Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science

Korean society of Biological Nursing Science (한국기초간호학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Effect of Saccharin Intake in Restraint-induced Stress Response Reduction in Rats

구속 스트레스 쥐 모델에서 스트레스 반응 감소에 대한 사카린 섭취의 효과

  • Park, Jong Min (Department of Nursing, Gyeongbuk College of Health) ;
  • Song, Min Kyung (College of Nursing Science, Kyung Hee University) ;
  • Kim, Yoon Ju (College of Nursing Science, Kyung Hee University) ;
  • Kim, Youn Jung (College of Nursing Science.East West Nursing Institute, Kyung Hee University)
  • 박종민 (경북보건대학교 간호학과) ;
  • 송민경 (경희대학교 간호과학대학) ;
  • 김윤주 (경희대학교 간호과학대학) ;
  • 김연정 (경희대학교 간호과학대학.동서간호학 연구소)
  • Received : 2016.01.31
  • Accepted : 2016.02.10
  • Published : 2016.02.29
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Purpose: Stress activates the sympathetic nervous system and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and induces the release of glucocorticoids. Saccharin is 300 times sweeter than sucrose, but does not increase blood insulin levels. Thus, this study was designed to evaluate the effect of saccharin intake in restraint-induced stress response reduction in rats. Methods: Adult male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats had stress induced by restraint for 2 hours/day for 1 week. Saccharin was provided in sufficient amounts to allow them to intake it voluntarily at 0.1% diluted in water. The Y-maze test and forced swim test (FST) were performed to evaluate cognitive function and the depressive behavior of the rats. The protein expression of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in hippocampal cornu ammonis (CA) 1 was investigated by using immunohistochemistry. Results: It was found that, the percentage of alternation in the Y-maze test was significantly (p<.01) higher in the Stress + saccharin group than in the Stress group. Immobility time in the FST was significantly (p<.01) lower in the Stress + saccharin group than in the Stress group. Also, the positive cells of GR in hippocampus CA1 were significantly (p<.05) lower in the Stress + saccharin group than in the Stress group. Conclusion: This study showed that there was an effect of saccharin intake in restraint-induced stress response reduction in rats.

Keywords

References

  1. Joels M, Baram TZ. The neuro-symphony of stress. Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 2009;10(6):459-466. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn2632.
  2. Warne JP. Shaping the stress response: interplay of palatable food choices, glucocorticoids, insulin and abdominal obesity. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. 2009;300(1-2):137-146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2008.09.036
  3. McEwen BS. Central effects of stress hormones in health and disease: Understanding the protective and damaging effects of stress and stress mediators. European Journal of Pharmacology. 2008;583(2-3):174-185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.11.071
  4. De Kloet ER, Joels M, Holsboer F. Stress and the brain: From adaptation to disease. Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 2005;6(6):463-475. http://dx.doi.org/nrn1683 https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn1683
  5. De Kloet ER, Vreugdenhil E, Oitzl MS, Joels M. Brain corticosteroid receptor balance in health and disease. Endocrine Reviews. 1998;19(3):269-301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/edrv.19.3.0331
  6. Diamond DM, Campbell AM, Park CR, Woodson JC, Conrad CD, Bachstetter AD, et al. Influence of predator stress on the consolidation versus retrieval of long-term spatial memory and hippocampal spinogenesis. Hippocampus. 2006;16(7):571-576. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hipo.20188
  7. Gluck ME, Geliebter A, Hung J, Yahav E. Cortisol, hunger, and desire to binge eat following a cold stress test in obese women with binge eating disorder. Psychosomatic Medicine. 2004;66(6):876-881. http://dx.doi.org/66/6/876 https://doi.org/10.1097/01.psy.0000143637.63508.47
  8. Adam TC, Epel ES. Stress, eating and the reward system. Physiology and Behavior. 2007;91(4):449-458. http://dx.doi.org/S0031-9384(07)00127-8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.04.011
  9. Chuang JC, Perello M, Sakata I, Osborne-Lawrence S, Savitt JM, Lutter M, et al. Ghrelin mediates stress-induced food-reward behavior in mice. The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2011;121(7):2684-2692. http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI57660
  10. Ulrich-Lai YM, Ostrander MM, Thomas IM, Packard BA, Furay AR, Dolgas CM, et al. Daily limited access to sweetened drink attenuates hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis stress responses. Endocrinology. 2007;148(4):1823-1834. http://dx.doi.org/en.2006-1241 https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2006-1241
  11. Just T, Pau HW, Engel U, Hummel T. Cephalic phase insulin release in healthy humans after taste stimulation? Appetite. 2008;51(3):622-627. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2008.04.271
  12. Ansari ARM, Mulla SJ, Pramod GJ. Review on artificial sweeteners used in formulation of sugar free syrups. International Journal of Advances in Pharmaceutics. 2015;4(2):5-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.7439/ijap.
  13. Touyz LZ. Saccharin deemed "not hazardous" in United States and abroad. Current Oncology. 2011;18(5):213-214.
  14. Porsolt RD, Bertin A, Jalfre M. Behavioral despair in mice: a primary screening test for antidepressants. Archives Internationales de Pharmacodynamie et de Therapie. 1977;229(2):327-336.
  15. Chen KT, Tsai MH, Wu CH, Jou MJ, Wei IH, Huang CC. AMPA receptor-mTOR activation is required for the antidepressant-like effects of sarcosine during the forced swim test in rats: insertion of AMPA receptor may play a role. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience. 2015;9:162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00162
  16. Sugawara T, Lewen A, Noshita N, Gasche Y, Chan PH. Effects of global ischemia duration on neuronal, astroglial, oligodendroglial, and microglial reactions in the vulnerable hippocampal CA1 subregion in rats. Journal of Neurotrauma. 2002;19(1):85-98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/089771502753460268
  17. Harris RB, Zhou J, Youngblood BD, Rybkin II, Smagin GN, Ryan DH. Effect of repeated stress on body weight and body composition of rats fed low- and high-fat diets. The American Journal of Physiology. 1998;275(6 Pt 2):R1928-1938.
  18. Amin KA, AlMuzafar HM. Alterations in lipid profile, oxidative stress and hepatic function in rat fed with saccharin and methyl-salicylates. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine. 2015;8(4):6133-6144.
  19. Jiwa NS, Garrard P, Hainsworth AH. Experimental models of vascular dementia and vascular cognitive impairment: a systematic review. Journal of Neurochemistry. 2010;115(4):814-828. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06958.x
  20. Henckens MJ, Hermans EJ, Pu Z, Joels M, Fernandez G. Stressed memories: how acute stress affects memory formation in humans. The Journal of Neuroscience. 2009;29(32):10111-10119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1184-09.2009
  21. Kim JJ, Diamond DM. The stressed hippocampus, synaptic plasticity and lost memories. Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 2002;3(6):453-462. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn849
  22. Willner P, Benton D, Brown E, Cheeta S, Davies G, Morgan J, et al. "Depression" increases "craving" for sweet rewards in animal and human models of depression and craving. Psychopharmacology. 1998;136(3):272-283. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002130050566
  23. Al'Absi M, Nakajima M, Hooker S, Wittmers L, Cragin T. Exposure to acute stress is associated with attenuated sweet taste. Psychophysiology. 2012;49(1):96-103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2011.01289.x
  24. Ely DR, Dapper V, Marasca J, Correa JB, Gamaro GD, Xavier MH, et al. Effect of restraint stress on feeding behavior of rats. Physiology and Behavior. 1997;61(3):395-398. http://dx.doi.org/S0031-9384(96)00450-7 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9384(96)00450-7
  25. Markus R, Panhuysen G, Tuiten A, Koppeschaar H. Effects of food on cortisol and mood in vulnerable subjects under controllable and uncontrollable stress. Physiology and Behavior. 2000;70(3-4):333-342. http://dx.doi.org/S0031-9384(00)00265-1 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9384(00)00265-1
  26. Zhang Y, Fischer KE, Soto V, Liu Y, Sosnowska D, Richardson A, et al. Obesity-induced oxidative stress, accelerated functional decline with age and increased mortality in mice. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 2015;576:39-48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.abb.2014.12.018
  27. Schwabe L, Joels M, Roozendaal B, Wolf OT, Oitzl MS. Stress effects on memory: an update and integration. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 2012;36(7):1740-1749. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.07.002
  28. Lupien SJ, Maheu F, Tu M, Fiocco A, Schramek TE. The effects of stress and stress hormones on human cognition: Implications for the field of brain and cognition. Brain and Cognition. 2007;65(3):209-237. http://dx.doi.org/S0278-2626(07)00032-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2007.02.007
  29. Groc L, Choquet D, Chaouloff F. The stress hormone corticosterone conditions AMPAR surface trafficking and synaptic potentiation. Nature Neuroscience. 2008;11(8):868-870. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2150