DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

갈색거저리 유충 생산을 위한 효율적인 사육조건 확립

Establishment of Optimal Rearing Conditions for the Production of Tenebrio molitor Larvae

  • 김시현 (전북대학교 농업생명과학대학 농생물학과) ;
  • 김종철 (전북대학교 농업생명과학대학 농생물학과) ;
  • 이세진 (전북대학교 농업생명과학대학 농생물학과) ;
  • 김재수 (전북대학교 농업생명과학대학 농생물학과)
  • Kim, Sihyeon (Department of Agricultural Biology, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Chonbuk National University) ;
  • Kim, Jong Cheol (Department of Agricultural Biology, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Chonbuk National University) ;
  • Lee, Se Jin (Department of Agricultural Biology, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Chonbuk National University) ;
  • Kim, Jae Su (Department of Agricultural Biology, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Chonbuk National University)
  • 투고 : 2016.07.21
  • 심사 : 2016.11.03
  • 발행 : 2016.12.01

초록

사료용 곤충 중에서 갈색거저리 유충은 사료용 및 산업용 등으로 이용되고 있지만, 효율적인 유충 확보를 위한 대량사육 연구는 미흡한 실정이다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 갈색거저리 성충의 산란율 증가를 위한 밀기울+추가 사료 조건 별 산란율 비교, 산란 기간과 유충 크기의 균일성, 사육 밀도와 온도에 따른 발육 양상, 알과 번데기의 저온 보관 안정성을 검토하였다. 기본 사료인 밀기울에 당근과 애호박을 추가로 처리한 결과, 성충의 산란수와 생존율을 증가시킬 수 있었다. 성충의 산란 기간을 3일과 7일 동안 각각 달리한 결과, 14일 동안 산란을 받은 처리구에 비해 높은 유충 크기의 균일성을 확보할 수 있었다. 갈색거저리 유충의 발육은 20, 25, 30, $35^{\circ}C$ 조건 중에서 $30^{\circ}C$에서 가장 빨랐으며, $20^{\circ}C$에서는 산란수는 많았지만, 상대적으로 느린 생육 특성을 보였고, 자연 치사율이 증가하여 일정한 크기의 유충 확보가 용이하지 않았다. 사육용기에 갈색거저리 유충을 1, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50마리 밀도로 사육한 결과, 밀도가 증가함에 따라 유충의 생존율과 길이 생육에는 유의성 있는 영향을 주지 않았지만, 무게 생장은 감소하였다. 사육 밀도를 30마리(/직경 90 mm 용기) 이하로 유지하는 것이 가장 효율적이며, 30마리 이상으로 유지할 경우 개체의 발육이 늦어지는 결과를 확인하였다. 갈색거저리의 알과 번데기를 $4^{\circ}C$에 보관하였을 때, 알은 9시간, 번데기는 10주 이상 보관하면 부화율과 우화율이 급격히 감소하는 결과를 보여, 보관 충태는 알보다는 번데기가 더 적합하였다. 본 연구를 바탕으로, 갈색거저리 성충의 생존율과 산란율을 높이기 위한 추가 식물체 사료의 공급이 필요하며, 고품질의 균일한 충체 확보를 위해 산란을 7일 이상 받지 않을 것을 추천하고, $30^{\circ}C$ 근처의 사육온도에서 30마리/90 mm 용기 이하의 사육 밀도를 유지할 필요가 있으며, 저장 보관 과정에서 알보다는 번데기 형태로 보관하는 것이 적합하다. 본 연구의 결과는 효율적인 갈색거저리 유충의 대량 확보를 위한 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

Tenebrio molitor larvae contain large amounts of proteins, lipids and other functional materials, enabling this insect to be used as an edible food source in animal feeds and for industrialization. Although many efforts have been made to set up mass rearing systems, few studies have been conducted to establish optimal rearing conditions for the production of high quality T. molitor larvae. Herein we investigated 1) the effects of additional diets on the survival and fecundity of the insect, 2) the relationship between oviposition period and the uniformity of larval size, 3) the effects of rearing density and temperature on insect development, and 4) the storage stability of eggs and pupae at low temperatures given possible temporary production discontinuation. The addition of carrot and zucchini to the traditional wheat bran diet significantly increased the survival and fecundity rate of adult T. molitor. Of the three different oviposition sampling periods (3, 7, and 14 days) used to investigate the uniformity of the hatched larvae in each treatment, the period of 3 and 7 days provided higher uniformity than the 14 days oviposition period. Larval development was faster at $30^{\circ}C$ than at 20, 25, and $35^{\circ}C$. Interestingly, oviposition rates were highest at $20^{\circ}C$ but showed much slower larval development and lower uniformity at $30^{\circ}C$. Regarding the effect of larval rearing densities (1, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 larvae per 90 mm diam. dish), larval weight was significantly reduced at higher rearing densities, but larval longevity and length were not influenced by rearing density. The 30 larvae/dish is suggested to be a reasonable density to be applied to mass production systems. When kept at $4^{\circ}C$, T. molitor eggs showed a significant reduction in hatching rate; however, when stored under the same conditions, pupae emergence rates remained high until 10 weeks, suggesting that storage at low temperatures is more suitable for the pupal stage than the egg stage. Our findings suggest that an increase in T. molitor adult survival and fecundity rates and a uniformity of hatched larval development can be achieved with the following recommendations: a combination diet (including wheat bran), a 7-day oviposition period; a larvae-rearing temperature of $30^{\circ}C$, a rearing density of 30 larvae/dish, and the storage of pupal stages at low temperatures in the case of rearing discontinuation. This study serves as a strong foundation for the successful mass production of high quality T. molitor larvae.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Armitage, S.A.O., Thompson J.J.W., Rolff, J., Siva-Jothy, M.T., 2003. Examining costs of induced and constitutive immune investment in Tenebrio molitor. J. Evol. Biol. 16, 1038-1044. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1420-9101.2003.00551.x
  2. Barnes, A.I., Siva-Jothy, M.T., 2000. Density-dependent prophylaxis in the meal worm beetle Tenebrio molitor L.(Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae): cuticular melanization is an indicator of investment in immunity. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. 267, 177-182. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2000.0984
  3. Cho, Y.S., Kim, S.N, Kim, S.Y., Kim, J.B., Park, H.J., Kim, J.H., 2011. Food composition table (8 th eds.). Rural Development Administration. Suwon, Korea.
  4. Choi, Y.C., Kim, N.J., Park, I.G., Lee, S.B., Hwang, J.S., 2011. New value of insects. RDA Interrobang 4 (in Korean).
  5. Choi, Y.C., Song, H.S., 2011. Mass rearing and application technique of mealworm, Tenebrio molitor, pp 14-22. Applied entomology Division, National Academy of Agricultural Science Press, Korea.
  6. Chung, M.Y., Lee, J.Y., Lee, J.C., Park, K.S., Jeong, J.P., Hwang, J.S., Goo, T.W., Yun, E.Y., 2014. Establishment of self-specification and shelf-life by standardization of manufacturing process for lyophilized Tenebrio molitor larvae. J. Seric. Entomol. Sci. 52(1), 73-78. https://doi.org/10.7852/jses.2014.52.1.73
  7. Dai, P.L., Xu, Z.Q., Tian, S.P., 2005. The optimal parasitoid- host ratio of rearing Schleroderma guani using Tenebrio molitor. Chinese Bull Entomol. 42(3), 308-311.
  8. Drnevich, J.M., Papke, R.S., Rauser, C.L., Rutowski, R.L., 2001. Material Benefits from multiple mating in female mealworm beetles(Tenebrio molitor L.). J. Insect Behavior. 14(2), 215-230. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007889712054
  9. Greenberg, S., Amos, A.R., 1996. Effects of chronic hypoxia, normoxia and hyperoxia on larval development in the beetle Tenebrio molitor. J. Insect. Physiol. 42(11-12), 991-996. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1910(96)00071-6
  10. Happ, G.M., Wheeler, J., 1969. Bioassay, preliminary purification, and effect of age, crowding, and mating on the release of sex pheromone by female Tenebrio molitor. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 62(4), 846-851. https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/62.4.846
  11. Hong, J.I., Koh, S.H., Chung, Y.J., Shin, S.C., Kim, B.H., Choi, K.S., 2008. Biological characteristics of Schlerodermus harmandi (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) parasited on Cerambycid. Korean J. Appl. Entomol. 47(2), 133-139. https://doi.org/10.5656/KSAE.2008.47.2.133
  12. Jiraphon, S., Tasanee, J., 2001. Industrial mass rearing of mealworm beetle(Tenebrio molitor L.). Kaen Kaset Khon Kaen Agriculture Journal. 29(4), 194-200.
  13. Kim, S.Y., Chung, T.H., Kim, S.H., Song, S.H., Kim, N.J., 2014. Recycling Agricultural Wastes as Feed for Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor). Korean J. Appl. Entomol. 53(4), 367-373. https://doi.org/10.5656/KSAE.2014.10.0.043
  14. Kim, S.Y., Park, J.B., Lee, Y.B., Yoon, H.J., Lee, K.Y., Kim, N.J., 2015. Growth characteristics of mealworm Tenebrio molitor. J. Seric. Entomol. Sci. 53(1), 1-5 https://doi.org/10.7852/jses.2015.53.1.1
  15. Koo, H.Y., Kim S.G., Oh, H.K., Kim J.E., Choi, D.S., Kim, D.I., Kim, I.S., 2013. Temperature-dependent development model of larvae of mealworm beetle, Tenebrio molitor L. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Korean J. Appl. Entomol. 52(4), 387-394. https://doi.org/10.5656/KSAE.2013.11.0.066
  16. Lemos, W.P., Ribeiro, R.C., Ramalho, F.S., Serrao, J.E., Zanuncio, J.C., 2011. The reproductive tract of the males of the zoophytophagous predator Brontocoris tabidus (Signoret) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) with different diets and ages. Am. J. Agr. Sci. 6(1), 12-18. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajabssp.2011.12.18
  17. Megido, R.C., Sablon, L., Geuens, M., Brostaux, Y., Alabi, T., Blecker, C., Drugmand, D., Haubruge, E., Francis, F., 2013. Edible insects acceptance by Belgian consumers: promising attitude for entomophagy development. J. Sensory. Stud. 29(1), 14-20.
  18. Oonincx, D.G.A.B., 2012. Environmental impact of the production of mealworms as a protein source for humans-a life cycle assessment. PLoS. ONE. 7(12), e51145. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051145
  19. Park, K.Y., Choi, Y.C., Lee, Y.B., Lee, S.H., Lee, J.S., Kang, S.H., 2012. Fecundity, Life span, Developmental periods and pupal weight of Tenebrio molitor L. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). J. Seric. Entomol. Sci. 50(2), 126-132. https://doi.org/10.7852/jses.2012.50.2.126
  20. SPSS, 2009. Version 17.0 for Windows, SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA.
  21. Tracey, S.K.M., 1958. Effects of parental age on the life cycle of the mealworm, Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 51(5), 429-432. https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/51.5.429
  22. Vanninen, I., 1996. Distribution and occurrence of four entomopathogenic fungi in Finland: Effect of geographical location, habitat type and soil type. Mycological Research 100, 93-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0953-7562(96)80106-7
  23. Weaver, D. K., McFarlane, J. E., 1990. The effect of larval density on growth and development of Tenebrio molitor. J Insect Physiol. 36(7), 531-536. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1910(90)90105-O
  24. Yang, W., Xie, Z.H., Zhou, Z.J., Yang, C.P., 2005. The learning behavior of Scleroderma sichuanensis Xiao (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) fed on the fictitious hosts Tenebrio molitor L.(Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Acta Entomologica Sinica 48(5), 731-735.
  25. Zanuncio, J., Molina-Rugama, A.J., Serrao, J., Pratissoli, D., 2001. Nymphal development and reproduction of Podisus nigrispinus (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) fed with combination of Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) pupae and Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) larvae. Biocont. Sci. Technol. 11(3), 331-337. https://doi.org/10.1080/09583150120055736