The Journal of the Korea Contents Association (한국콘텐츠학회논문지)

The Korea Contents Association (한국콘텐츠학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Meta-analysis of Correlation between Cognitive-linguistic Ability and Cognitive Reserve in Normal Aging

정상 노년층의 인지-언어 능력과 인지 보존능력 간 상관성에 관한 메타분석

  • 이미숙 (공주대학교 특수교육대학원 언어재활(치료) 전공)
  • Received : 2015.09.23
  • Accepted : 2015.10.28
  • Published : 2015.11.28
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Cognitive reserve(CR) is the ability to optimize or maximize performance through complementary brain networks. CR is relevant to normal aging in cognitive-linguistic abilities. There are few domestic systematic reviews or meta-analyses that analyze the relationships between multiple CR and cognitive-linguistic domains in healthy older people. This meta-analysis included 32 studies published since 2000. In result, education level topped the list, followed by the occupation, cognitively stimulating activities, and the multilingualism. Most studies were related to memory, global cognition, and language. CR had a modest positive association with cognitive-linguistic performance. Multiple domains including memory and language also showed the significant correlations across most measures of CR. This study provides evidence-based information to support cognitive-linguistic ability in normal aging.

인지 보존능력(CR)이란 보완적 뇌 연결망을 통해 인지적 수행력을 최적화 또는 극대화시키는 능력이다. CR은 노화에 따른 인지-언어 능력의 저하를 완화 또는 지연시키는 데 기여한다. CR 및 정상 노년층의 인지-언어 능력 간 상관성을 체계적으로 살펴본 국내 메타분석 연구는 거의 드문 편이다. 본 연구에서는 2000년 이후 게재된 국내외 문헌 중 총 32개 논문을 대상으로 메타분석을 실시하여 상관성을 체계적으로 검증하고자 하였다. 그 결과, CR의 유형은 교육수준과 인지자극 활동, 다중언어 사용, 직업 순으로 많았고, 인지-언어의 하위 영역 중에는 기억력, 전반적 인지능력, 언어능력이 대다수를 차지하였다. 또한, CR과 인지-언어 능력 간 상관성은 '중간' 정도였으며, 기억력, 언어능력 등이 여러 CR 유형과 유의한 상관성을 보였다. 본 연구는 CR이 정상 노년층의 인지-언어 능력에 미치는 효과성을 체계적으로 분석함으로써 증거 기반적 자료를 제공할 수 있다는 점에서 의의가 있다.

Keywords

References

  1. Y. Stern, "What is cognitive reserve? Theory and research application of the reserve concept," J. of the International Neuropsychological Society, Vol.8, pp.448-460, 2002. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617702813248
  2. Y. Stern, "Cognitive reserve," Neuropsychologia, Vol.47, pp.2015-2028, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.03.004
  3. J. A. Mortimer, D. A. Snowdon, and W. R. Markesbery, "Head circumference, education and risk of dementia: findings from the nun study," J. of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, Vol.25, pp.671-679, 2003. https://doi.org/10.1076/jcen.25.5.671.14584
  4. Y. Stern, "Cognitive reserve and Alzheimer disease," Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders, Vol.20, pp.112-117, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.wad.0000213815.20177.19
  5. A. M. Tucker and Y. Stern, "Cognitive reserve in aging," Current Alzheimer Research, Vol.8, pp.354-360, 2011. https://doi.org/10.2174/156720511795745320
  6. M. M. Glymour and J. J. Manly, "Lifecourse social conditions and racial and ethnic patterns of cognitive aging," Neuropsychology Review, Vol.18, pp.223-254, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-008-9064-z
  7. M. J. Aartsen, C. H. Smits, T. van Tilburg, K. C. Knipscheer, and D. J. Deeg, "Activity in older adults: cause or consequence of cognitive functioning? a longitudinal study on everyday activities and cognitive performance in older adults," The J. of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, Vol.57, pp.153-162, 2002. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/57.2.P153
  8. S. M. Mousavi‐Nasab, R. Kormi‐Nouri, and L. G. Nilsson, "Examination of the bidirectional influences of leisure activity and memory in old people: a dissociative effect on episodic memory," British J. of Psychology, Vol.105, pp.382-398, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjop.12044
  9. E. Bialystok and G. Poarch, "Language experience changes language and cognitive ability," Z Erziehwiss, Vol.17, No.3, pp.433-446, 2014.
  10. L. Angel, S. Fay, B. Bouazzaoui, A. Baudouin, and M. Isingrini, "Protective role of educational level on episodic memory aging: an eventrelated potential study," Brain and Cognition, Vol.74, pp.312-323, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2010.08.012
  11. A. E. Mueller, N. Raymond, and B. P. Yochim, "Cognitive activity engagement predicts future memory and executive functioning in older adults," Activities, Adaptation and Aging, Vol.37, pp.251-264, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1080/01924788.2013.816833
  12. S. M. Albert and J. A. Teresi, "Reading ability, education, and cognitive status assessment among older adults in Harlem, New York City," American J. of Public Health, Vol.89, pp.95-97, 1999. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.89.1.95
  13. P. S. Mathuranath, J. P. Cherian, R. Mathew, A. George, A. Alexander, and S. P. Sarma, "Mini mental state examination and the Addenbrooke's cognitive examination: effect of education and norms for a multicultural population," Neurology India, Vol.55, pp.106-110, 2007. https://doi.org/10.4103/0028-3886.32779
  14. E. van Exel, J. Gussekloo, A. J. M. de Craen, A. Bootsma-van der Wiel, P. Houx, D. L. Knook, and R. G. J. Westendorp, "Cognitive function in the oldest old: women perform better than men," J. of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, Vol.71, pp.29-32, 2001. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.71.1.29
  15. 이미숙, 김향희, "문해능력에 따른 정상 노년층 자발화의 구문적 특성," 언어청각장애연구, 제10권, 제2호, pp.1-11, 2005.
  16. R. P. C. Correa, C. S. Lopes, and R. A. Lourenco, "Complexity of lifetime occupation and cognitive performance in old age," Occupational Medicine(Oxford, England), Vol.63, No.8, pp.556-562, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqt115
  17. G. T. Y. Leung, A. W. T. Fung, C. W. C. Tam, V. W. C. Lui, H. F. K. Chiu, W. M. Chan, and L. C. W. Lam, "Examining the association between participation in late-life leisure activities and cognitive function in communitydwelling elderly Chinese in Hong Kong," International Psychogeriatrics, Vol.22, pp.2-13, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610209991025
  18. S. Forstmeier and A. Maercker, "Motivational reserve: lifetime motivational abilities contribute to cognitive and emotional health in old age," Psychology and Aging, Vol.23, pp.886-899, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013602
  19. A. Karp, R. Andel, M. G. Parker, H. X. Wang, B. Winblad, and L. Fratiglioni, "Mentally stimulating activities at work during midlife and dementia risk after age 75: follow-up study from the Kungsholmen Project," The American J. of Geriatric Psychiatry, Vol.17, pp.227-236, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1097/JGP.0b013e318190b691
  20. F. Lin, E. Friedman, J. Quinn, D. Chen, and M. Mapstone, "Effect of leisure activities on inflammation and cognitive function in an aging sample," Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Vol.54, pp.e398-e404, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2012.02.002
  21. M. J. Hogan, R. T. Staff, B. P. Bunting, I. J. Deary, and L. J. Whalley, "Openness to experience and activity engagement facilitate the maintenance of verbal ability in older adults," Psychology and Aging, Vol.27, No.4, pp.849-854, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029066
  22. E. Bialystok, F. I. M. Craik, and M. Freedman, "Bilingualism as a protection against the onset of symptoms of dementia," Neuropsychologia, Vol.45, pp.459-464, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.10.009
  23. Z. Wodniecka, F. I. M. Craik, L. Luo, and E. Bialystok, "Does bilingualism help memory? Competing effects of verbal ability and executive control," International J. of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, Vol.13, pp.575-595, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2010.488287
  24. 이미숙, "노년층의 인지-화용언어 능력에 관한 종단 연구: 영향 요인들을 중심으로," 한국노년학, 제35권, 제3호, pp.797-811, 2015.
  25. 이미숙, 김향희, "노년층의 인지-화용언어 능력 평가: 평가도구 및 내용타당도 연구", 한국콘텐츠학회논문지, 제12권, 제5호, pp.280-292, 2012. https://doi.org/10.5392/JKCA.2012.12.05.280
  26. A. A. M. Bielak, "How can we not 'lose it' if we still don't understand how to 'use it'? Unanswered questions about the influence of activity participation on cognitive performance in older age: a mini-review," Gerontology, Vol.56, pp.507-519, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1159/000264918
  27. R. Gersten, L. S. Fuchs, D. Compton, M. Coyne, C. Greenwood, and M. S. Innocenti, "Quality indicators for group experimental and quasiexperimental research in special education," Exceptional Children, Vol.71, No.2, pp.149-164, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1177/001440290507100202
  28. M. Borenstein, L. V. Hedges, J. P. T. Higgins, and H. R. Rothstein, Introduction to metaanaylsis, West Sussex, UK: Wiley, 2009.
  29. J. Cohen, Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences, New York, NY: Academic Press, 1977.
  30. R. Rosenthal, "The file drawer problem and tolerance for null results," Psychological Bulletin, Vol.86, pp.638-641, 1979. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.86.3.638
  31. R. Orwin, "A fail-safe N for effect size in meta-analysis," J. of Educational Statistics, Vol.8, pp.157-159, 1983.
  32. L. B. Zahodne, M. M. Glymour, C. Sparks, D. Bontempo, R. A. Dixon, S. W. S. MacDonald, and J. J. Manly, "Education does not slow cognitive decline with aging: 12-year evidence from the Victoria longitudinal study," J. of the International Neuropsychological Society, Vol.17, pp.1039-1046, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617711001044
  33. A. L. Jefferson, L. E. Gibbons, D. M. Rentz, J. O. Carvalho, J. Manly, D. A. Bennett, and R. N. Jones, "A life course model of cognitive activities, socioeconomic status, education, reading ability, and cognition," J. of the American Geriatrics Society, Vol.59, No.8, pp.1403-1411, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03499.x
  34. J. Chung, J. Park, M. Cho, Y. Park, D. Kim, D. Yang, and Y. Yang, "A study on the relationships between age, work experience, cognition, and work ability in older employees working in heavy industry," J. of Physical Therapy Science, Vol.27, No.1, pp.155-157, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.27.155
  35. R. Wilson, L. Barnes, and D. Bennett, "Assessment of lifetime participation in cognitively stimulating activities," J. of Clinical Experimental Neuropsychology, Vol.25, No.5, pp.634-642, 2003. https://doi.org/10.1076/jcen.25.5.634.14572
  36. H. Tuokko, D. D. Garrett, I. McDowell, N. Silverberg, and B. Kristjansson, "Cognitive decline in high-functioning older adults: reserve or ascertainment bias?," Aging and Mental Health, Vol.7, No.4, pp.259-270, 2003. https://doi.org/10.1080/1360786031000120750
  37. D. Bruno, A. D. Brown, A. Kapucu, C. R. Marmar, and N. Pomara, "Cognitive reserve and emotional stimuli in older individuals: level of education moderates the age-related positivity effect," Experimental Aging Research, Vol.40, No.2, pp.208-223, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1080/0361073X.2014.882212
  38. B. Duda, A. N. Puente, and L. S. Miller, "Cognitive reserve moderates relation between global cognition and functional status in older adults," J. of Clinical Experimental Neuropsychology, Vol.36, No.4, pp.368-378, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2014.892916
  39. J. Zihl, T. Fink, F. Pargent, M. Ziegler, and M. Buhner, "Cognitive reserve in young and old healthy subjects: differences and similarities in a testing-the-limits paradigm with DSST," PLoS One, Vol.9, No.1, p.e84590, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0084590
  40. T. Fritsch, M. J. McClendon, K. A. Smyth, A. J. Lerner, R. P. Friedland, and J. D. Larsen, "Cognitive functioning in healthy aging: the role of reserve and lifestyle factors early in life," The Gerontologist, Vol.47, No.3, pp.307-322, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/47.3.307
  41. A. K. Leist, P. Hessel, and M. Avendano, "Do economic recessions during early and midadulthood influence cognitive function in older age?," J. of Epidemiology and Community Health, Vol.68, pp.151-158, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2013-202843
  42. D. D. Garrett, C. L. Grady, and L. Hasher, "Everyday memory compensation: the impact of cognitive reserve, subjective memory, and stress," Psychology and Aging, Vol.25, No.1, pp.74-83, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017726
  43. D. C. Fyffe, S. Mukherjee, L. L. Barnes, J. J. Manly, D. A. Bennett, and P. K. Crane, "Explaining differences in episodic memory performance among older African Americans and whites: the roles of factors related to cognitive reserve and test bias," J. of the International Neuropsychological Society, Vol.17, pp.625-638, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617711000476
  44. R. Correia, A. Nieto, D. Ferreira, M. Sabucedo, and J. Barroso, "Fund of information is more strongly associated with neuropsychological functioning than education in older spanish adults," Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, Vol.30, pp.310-321, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acv011
  45. K. Burn and C. Szoeke, "Grandparenting predicts late-life cognition: results from the Women's Healthy Ageing Project," Maturitas, Vol.81, pp.317-322, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2015.03.013
  46. S. Adam, E. Bonsang, C. Grotz, and S. Perelman, "Occupational activity and cognitive reserve: implications in terms of prevention of cognitive aging and Alzheimer's disease," Clinical Interventions in Aging, Vol.8, pp.377-390, 2013.
  47. Y. Suchy, M. L. Kraybill, and E. Franchow, "Practice effect and beyond: reaction to novelty as an independent predictor of cognitive decline among older adults," J. of the International Neuropsychological Society, Vol.17, pp.101-111, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1017/S135561771000130X
  48. C. Andreottia and K. A. Hawkins, "RBANS norms based on the relationship of age, gender, education, and WRAT-3 reading to performance within an older African American sample," The Clinical Neuropsychologist, Vol.29, No.4, pp.442-465, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2015.1039589
  49. J. Lyu and J. A. Burr, "Socioeconomic status across the life course and cognitive function among older adults: an examination of the latency, pathways, and accumulation hypotheses," J. of Aging and Health, Vol.24, pp.1-28, 2015.
  50. L. M. Lavrencic, L. Kurylowicza, M. J. Valenzuelab, O. F. Churchesc, and H. A. D. Keage, "Social cognition is not associated with cognitive reserve in older adults," Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, Vol.19, pp.1-17, 2015.
  51. M. A. Luszcz, K. J. Anstey, and P. Ghisletta, "Subjective beliefs, memory and functional health: change and associations over 12 years in the Australian longitudinal study of ageing," Gerontology, Vol.61, pp.241-250, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1159/000369800
  52. S. C. Pillemera and R. Holtzera, "The differential relationships of dimensions of perceived social support with cognitive function among older adults," Aging and Mental Health, Vol.23, pp.1-9, 2015.
  53. B. R. Payne, X. Gao, S. R. Noh, C. J. Anderson, and E. A. L. Stine-Morrow, "The effects of print exposure on sentence processing and memory in older adults: evidence for efficiency and reserve," Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, Vol.19, No.1-2, pp.122-149, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1080/13825585.2011.628376
  54. A. N. Puente, C. A. Lindbergh, and L. S. Miller, "The relationship between cognitive reserve and functional ability is mediated by executive functioning in older adults," The Clinical Neuropsychologist, Vol.29, No.1, pp.67-81, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2015.1005676
  55. E. Giogkaraki, M. P. Michaelides, and F. Constantinidou, "The role of cognitive reserve in cognitive aging: results from the neurocognitive study on aging," J. of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, Vol.35, No.10, pp.1024-1035, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2013.847906
  56. Z. Jafari, M. Esmaili, R. Toufan, and M. Aghamollaei, "Bilingual proficiency and cognitive reserve in Persian-English bilingual older adults," Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, Vol.27, No.3, pp.351-357, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-014-0288-x
  57. E. A. Stine-Morrow, B. R. Payne, B. W. Roberts, A. F. Kramer, D. G. Morrow, L. Payne, P. L. Hill, J. J. Jackson, X. Gao, S. R. Noh, M. C. Janke, and J. M. Parisi, "Training versus engagement as paths to cognitive enrichment with aging," Psychology and Aging, Vol.29, No.4, pp.891-906, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038244
  58. G. Kave, N. Eyal, A. Shorek, and J. Cohen-Mansfield, "Multilingualism and cognitive state in the oldest old," Psychology and Aging, Vol.23, No.1, pp.70-78, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.23.1.70
  59. T. H. Gollan, C. Fennema-Notestine, R. I. Montoya, and T. L. Jernigan, "The bilingual effect on Boston Naming Test performance," J. of the International Neuropsychological Society, Vol.13, No.2, pp.197-208, 2007.
  60. T. F. Hughes, R. Andel, B. J. Small, A. R. Borenstein, and J. A. Mortimer, "The association between social resources and cognitive change in older adults: evidence from the charlotte county healthy aging study," J. of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, Vol.63B, No.4, pp.P241-P244, 2008.