Journal of the Korean Geographical Society (대한지리학회지)

The Korean Geographical Society (대한지리학회)
권호 표지

More-than-human Geographies of Nature: Toward a Careful Political Ecology

새로운 정치생태학을 위한 비인간지리학의 인간-자연 연구

  • Choi, Myung-Ae (School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford)
  • 최명애 (옥스퍼드대학교 지리환경학과)
  • Received : 2016.10.10
  • Accepted : 2016.10.31
  • Published : 2016.10.31
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Abstract

The recent diagnosis of the Anthropocene challenges public understanding of nature as a pure and singular entity removed from society, as the diagnosis confirms the earth-changing force of humans. In geography, the nature-society divide has been critically interrogated long before the diagnosis of the Anthropocene, developing several ways of theorizing nature-society relations. This paper introduces a new frontier for such theoretical endeavors: more-than-human geography. Inspired by the material and performative turn in geography and the social sciences around the 2000s, more-than-human geographers have sought to re-engage with the livingness of the world in the study of nature-society relations. Drawing on actor-network theory, non-representational theory (NRT) and vitalism, they have developed innovative ways of thinking about and relating to nature through the key concepts of 'nonhuman agency' and 'affect'. While more-than-human geography has been extensively debated and developed in recent Euro-American scholarship on cultural and economic geography, it has so far received limited attention in Korean geographical studies on nature. This paper aims to address this gap by discussing the key concepts and seminal work of more-than-human geography. I first outline four theoretical strands through which nature-society relations are perceived in geography. I then offer an overview of more-than-human geography, discussing its theoretical foundations and considering ontologies, epistemologies, politics and ethics associated with nature-society relations. Then, I compare more-than-human geography with political ecology, which is the mainstream critical approach in contemporary environmental social sciences. I would argue that more-than-human geography further challenges and develops political ecology through its heightened attention to the affective capacity of nonhumans and the methodological ethos of doing a careful political ecology. I conclude by reflecting on the implications of more-than-human geography for Korean studies on nature-society relations.

'인류세'라는 새로운 지질학적 연대가 도래했다는 최근 지질학계의 주장은 인간 사회와 자연을 분리된 것으로 여겨온 기존의 대중적 인식에 균열을 가져오고 있다. 인문지리학자들은 인류세 논의가 시작되기 오래전부터 이같은 이분법적 인식을 해체하고 인간과 자연의 관계를 새롭게 이해하기 위한 이론들을 개발해 왔다. 본 논문은 이같은 이론적 논의의 최전선에 있는 '비인간지리학(more-than-human geography)'의 주요 개념, 논쟁, 연구 성과를 소개, 국내 정치생태학 논의의 이론적 지평을 넓히고자 한다. 최근 영미 정치생태학계에서 비인간지리학은 인간-자연 관계를 이해하고 형성하는 데 있어 그간 소외돼 온 비인간 행위자의 활약에 주목함으로써, 인간 행위자 중심의 기존 연구를 발전시킬 수 있는 새로운 이론으로 주목받고 있다. 이 이론은 2000년대 전후 지리학계에서 발생한 '물질적, 수행적 전환'에서 출발, 인간과 자연의 물질성에 주목하고, 이를 통해 자연에 대한 구조주의적 이해와 생산주의적 이해를 넘어서고자 한다. 비인간지리학자들은 행위자-연결망 이론, 비재현 이론, 생기철학에 이론적 기반을 두고, 비인간 행위성(nonhuman agency)과 감응(affect) 등의 개념을 통해 인간-자연 관계를 분석한다. 비인간지리학에서 자연은 다양하고 이질적인 인간 및 비인간 행위자들의 수행(performance)에 따른 결과물로 인식되며, 네트워크 행위자들의 다양한 수행에 따라 끊임없이 새롭게 만들어지는 것으로 생각된다. 이같은 혼종적, 과정적, 내재적 존재론에 기반을 두고, 비인간지리학은 비인간 행위자와 비재현적 소통이 인간-자연 관계의 이해와 형성에 깊이 개입돼 있다고 보고, 자연에 대한 정치적, 윤리적 결정에 있어 비인간 행위자를 적극 포함시켜야 한다고 주장한다.

Keywords

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