DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Vitamin D intake, serum 25OHD, and bone mineral density of Korean adults: Based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES, 2011)

한국 성인의 비타민D 섭취량과 혈중 25OHD 농도 및 골밀도와의 관련성 : 2011 국민건강영양조사 결과 재분석

  • Kim, Mi-Yeon (Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University) ;
  • Kim, Mi-Ja (Department of Food and Nutrition, Daejeon Institute of Science and Technology) ;
  • Ly, Sun Yung (Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University)
  • 김미연 (충남대학교 식품영양학과) ;
  • 김미자 (대전과학기술대학교 식품영양과) ;
  • 이선영 (충남대학교 식품영양학과)
  • Received : 2016.09.28
  • Accepted : 2016.11.15
  • Published : 2016.12.31

Abstract

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to estimate dietary intake of vitamin D and the relationship between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) concentration and bone mineral density (BMD) in Korean adults using the 2011 data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Methods: Daily intake of vitamin D and ratio of subjects that consumed less vitamin D than adequate intake (AI) were estimated in 4,879 Korean adults. The relationship between daily intake of vitamin D and serum 25OHD and BMD were analyzed. Results: Average daily intakes of vitamin D were $3.84{\pm}0.23{\mu}g/day$ for men and $2.22{\pm}0.11{\mu}g/day$ for women. Approximately 72~97% of men and 80~99% of women consumed less than the AI of vitamin D for Koreans. Serum 25OHD concentration increased with age, and the ratios of serum vitamin D deficiency (< 20 ng/mL) were 47.8~81.1% for men and 59.4~92.8% for women. Average intake of vitamin D was higher in subjects aged < 50 yr than in those ${\geq}50yr$, but lower in serum 25OHD concentration. In subjects aged < 50 yr, serum 25OHD was higher in subjects that consumed $10{\mu}g/day$ of vitamin D than in those that consumed less than $5{\mu}g/day$. In female subjects aged ${\geq}50yr$, average intake of vitamin D was associated with higher bone mineral density. Conclusion: It was found that dietary intake of vitamin D could increase serum 25OHD concentration in young adults and bone mineral density in old women. Therefore, nutrition policies for enriched foods with vitamin D and nutrition education to consume more vitamin D-rich foods are needed to ameliorate vitamin D status of the Korean population. Adequate intake for Korean population aged < 50 yr might be adjusted upwardly up to $10{\mu}g/day$.

본 연구는 국민건강영양조사 5기의 2011년 자료를 이용하여 만 19세 이상 남녀를 대상으로 비타민D 섭취량과 혈중 25OHD 농도, 골밀도와의 관계를 분석하였다. 평균 비타민D 섭취량은 남성이 $3.84{\pm}0.23{\mu}g/day$, 여성은 $2.22{\pm}0.11{\mu}g/day$로 나타났으며, AI 미만 섭취 비율은 남성은 71.6~96.6%,여성은 80.2~98.5%로 모두 높게 나타났으며 여성이 남성에 비해 더 높았다. 혈중 25OHD 농도는 연령이 높아질수록 증가했으며, 혈중 25OHD의 결핍수준을 20 ng/mL 미만으로 보았을 때 남성은 47.8~81.1%, 여성은 59.4~92.8%의 결핍률을 보였고 젊은 층의 결핍률이 더 높았다. 50세 미만과 이상으로 나누어 비타민D 섭취량과 혈중 25OHD 농도, BMD와의 관계를 조사한 결과 50세 미만 연령층군에서는 비타민D 섭취량이 $10{\mu}g/day$ 이상인 군이 $5{\mu}g/day$ 이하인 군에 비하여 유의하게 혈중 25OHD 농도가 더 높았으며, 50세 이상 여성에서는 비타민D 섭취량이 $10{\mu}g/day$ 이상인 군이 $5{\mu}g/day$ 이하인 군에 비하여 골밀도가 유의하게 높게 나타났다. 즉, 한국 성인 남녀의 비타민D 섭취량 수준은 상당히 취약한 상태이나 식사를 통한 비타민D가 혈중 25OHD 농도를 상승시킬 수 있음을 보여주고 있다. 그러므로 한국인이 비타민D 섭취량을 늘릴 수 있도록 강화식품 정책 등을 통해 비타민D 섭취량을 늘리는 방안을 모색하여야 한다. 특히, 2010년에 비해 2015년 한국인영양소섭취기준에서 19~49세 연령층의 비타민D 충분섭취량을 $5{\mu}g$에서 $10{\mu}g$으로 상향조정한 것은 바람직한 방향으로 개정된 것으로 판단된다.

Keywords

References

  1. Shin CS, Choi HJ, Kim MJ, Kim JT, Yu SH, Koo BK, Cho HY, Cho SW, Kim SW, Park YJ, Jang HC, Kim SY, Cho NH. Prevalence and risk factors of osteoporosis in Korea: a communitybased cohort study with lumbar spine and hip bone mineral density. Bone 2010; 47(2): 378-387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2010.03.017
  2. Ministry of Health and Welfare, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Korea Health Statistics 2010: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES V-1). Cheongwon: Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2011.
  3. Tucker KL, Chen H, Hannan MT, Cupples LA, Wilson PW, Felson D, Kiel DP. Bone mineral density and dietary patterns in older adults: the Framingham osteoporosis study. Am J Clin Nutr 2002; 76(1): 245-252. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/76.1.245
  4. Nieves JW. Osteoporosis: the role of micronutrients. Am J Clin Nutr 2005; 81(5): 1232S-1239S. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/81.5.1232
  5. Sowers M. Epidemiology of calcium and vitamin D in bone loss. J Nutr 1993; 123(2 Suppl): 413-417. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/123.suppl_2.413
  6. Lips P. Vitamin D physiology. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 2006; 92(1): 4-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2006.02.016
  7. Davis CD. Vitamin D and cancer: current dilemmas and future research needs. Am J Clin Nutr 2008; 88(2): 565S-569S. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/88.2.565S
  8. Brannon PM, Yetley EA, Bailey RL, Picciano MF. Vitamin D and health in the 21st century: an update. proceedings of a conference held September 2007 in Bethesda, Maryland, USA. Am J Clin Nutr 2008; 88(2): 483S-592S. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/88.2.483S
  9. Kim S, Lim J, Kye S, Joung H. Association between vitamin D status and metabolic syndrome risk among Korean population: based on the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey IV-2, 2008. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2012; 96(2): 230-236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2012.01.001
  10. Hwang YC, Ahn HY, Jeong IK, Ahn KJ, Chung HY. Optimal serum concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D for bone health in older Korean adults. Calcif Tissue Int 2013; 92(1): 68-74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00223-012-9669-3
  11. Holick MF. McCollum Award Lecture, 1994: vitamin D--new horizons for the 21st century. Am J Clin Nutr 1994; 60(4): 619-630. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/60.4.619
  12. Thuesen B, Husemoen L, Fenger M, Jakobsen J, Schwarz P, Toft U, Ovesen L, Jorgensen T, Linneberg A. Determinants of vitamin D status in a general population of Danish adults. Bone 2012; 50(3): 605-610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2011.12.016
  13. Cinar N, Harmanci A, Yildiz BO, Bayraktar M. Vitamin D status and seasonal changes in plasma concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in office workers in Ankara, Turkey. Eur J Intern Med 2014; 25(2): 197-201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2013.11.004
  14. Darling AL, Hart KH, Gibbs MA, Gossiel F, Kantermann T, Horton K, Johnsen S, Berry JL, Skene DJ, Eastell R, Vieth R, Lanham- New SA. Greater seasonal cycling of 25-hydroxyvitamin D is associated with increased parathyroid hormone and bone resorption. Osteoporos Int 2014; 25(3): 933-941. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-013-2493-4
  15. Matsuoka LY, Wortsman J, Dannenberg MJ, Hollis BW, Lu Z, Holick MF. Clothing prevents ultraviolet-B radiation-dependent photosynthesis of vitamin D3. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992; 75(4): 1099-1103. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.75.4.1099
  16. Matsuoka LY, Wortsman J, Hollis BW. Use of topical sunscreen for the evaluation of regional synthesis of vitamin D3. J Am Acad Dermatol 1990; 22(5 Pt 1): 772-775. https://doi.org/10.1016/0190-9622(90)70107-S
  17. Kreiter SR, Schwartz RP, Kirkman HN Jr, Charlton PA, Calikoglu AS, Davenport ML. Nutritional rickets in African American breast-fed infants. J Pediatr 2000; 137(2): 153-157. https://doi.org/10.1067/mpd.2000.109009
  18. Yu A, Kim J, Kwon O, Oh SY, Kim J, Yang YJ. Associations between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and consumption frequencies of vitamin D rich foods in Korean adults and older adults. Korean J Community Nutr 2014; 19(2): 122-132. https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2014.19.2.122
  19. Delvin EE, Imbach A, Copti M. Vitamin D nutritional status and related biochemical indices in an autonomous elderly population. Am J Clin Nutr 1988; 48(2): 373-378. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/48.2.373
  20. Villareal DT, Civitelli R, Chines A, Avioli LV. Subclinical vitamin D deficiency in postmenopausal women with low vertebral bone mass. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991; 72(3): 628-634. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-72-3-628
  21. McKenna MJ, Freaney R, Meade A, Muldowney FP. Hypovitaminosis D and elevated serum alkaline phosphatase in elderly Irish people. Am J Clin Nutr 1985; 41(1): 101-109. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/41.1.101
  22. Spiro A, Buttriss JL. Vitamin D: an overview of vitamin D status and intake in Europe. Nutr Bull 2014; 39(4): 322-350. https://doi.org/10.1111/nbu.12108
  23. The Korean Nutrition Society. Dietary reference intakes for Koreans. 1st revision. Seoul: The Korean Nutrition Society; 2010.
  24. Choe JS, Paik HY. Seasonal variation of nutritional intake and quality in adults in longevity areas. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr 2004; 33(4): 668-678. https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2004.33.4.668
  25. Heo J, Park Y, Park HM. Dietary intake of nutrients and food in postmenopausal Korean women. J Korean Soc Menopause 2011; 17(1): 12-20.
  26. Yoo K, Cho J, Ly S. Vitamin D intake and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in Korean adults: analysis of the 2009 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES IV-3) using a newly established vitamin D database. Nutrients 2016; 8(10): 610. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8100610
  27. The Korean Nutrition Society. Food values 2009. Seoul: The Korean Nutrion Society; 2009.
  28. Dawson-Hughes B, Heaney RP, Holick MF, Lips P, Meunier PJ, Vieth R. Estimates of optimal vitamin D status. Osteoporos Int 2005; 16(7): 713-716. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-005-1867-7
  29. Harnack LJ, Steffen L, Zhou X, Luepker RV. Trends in vitamin D intake from food sources among adults in the Minneapolis-St Paul, MN, metropolitan area, 1980-1982 through 2007-2009. J Am Diet Assoc 2011; 111(9): 1329-1334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2011.06.009
  30. Tsuboyama-Kasaoka N, Takizawa A, Tsubota-Utsugi M, Nakade M, Imai E, Kondo A, Yoshida K, Okuda N, Nishi N, Takimoto H. Dietary intake of nutrients with adequate intake values in the dietary reference intakes for Japanese. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2013; 59(6): 584-595. https://doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.59.584
  31. Okubo H, Sasaki S, Murakami K, Yokoyama T, Hirota N, Notsu A, Fukui M, Date C. Designing optimal food intake patterns to achieve nutritional goals for Japanese adults through the use of linear programming optimization models. Nutr J 2015; 14: 57. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-015-0047-7
  32. Jayaratne N, Hughes MC, Ibiebele TI, van den Akker S, van der Pols JC. Vitamin D intake in Australian adults and the modeled effects of milk and breakfast cereal fortification. Nutrition 2013; 29(7-8): 1048-1053. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2013.02.011
  33. Moore CE, Radcliffe JD, Liu Y. Vitamin D intakes of adults differ by income, gender and race/ethnicity in the U.S.A., 2007 to 2010. Public Health Nutr 2014; 17(4): 756-763. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980013002929
  34. Cranney A, Horsley T, O'Donnell S, Weiler H, Puil L, Ooi D, Atkinson S, Ward L, Moher D, Hanley D, Fang M, Yazdi F, Garritty C, Sampson M, Barrowman N, Tsertsvadze A, Mamaladze V. Effectiveness and safety of vitamin D in relation to bone health. Evid Rep Technol Assess (Full Rep) 2007; (158): 1-235.
  35. Koo JO, Lim HS, Jung YJ, Yoon JS, Lee YR, Lee JH. Understanding basic nutrition. Seoul: Powerbook; 2008.
  36. Adams JS, Kantorovich V, Wu C, Javanbakht M, Hollis BW. Resolution of vitamin D insufficiency in osteopenic patients results in rapid recovery of bone mineral density. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84(8): 2729-2730. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.84.8.2729
  37. Dawson-Hughes B, Harris SS, Krall EA, Dallal GE. Effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on bone density in men and women 65 years of age or older. N Engl J Med 1997; 337(10): 670-676. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199709043371003
  38. Nikooyeh B, Neyestani TR, Zahedirad M, Mohammadi M, Hosseini SH, Abdollahi Z, Salehi F, Mirzay Razaz J, Shariatzadeh N, Kalayi A, Lotfollahi N, Maleki MR. Vitamin D-fortified bread is as effective as supplement in improving vitamin D status: a randomized clinical trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016; 101(6): 2511- 2519. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2016-1631
  39. Allen RE, Dangour AD, Tedstone AE, Chalabi Z. Does fortification of staple foods improve vitamin D intakes and status of groups at risk of deficiency? A United Kingdom modeling study. Am J Clin Nutr 2015; 102(2): 338-344. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.115.107409

Cited by

  1. Correlation between Serum Osteocalcin and Hemoglobin A1c in Gwangju General Hospital Patients vol.50, pp.3, 2018, https://doi.org/10.15324/kjcls.2018.50.3.313
  2. Cardiovascular Risk Prediction in Korean Adults vol.39, pp.3, 2018, https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.2018.39.3.135
  3. Relationship between Nutrient Intakes and Anthropometric Values, and Bone Mineral Density of Pre- and Post-menopausal Women in the Gyeongnam Area vol.28, pp.6, 2016, https://doi.org/10.17495/easdl.2018.12.28.6.432
  4. 한국 성인에서 흡연 및 음주와 비타민 D 수준과의 관련성 vol.20, pp.3, 2019, https://doi.org/10.5762/kais.2019.20.3.231