Journal of Families and Better Life (가정과삶의질연구)

Korean Home Management Association (가정과삶의질학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Parenting Stress in Mothers with Only One Child in Toddler Stage

걸음마기 한 자녀를 둔 어머니의 양육스트레스

  • Lee, Sun Young (Department of Child & Family Studies, Kyung Hee University) ;
  • Ahn, Sun Hee (Department of Child & Family Studies, Kyung Hee University)
  • Received : 2015.11.25
  • Accepted : 2016.02.02
  • Published : 2016.02.29
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine factors which influence maternal parenting stress. The subjects were 182 mothers with toddlers 12 to 36 months old living in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do Province. The instruments used for this study were a self-report questionnaire, PDH(Parenting Daily Hassles), EAS(Emotionality, Activity, Sociability), Value of children by Lee et al., PAI(Parenting Alliance Inventory), and burden of the costs of children. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation and Hierarchical multiple regression using the SPSS 18.0 program. The main results of this study were as follows: First, the mean score of activity temperament, emotional value of children and husband's support were higher than average. The mean score of Emotionality temperament, instrumental value of children, burden of the costs of children and maternal stress were average. Second, maternal parenting stress was positively correlated with emotionality temperament, mother's age, burden of the costs of children, and negatively correlated with emotional value of children, and instrumental value of children, husband's support. Third, emotionality temperament, husband's support, burden of the costs of children, maternal employment status, and instrumental value of children had an impact on maternal parenting stress. It is expected that the results of this study will contribute to providing basic data for establishing a policy to decrease maternal parenting stress.

Keywords

References

  1. Abidin, R. R. (1988). Parenting alliance inventory. Unpublished scale. University of Virginia, Charlottesville.
  2. Abidin, R. R., & Brunner, J. F. (1995). Development of a parenting alliance inventory. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 24(1), 31-40. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp2401_4
  3. Ahn, J. Y. (2000). The effects of maternal parental beliefs, efficacy and stress on mother's parenting behaviors. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Ewha women's University, Seoul, Korea.
  4. Ahn, J. Y. (2010). A study on the maternal perception of child development, achievement pressure and parenting stress. Journal of Korean Management Association, 27(6), 255-265.
  5. Al-Akour, N. A., Khader, Y. S., & Hamlan, A. (2013). Stress among parents of infants with neural tube defect and its associated factors. International Journal of Nursing Practice, 19(2), 149-155. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijn.12049
  6. Ardoino, G. I., Queirolo, E. I., Barg, G., Ciccariello, D. A., & Kordas, K. (2015). The relationship among depression, parenting stress, and partner support in low-income women from Montevideo, Uruguay. Health Care for Women International, 36(4), 392-408. https://doi.org/10.1080/07399332.2013.852552
  7. Buss, A. H., & Plomin, R. (1984). Temperament: Early developing personality traits. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  8. Casalin, S., Luyten, P., Besser, A., Wouters, S., & Vliegen, N. (2014). A longitudinal cross-lagged study of the role of parental self-criticism, dependency, depression, and parenting stress in the development of child negative affectivity. Self and Identity, 13(4), 491-511. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2013.873076
  9. Cha, S.-S., & Shin, Y.-L. (2005). Parenting stress of employed mothers with young children. Journal of Human Science, 25(1), 163-181.
  10. Chae, S -M., Kang, H -S., Lee, H -J., & Shin, H -S. (1999). The effects of spousal support on the parenting stress and quality of life of mothers with preschool children. Journal of the Korean Society of Maternal and Child Health, 3(2), 187-195.
  11. Choi, H. J. (2015). Children's temperament, working mothers' psychological factors, social support factors, factors of economic activity, and their impact on the subsequent birth plan. Korea Journal of Child Care and Education, 93, 89-114.
  12. Choi, H. J., Cho, S. K., & Kim, M. J. (2015). The effect of the childcare characteristics shown by a father of an infant on the childcare stress of the mother. The Journal of Korea Open Association for Early Childhood Education, 20(1), 383-402.
  13. Choi, H. S., Yeon, E. M., Kwon, S. J., & Hong, Y. J. (2013). Longitudinal relationships among maternal perception of father involvement in child care, value of children, parenting knowledge, and parenting stress. Korean Journal of Child Care and Education Policy, 7(2), 21-45.
  14. Chung, K. M., Ebesutani, C., Bang, H. M., Kim, J., Chorpita, B. F., Weisz, J. R., & Byun, H. (2013). Parenting stress and child behavior problems among clinic-referred youth: Cross-cultural differences across the US and Korea. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 44(3), 460-468. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-012-0340-z
  15. Chung, M. R., Kang, S. K., & Choi, E, J. (2014). The structural relationships among the parenting characteristics, play participation and infant's social & emotional development. Early Childhood Education Research & Review, 18(5), 373-401.
  16. Chung, M. R., Kang, S. K., Kim, M. J., & Choi, H. J. (2014). The structural relationships among the temperaments of 12-month-old infants, maternal attachment, parenting stress and infant development. Journal of Early Childhood Education, 34(3), 333-354. https://doi.org/10.18023/kjece.2014.34.3.016
  17. Chung, M.-S. (2008). Parenting stress in mothers of school-aged children: Effects of ego-resilience, social support and school grades of children. Journal of Korean Management Association, 26(6), 107-121.
  18. Coplan, R. J., Bowker, A., & Cooper, S. M. (2003). Parenting daily hassles, child temperament, and social adjustment in preschool. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 18(3), 376-395. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0885-2006(03)00045-0
  19. Crnic, K. A., & Greenberg, M. T. (1990). Minor parenting stresses with young children. Child Development, 61(5), 1628-1637. https://doi.org/10.2307/1130770
  20. Essex, M. J., Thomas Boyce, W., Hertzman, C., Lam, L. L., Armstrong, J. M., Neumann, S., & Kobor, M. S. (2013). Epigenetic vestiges of early developmental adversity: Childhood stress exposure and DNA methylation in adolescence. Child Development, 84(1), 58-75. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01641.x
  21. Ha, J. Y. (2005). A study on parenting stress of working mothers. Human Ecology Research Institute, 3, 37-51.
  22. Hea, E.-K., & Kim, Y.-H. (2004). Mother's psychological characteristics, daily hassles, spousal and social-support associated with parenting stress of young children. Journal of Human Ecology, 8(2), 107-125.
  23. Hwang, S. O., & Hwang, Z. O. (2015). The causal relationships between parenting stress and the parenting attitudes of infant mothers. Korean Journal of Child Studies, 36(4), 163-176. https://doi.org/10.5723/KJCS.2015.36.4.163
  24. Im, J.-h. (2014). Female workers' stress from nurturing with preschool children. Journal of the Korea Contents Association, 14(5), 132-143. https://doi.org/10.5392/JKCA.2014.14.05.132
  25. Jang, H. J., Bang, H. J., & Oak, J. (2005). The influence of maternal belief about corporal punishment and parenting stress on child adjustment problems mediated by corporal punishment -The moderating effect of parenting efficacy. The Korean Journal of Developmental Psychology, 18(3), 143-163.
  26. Jang, Y. A,, & Park, J. H. (2009). Mothers' depression, parenting stress, and attachment with their preschool children. Journal of Korean Family Therapy, 17(2), 213-232.
  27. Jarvis, P. A., & Creasey, G. L. (1991). Parental stress, coping, and attachment in families with an 18-month-old infant. Infant Behavior and Development, 14(4), 383-395. https://doi.org/10.1016/0163-6383(91)90029-R
  28. Jeong, Y. H., Kim, H. J., & Jeong, S. H. (2013). A study on factors affecting family planning decisions of mothers who have 2 year old children: Focusing on parents' values on children and characteristics of couples. The Korean Journal of the Human Development, 20(2), 185-203.
  29. Jung, J. Y. (2013). The systematic analysis on the casual model between husband's parenting participation and working mother's self-esteem mediated by parenting stress and marital conflict. Korean Journal of Child Care and Education Policy, 7(1), 106-126.
  30. Kang, H. K., & Cho, B. H. (1999). Effects of mother's values and support systems = dual - career parenting stress. Korean Journal of Child Studies, 20(2), 41-55
  31. Kang, S.-K., & Chung, M.-R. (2013). The effect of life satisfaction and value of children on childbirth planning of pregnant women and their spouses. Korea Journal of Child Care and Education, 80, 85-107.
  32. Khoury-Kassabri, M., Attar-Schwartz, S., & Zur, H. (2014). Understanding the mediating role of corporal punishment in the association between maternal stress, efficacy, co-parenting and children's adjustment difficulties among Arab mothers. Child Abuse & Neglect, 38(6), 1073-1082. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.04.009
  33. Kim, H. O. (2015). The comparison of effects of mother's depression and parenting stress on the emotional development of infants between poor families and non-poor families. The Journal of Child Education, 24(1), 119-139.
  34. Kim, H. R., & Ryu, S. M. (2015). The effects of mother's parenting stress and mother's marital satisfaction on child's behavior problems: Focused on the mediating effects of mother's parenting style. Early Childhood Education Research & Review, 19(2), 193-209.
  35. Kim, H.-S. (2007). The effects of children's temperament and mothers' parental stress on mothers' satisfaction of child care. Korea Journal of Child Care and Education, 51, 87-109.
  36. Kim, H.-S., & Kim, K.-S. (2003). Parental role conflict and psychological well-being of dual-earner couples. Journal of Korean Management Association, 21(4), 117-131.
  37. Kim, K. H., & Kang, H. K. (1997). Research: Development of the parenting stress scale. Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association, 35(5), 141-150.
  38. Kim, K. W., Doh, H. S., Kim, S. W., & Rhee, S. H. (2010). The relationship between maternal employment, maternal job characteristics, spousal support, and parenting stress. Korean Journal of Child Studies, 31(5), 101-113.
  39. Kim, M. Y., & Park, D. Y. (2009). Parenting stress, depression and verbal abuse of infant's mothers. Child Health Nursing Research, 15(4), 375-382. https://doi.org/10.4094/jkachn.2009.15.4.375
  40. Kim, S. Y., & Choi, H. Y. (2007). Parenting behaviors, and their children's social competence by their children's emotionality and their husbands' support on parenting. Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association, 45(8), 1-11.
  41. Kwon, M. K. (2011). Parenting stress and related factors of employed and non-employed mothers with infants. Journal of Korean Child Care and Education, 7(2), 19-41.
  42. Lee, G. S. (2011). Exploring variables related to parental style of infant's mother. Journal of Future Childhood Education, 18(3), 127-145.
  43. Lee, J. M., Kim, S. R., & Lee, K. Y. (2015). The developmental trajectory of the value of children of primiparous mothers during the first four years. Korean Journal of Child Studies, 36(4), 177-192. https://doi.org/10.5723/KJCS.2015.36.4.177
  44. Lee, J. O. (2009). The relationship between children's socio-emotional development and maternal parenting stress. Early Childhood Education & Care, 4(1), 115-132.
  45. Lee, S. S., Jung, Y. S., Kim, H. K., Choi, E, Y., Park, S. K., Cho, N. H., Shin, I. C., Doh, S. L., Cho, S. K., & Kang, J. H. (2005). 2005 national survey on dynamics of marriage and fertility. Seoul: Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs.
  46. Lee, Y. S. (2008). A study on the relationship between mothers' parenting stress and fathers' participation in child rearing. Unpublished master's thesis. Kyung won University, Kyunggi, Korea.
  47. Lim, S. Y. (2013). Factors influencing parent's childbirth decision. International Theological Journal. 15, 485-511.
  48. Liu, C. C., Chen, Y. C., Yeh, Y. P., & Hsieh, Y. S. (2012). Effects of maternal confidence and competence on maternal parenting stress in newborn care. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 68(4), 908-918. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2011.05796.x
  49. Lovejoy, M. C., Weis, R., O'Hare, E., & Rubin, E. C. (1999). Development and initial validation of the parent behavior inventory. Psychological Assessment, 11(4), 534. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.11.4.534
  50. Mackler, J. S., Kelleher, R. T., Shanahan, L., Calkins, S. D., Keane, S. P., & O'Brien, M. (2015). Parenting stress, parental reactions, and externalizing behavior from ages 4 to 10. Journal of Marriage and Family, 77(2), 388-406. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12163
  51. Min, D. O., & Park, H. W. (2012). Analysis of relationship between infants' emotionality temperament and parenting stress in terms of interaction effects of maternal factors. Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association, 50(3), 51-58. https://doi.org/10.6115/khea.2012.50.3.051
  52. Oddi, K. B., Murdock, K. W., Vadnais, S., Bridgett, D. J., & Gartstein, M. A. (2013). Maternal and infant temperament characteristics as contributors to parenting stress in the first year postpartum. Infant and Child Development, 22(6), 553-579. https://doi.org/10.1002/icd.1813
  53. Ostberg, M., & Hagekull, B. (2000). A structural modeling approach to the understanding of parenting stress. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 29(4), 615-625. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15374424JCCP2904_13
  54. Park, C. H. (2012). The effects of child care support, value of children and psychological well-being on second childbirth plans for employed mothers with an infant of 10 months or younger. Korean Journal of Human Ecology, 21(1), 95-111. https://doi.org/10.5934/KJHE.2012.21.1.95
  55. Park, J. A. (2011). Studies on the understanding about mental health, mother-child relationship of mothers with high-risk parenting stress and their preschoolers. The Journal of Play Therapy, 15(1), 43-56.
  56. Park, Y. A. (2005). Exploration of variables related to parenting stress of mothers with infants and young children. Journal of Young Child Studies, 8, 97-113.
  57. Ryu, K. J., Kim, Y. J., & Song, Y. S. (2009). Parenting stress with her infant and social support and parenting efficacy of mother who commit their infants to child-care facilities. Journal of Korean Child Care and Education, 5(1), 1-23.
  58. Seo, M. H., Choi, Y. K., Shin, Y. J., & Lee, S. W. (2010). A study on cost of bringing up children. Seoul: Korea Institute of Child Care and Education.
  59. Shankardass, K., McConnell, R., Jerrett, M., Lam, C., Wolch, J., Milam, J., & Berhane, K. (2014). Parental stress increases body mass index trajectory in pre-adolescents. Pediatric Obesity, 9(6), 435-442. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2047-6310.2013.00208.x
  60. Shin, J. Y. (2011). Relations among child's temperament, parenting stress and parenting practices: The mediating role of parenting stress. Early Childhood Education Research & Review, 15(2), 291-312.
  61. Shin, S. J., & Jung, M. J. (1998). Effects of stress, social support and efficacy on mothers' parenting behaviors. Korean Journal of Child Studies, 19(1), 27-42.
  62. Siqveland, T. S., Olafsen, K. S., & Moe, V. (2013). The influence of maternal optimality and infant temperament on parenting stress at 12 months among mothers with substance abuse and psychiatric problems. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 54(5), 353-362. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12063
  63. Sohn, S. M. (2012). Parenting stress and related factors of employed and non-employed mothers with infants. Journal of Future Early Childhood Education, 19(1), 331-357.
  64. Song, M. H., Song, Y. S., & Kim, Y. J. (2007). The effects of parenting stress and social support on parenting self-efficacy in early childhood mothers. The Journal of Korea Open Association for Early Childhood Education, 12(5), 165-183.
  65. Song, Y. J., Lee, M. R., & Chun, H. Y. (2014). Parenting stress changes in both of continuous working and non-working mothers after the birth of their first child : A focus on the effects of the values, knowledge and expectations about their children. Korean Journal of Child Studies, 35(5), 15-35.
  66. Stewart, S. B., Greene, D. J., Lessov-Schlaggar, C. N., Church, J. A., & Schlaggar, B. L. (2015). Clinical correlates of parenting stress in children with tourette syndrome and in typically developing children. The Journal of Pediatrics, 166(5), 1297-1302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.01.041
  67. Stone, L. L., Otten, R., Engels, R. C., Kuijpers, R. C., & Janssens, J. M. (2015). Relations between internalizing and externalizing problems in early childhood. Child & Youth Care Forum, 44(5), 635-653. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10566-014-9296-4
  68. Wolfe-Christensen, C., Fedele, D. A., Kirk, K., Mullins, L. L., Lakshmanan, Y., & Wisniewski, A. B. (2014). Caregivers of children with a disorder of sex development: Associations between parenting capacities and psychological distress. Journal of Pediatric Urology, 10(3), 538-543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpurol.2013.11.016