Geomechanics and Engineering

Techno-Press (테크노프레스)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

A novel modeling of settlement of foundations in permafrost regions

  • Wang, Songhe (Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology) ;
  • Qi, Jilin (College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture) ;
  • Yu, Fan (State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences) ;
  • Liu, Fengyin (Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology)
  • Received : 2015.04.29
  • Accepted : 2015.12.10
  • Published : 2016.02.25
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Settlement of foundations in permafrost regions primarily results from three physical and mechanical processes such as thaw consolidation of permafrost layer, creep of warm frozen soils and the additional deformation of seasonal active layer induced by freeze-thaw cycling. This paper firstly establishes theoretical models for the three sources of settlement including a statistical damage model for soils which experience cyclic freeze-thaw, a large strain thaw consolidation theory incorporating a modified Richards' equation and a Drucker-Prager yield criterion, as well as a simple rheological element based creep model for frozen soils. A novel numerical method was proposed for live computation of thaw consolidation, creep and freeze-thaw cycling in corresponding domains which vary with heat budget in frozen ground. It was then numerically implemented in the FISH language on the FLAC platform and verified by freeze-thaw tests on sandy clay. Results indicate that the calculated results agree well with the measured data. Finally a model test carried out on a half embankment in laboratory was modeled.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

Supported by : National Natural Science Foundation of China

References

  1. Che, A.L., Wu, Z.J. and Wang, P. (2014), "Stability of pile foundations base on warming effects on the permafrost under earthquake motions", Soils Found., 54(4), 639-647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2014.06.006
  2. Chen, X.B., Liu, J.K., Liu, H.X. and Wang, Y.Q. (2006), Frost Action of Soil and Foundation Engineering, Science Press, Beijing, China. [In Chinese]
  3. Cheng, G.D., Wu, Q.B. and Ma, W. (2008), "Innovative designs of the permafrost for the Qinghai-Tibet Railway", Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Permafrost, Fairbanks, AL, USA, June-July, pp. 239-245.
  4. Fish, A.M. (1991), "Strength of frozen soil under a combined stress state", Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium Ground Freezing, Beijing, China, September, pp. 135-145.
  5. Hansson, K., Simůnek, J. and Mizoguchi, M. (2004), "Water flow and heat transport in frozen soil: numerical solution and freeze-thaw application", Vadose Zone J., 3(2), 693-704. https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2004.0693
  6. Itasca (1999), Flac manual: Theoretical background, Itasca Consulting Group, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
  7. Kamei, T., Ahmed, A. and Shibi, T. (2012), "Effect of freeze-thaw cycles on durability and strength of very soft clay soil stabilized with recycled Bassanite", Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 82, 124-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2012.05.016
  8. Kanevskiy, M., Shur, Y., Krzewinski, T. and Dillon, M. (2013), "Structure and properties of ice-rich permafrost near Anchorage Alaska", Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 93, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2013.05.001
  9. Lai, Y.M., Li, S.Y., Qi, J.L. and Chang, X.X. (2008), "Strength distributions of warm frozen clay and its stochastic damage constitutive model", Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 53(2), 200-215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2007.11.001
  10. Lai, Y.M., Yang, Y.G., Chang, X.X. and Li, S.Y. (2010a), "Strength criterion and elastoplastic constitutive model of frozen silt in generalized plastic mechanics", Int. J. Plasticity, 26(10), 1461-1484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijplas.2010.01.007
  11. Lai, Y.M., Gao, Z.H., Zhang, S.J. and Chang, X.X. (2010b), "Stress-strain relationships and nonlinear Mohr strength criteria of frozen sandy clay", Soils Found., 50(1), 45-53. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.50.45
  12. Li, S.Y., Lai, Y.M., Zhang, M.Y. and Dong, Y.H. (2009a), "Study on long-term stability of Qinghai-Tibet Railway embankment", Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 57(2-3), 139-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2009.02.003
  13. Li, S.Y., Lai, Y.M., Zhang, M.Y. and Jin, L. (2009b), "Seismic analysis of embankment of Qinghai-Tibet railway", Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 55(1), 151-159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2008.07.005
  14. Li, S.Y., Lai, Y.M., Zhang, S.J. and Liu, D. (2009c), "An improved statistical damage constitutive model for warm frozen clay based on Mohr-Coulomb criterion", Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 57(2-3), 154-159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2009.02.010
  15. Li, X., Cao, W.G. and Su, Y.H. (2012), "A statistical damage constitutive model for softening behavior of rocks", Eng. Geol., 143-144, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2012.05.005
  16. Ma, W. and Wang, D. (2014), Frozen Soil Mechanics, Science Press, Beijing. [In Chinese]
  17. Ma, W., Qi, J.L. and Wu, Q.B. (2008a), "Analysis of the Deformation of Embankments on the Qinghai-Tibet Railway", J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 134(11), 1645-1654. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2008)134:11(1645)
  18. Ma, W., Zhang, L.X. and Wu, Q.B. (2008b), "Control of asymmetrical subgrade temperature with crushedrock embankments along the permafrost region of the Qinghai-Tibet railway", Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Permafrost, Fairbanks, AL, USA, June-July, pp. 1099-1104.
  19. Ma, W., Feng, G.L., Wu, Q.B. and Wu, J.J. (2008c), "Analyses of temperature fields under the embankment with crushed-rock structures along the Qinghai-Tibet railway", Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 53(3), 259-270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2007.08.001
  20. Ma, W., Cheng, G.D. and Wu, Q.B. (2009), "Construction on permafrost foundations: Lessons learned from the Qinghai-Tibet railroad", Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 59(1), 3-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2009.07.007
  21. Matsumura, S., Miura, S., Yokohama, S. and Kawamura, S. (2015), "Cyclic deformation-strength evaluation of compacted volcanic soil subjected to freeze-thaw sequence", Soils Found., 55(1), 86-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2014.12.007
  22. Morgenstern, N.R. and Nixon, J.F. (1971), "One-dimensional consolidation of thawing soils", Can. Geotech. J., 8(4), 558-565. https://doi.org/10.1139/t71-057
  23. Qi, J.L., Pieter, A.V. and Cheng, G.D. (2006), "A review of the influence of freeze-thaw cycles on soil geotechnical properties", Permafrost Periglac., 17(3), 245-252. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.559
  24. Qi, J.L., Sheng, Y., Zhang, J.M. and Wen, Z. (2007), "Settlement of embankment in permafrost regions in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau", Norw. J. Geogr., 61(2), 49-55.
  25. Qi, J.L., Yao, X.L., Yu, F. and Liu, Y.Z. (2012), "Study on thaw consolidation of permafrost under roadway embankment", Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 81, 48-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2012.04.007
  26. Qi, J.L., Yao, X.L. and Yu, F. (2013), "Consolidation of thawing permafrost considering phase change", KSCE J. Civil Eng., 17(6), 1293-1301. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-013-0240-1
  27. Tsytovich, N.A. (1975), Mechanics of Frozen Soil, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, USA.
  28. Wang, S.H., Qi, J.L., Yu, F. and Yao, X.L. (2013), "A novel method for estimating settlement of embankment in cold regions", Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 88, 50-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2012.12.009
  29. Wang, S.H., Qi, J.L., Yin, Z.Y., Zhang, J.M. and Ma, W. (2014), "A simple rheological element based creep model for frozen soils", Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 106-107, 47-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2014.06.007
  30. Wang, T.L., Liu, Y.J., Yan, H. and Xu, L. (2015), "An experimental study on the mechanical properties of silty soils under repeated freeze-thaw cycles", Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 112, 51-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2015.01.004
  31. Watanabe, K. and Wake, T. (2008), "Hydraulic conductivity of frozen unsaturated soil", Proceedings of the 9th International Conference of on Permafrost, Fairbanks, AL, USA, June-July, pp. 147-152.
  32. Wu, Q.B. and Zhang, T.J. (2008), "Recent permafrost warming on the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau", J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos, 113(D13). DOI: 10.1029/2007JD009539
  33. Wu, Qingbai, Dong, X.F. and Liu, Y.Z. (2007), "Responses of permafrost on the Qinghai-Tibet plateau to climate change and engineering construction", Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res., 39(4), 682-687. https://doi.org/10.1657/1523-0430(07-508)[WU]2.0.CO;2
  34. Yang, C.S., He, P., Cheng, G.D., Zhu, Y.L. and Zhao, S.P. (2003), "Testing study on influence of freezing and thawing on dry density and water content of soil", Chinese J. Rock Mech. Eng., 22(Supp. 2), 2695-2699. [In Chinese]
  35. Yang, M.X., Nelson, F.E., Shiklomanov, N.I., Guo, D.L. and Wan, G.N. (2010a), "Permafrost degradation and its environmental effects on the Tibetan Plateau: A review of recent research", Earth-Sci. Rev., 103(1-2), 31-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.07.002
  36. Yang, Y.G., Lai, Y.M., Dong, Y.H. and Li, S.Y. (2010b), "The strength criterion and elastoplastic constitutive model of frozen soil under high confining pressures", Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 60(2), 154-160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2009.09.001
  37. Yao, X.L., Qi, J.L. and Wu, W. (2012), "Three dimensional analysis of large strain thaw consolidation in permafrost", Acta Geotech., 7(3), 193-202. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-012-0162-y
  38. Yu, F., Qi, J.L., Yao, X.L. and Liu, Y.Z. (2012), "Degradation process of permafrost underneath embankments along Qinghai-Tibet Highway: An engineering view", Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 85, 150-156. DOI: 10.1016/j.coldregions.2012.09.001
  39. Yu, F., Qi, J.L., Yao, X.L. and Liu, Y.Z. (2013), "In-situ monitoring of settlement at different layers under embankments in permafrost regions on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau", Eng. Geol., 160, 44-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2013.04.002
  40. Yu, F., Qi, J.L. and Yao, X.L. (2014), "Analysis on the settlement of roadway embankments in permafrost regions", J. Earth Sci., 25(4), 764-770. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-014-0464-0
  41. Zheng, B., Zhang, J.M. and Qin, Y.H. (2010), "Investigation for the deformation of embankment underlain by warm and ice-rich permafrost", Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 60(2), 161-168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2009.08.012
  42. Zhou, J. and Tang, Y.Q. (2015), "Centrifuge experimental study of thaw settlement characteristics of mucky clay after artificial ground freezing", Eng. Geol., 190, 98-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2015.03.002

Cited by

  1. A new approach to simulate the supporting arch in a tunnel based on improvement of the beam element in FLAC3D vol.18, pp.3, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.A1600508
  2. Thermal and settlement analyses under a riverbank over permafrost vol.91, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2017.07.002
  3. Strength behaviors and meso-structural characters of loess after freeze-thaw vol.148, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2018.01.011
  4. Mechanism of slope failure in loess terrains during spring thawing vol.15, pp.4, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-017-4584-8
  5. Frost Heave of Irrigation Canals in Seasonal Frozen Regions vol.2019, pp.1687-8094, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/2367635
  6. Consolidation deformation of Baghmisheh marls of Tabriz, Iran vol.12, pp.4, 2016, https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2017.12.4.561
  7. Mechanical properties of expanded polystyrene beads stabilized lightweight soil vol.13, pp.3, 2016, https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2017.13.3.459
  8. Heat transfer and water migration in loess slopes during freeze-thaw cycling in Northern Shaanxi, China vol.16, pp.11, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40999-018-0298-8
  9. Stochastic analysis for uncertain deformation of foundations in permafrost regions vol.14, pp.6, 2018, https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2018.14.6.589
  10. Experimental study on freezing point of saline soft clay after freeze-thaw cycling vol.15, pp.4, 2016, https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2018.15.4.997
  11. Evaporation-Induced Water and Solute Coupled Transport in Saline Loess Columns in Closed and Open Systems vol.2019, pp.None, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/3781410
  12. Evolution of Soil Settlements under a Rockfill Dam Based on Potential Earthquake Harmfulness (PEH) 'Case of Boumerdes Earthquake, Algeria 2003' vol.42, pp.None, 2016, https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jera.42.109
  13. Shear Strength Behavior of Coarse-Grained Saline Soils after Freeze-Thaw vol.23, pp.6, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-019-0197-9
  14. Thaw consolidation behavior of frozen soft clay with calcium chloride vol.18, pp.2, 2016, https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2019.18.2.189
  15. Predicting Triaxial Compressive Strength and Young’s Modulus of Frozen Sand Using Artificial Intelligence Methods vol.33, pp.3, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)cr.1943-5495.0000188
  16. Effect of freeze-thaw on freezing point and thermal conductivity of loess vol.13, pp.5, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-020-5186-2