741/3851
  58. Wei Q, Clarke L, Scheidenhelm DK, Qian B, Tong A, Sabha N, Karim Z, Bock NA, Reti R and Swoboda R. 2006. High-grade glioma formation results from postnatal pten loss or mutant epidermal growth factor receptor expression in a transgenic mouse glioma model. Cancer Res. 66:7429-7437. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-0712
  59. Weiss WA, Burns MJ, Hackett C, Aldape K, Hill JR, Kuriyama H, Kuriyama N, Milshteyn N, Roberts T and Wendland MF. 2003. Genetic determinants of malignancy in a mouse model for oligodendroglioma. Cancer Res. 63:1589-1595.
  60. Wen PY and Kesari S. 2008. Malignant gliomas in adults. N. Engl. J. Med. 359: 492-507. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra0708126
  61. Whitworth KM and Prather RS. 2010. Somatic cell nuclear transfer efficiency: How can it be improved through nuclear remodeling and reprogramming? Mol. Reprod. Dev. 77:1001-1015. https://doi.org/10.1002/mrd.21242
  62. Xiao A, Wu H, Pandolfi PP, Louis DN and Van Dyke T. 2002. Astrocyte inactivation of the pRb pathway predisposes mice to malignant astrocytoma development that is accelerated by PTEN mutation. Cancer Cell 1:157-168. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1535-6108(02)00029-6
  63. Xiao A, Yin C, Yang C, Di Cristofano A, Pandolfi PP and Van Dyke T. 2005. Somatic induction of Pten loss in a preclinical astrocytoma model reveals major roles in disease progression and avenues for target discovery and validation. Cancer Res. 65:5172-5180. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-3902
  64. Yan H, Parsons DW, Jin G, McLendon R, Rasheed BA, Yuan W, Kos I, Batinic-Haberle I, Jones S and Riggins GJ. 2009. IDH1 and IDH2 mutations in gliomas. N. Engl. J. Med. 360:765-773. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0808710
  65. Young LE, Sinclair KD and Wilmut I. 1998. Large offspring syndrome in cattle and sheep. Rev. Reprod. 3:155-163. https://doi.org/10.1530/ror.0.0030155
  66. Zhu Y, Ghosh P, Charnay P, Burns DK and Parada LF. 2002a. Neurofibromas in NF1: Schwann cell origin and role of tumor environment. Science 296:920-922. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1068452
  67. Zhu Y, Guignard F, Zhao D, Liu L, Burns DK, Mason RP, Messing A and Parada LF. 2005. Early inactivation of p53 tumor suppressor gene cooperating with NF1 loss induces malignant astrocytoma. Cancer Cell 8:119-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2005.07.004
  68. Zhu Z, Zheng T, Lee CG, Homer RJ and Elias JA. 2002b. Tetracycline-controlled transcriptional regulation systems: Advances and application in transgenic animal modeling. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 13:121-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1084-9521(02)00018-6
  69. Zulch K. 1979. Histological typing of tumours of the central nervous system. International Histological Classification of Tumours, vol. 21. Geneva. World Health Organization.
  70. 강영희. 2008. 생명과학대사전. 서울: 아카데미서적.