DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Ultrasonography of Various Thyroid Diseases in Children and Adolescents: A Pictorial Essay

  • Hong, Hyun Sook (Department of Radiology, Bucheon Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine) ;
  • Lee, Eun Hye (Department of Radiology, Bucheon Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine) ;
  • Jeong, Sun Hye (Department of Radiology, Bucheon Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine) ;
  • Park, Jisang (Department of Radiology, Bucheon Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine) ;
  • Lee, Heon (Department of Radiology, Bucheon Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine)
  • 투고 : 2014.06.02
  • 심사 : 2015.01.05
  • 발행 : 2015.04.01

초록

Thyroid imaging is indicated to evaluate congenital hypothyroidism during newborn screening or in cases of a palpable thyroid mass in children and adolescents. This pictorial essay reviews the ultrasonography (US) of thyroid diseases in children and adolescents, including normal thyroid gland development, imaging features of congenital thyroid disorders (dysgenesis, [aplasia, ectopy, hypoplasia], dyshormonogenesis, transient hypothyroidism, thyroglossal duct cyst), diffuse thyroid disease (Grave's disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and suppurative thyroiditis), and thyroid nodules. The primary imaging modalities for evaluating thyroid diseases are US and radionuclide scintigraphy. Additionally, US can be used to guide aspiration of detected nodules.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Donaldson M, Jones J. Optimising outcome in congenital hypothyroidism; current opinions on best practice in initial assessment and subsequent management. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2013;5 Suppl 1:13-22 https://doi.org/10.4274/Jcrpe.901
  2. Perry RJ, Maroo S, Maclennan AC, Jones JH, Donaldson MD. Combined ultrasound and isotope scanning is more informative in the diagnosis of congenital hypothyroidism than single scanning. Arch Dis Child 2006;91:972-976 https://doi.org/10.1136/adc.2006.096776
  3. Chang YW, Lee DH, Hong YH, Hong HS, Choi DL, Seo DY. Congenital hypothyroidism: analysis of discordant US and scintigraphic findings. Radiology 2011;258:872-879 https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.10100290
  4. Niedziela M. Pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules in children. Endocr Relat Cancer 2006;13:427-453 https://doi.org/10.1677/erc.1.00882
  5. Som PM, Smoker WR, Reidenberg JS, Bergemann AD, Hudgins PA, Laitman J. Embryology and anatomy of the neck. In: Som PM, Curtin HD, eds. Head and neck imaging, 5th ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby, 2011:2117-2163
  6. Zander DA, Smoker WR. Imaging of ectopic thyroid tissue and thyroglossal duct cysts. Radiographics 2014;34:37-50 https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.341135055
  7. Yoon HC, Kim NC, Lee DH. A cost-benefit analysis on neonatal screening of phenylketonuria and congenital hypothyroidism in Korea. Korean J Pediatr 2005;48:369-375
  8. Lee ST, Lee DH, Kim JY, Kwon MJ, Kim JW, Hong YH, et al. Molecular screening of the TSH receptor (TSHR) and thyroid peroxidase (TPO) genes in Korean patients with nonsyndromic congenital hypothyroidism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2011;75:715-721 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.04156.x
  9. Macchia PE. Recent advances in understanding the molecular basis of primary congenital hypothyroidism. Mol Med Today 2000;6:36-42 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1357-4310(99)01620-2
  10. Korzeniewski SJ, Grigorescu V, Kleyn M, Young WI, Birbeck G, Todem D, et al. Transient hypothyroidism at 3-year followup among cases of congenital hypothyroidism detected by newborn screening. J Pediatr 2013;162:177-182 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.06.050
  11. Mitchell ML, Hsu HW, Sahai I; Massachusetts Pediatric Endocrine Work Group. The increased incidence of congenital hypothyroidism: fact or fancy? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2011;75:806-810 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.04128.x
  12. Davy T, Daneman D, Walfish PG, Ehrlich RM. Congenital hypothyroidism. The effect of stopping treatment at 3 years of age. Am J Dis Child 1985;139:1028-1030 https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.1985.02140120074031
  13. Jeon G, Shin JH, Hong HS, Kim JH, Hwang JH, Goo DE, et al. Sonographic measurement of normal thyroid gland in the neonates. J Korean Soc Med Ultrasound 2001;20:207-212 https://doi.org/10.7863/jum.2001.20.3.207
  14. Ueda D. Normal volume of the thyroid gland in children. J Clin Ultrasound 1990;18:455-462 https://doi.org/10.1002/jcu.1870180602
  15. Perry RJ, Hollman AS, Wood AM, Donaldson MD. Ultrasound of the thyroid gland in the newborn: normative data. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2002;87:F209-F211 https://doi.org/10.1136/fn.87.3.F209
  16. Vade A, Gottschalk ME, Yetter EM, Subbaiah P. Sonographic measurements of the neonatal thyroid gland. J Ultrasound Med 1997;16:395-399 https://doi.org/10.7863/jum.1997.16.6.395
  17. Recommended normative values for thyroid volume in children aged 6-15 years. World Health Organization & International Council for Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders. Bull World Health Organ 1997;75:95-97
  18. Som PM, Smoker WR, Curtin HD, Reidenberg JS, Laitman J. Congenital lesions of the neck. In: Som PM, Curtin HD, eds. Head and neck imaging, 5th ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby, 2011:2235-2285
  19. Khurana KK, Labrador E, Izquierdo R, Mesonero CE, Pisharodi LR. The role of fine-needle aspiration biopsy in the management of thyroid nodules in children, adolescents, and young adults: a multi-institutional study. Thyroid 1999;9:383-386 https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.1999.9.383
  20. Avula S, Daneman A, Navarro OM, Moineddin R, Urbach S, Daneman D. Incidental thyroid abnormalities identified on neck US for non-thyroid disorders. Pediatr Radiol 2010;40:1774-1780 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00247-010-1684-9
  21. Hung W, Anderson KD, Chandra RS, Kapur SP, Patterson K, Randolph JG, et al. Solitary thyroid nodules in 71 children and adolescents. J Pediatr Surg 1992;27:1407-1409 https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3468(92)90187-C
  22. Moon WJ, Baek JH, Jung SL, Kim DW, Kim EK, Kim JY, et al. Ultrasonography and the ultrasound-based management of thyroid nodules: consensus statement and recommendations. Korean J Radiol 2011;12:1-14 https://doi.org/10.3348/kjr.2011.12.1.1
  23. Babcock DS. Thyroid disease in the pediatric patient: emphasizing imaging with sonography. Pediatr Radiol 2006;36:299-308, quiz 372-373 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00247-005-0062-5
  24. Chang YW, Hong HS, Choi DL. Sonography of the pediatric thyroid: a pictorial essay. J Clin Ultrasound 2009;37:149-157 https://doi.org/10.1002/jcu.20555
  25. Megremis S, Stiakaki E, Tritou I, Bonapart IE, Tsilimigaki A. Ectopic intrathyroidal thymus misdiagnosed as a thyroid nodule: sonographic appearance. J Clin Ultrasound 2008;36:443-447 https://doi.org/10.1002/jcu.20463
  26. Korea Central Cancer Registry Ministry of Health and Welfare. Republic of Korea. 2011 Annual report of the Korea. Central Cancer Registry. Seoul: Ministry of Health and Welfare Republic of Korea, 2014. Web site. http://www.ncc.re.kr/. Accessed April 2004
  27. Grigsby PW, Gal-or A, Michalski JM, Doherty GM. Childhood and adolescent thyroid carcinoma. Cancer 2002;95:724-729 https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.10725
  28. Brink JS, van Heerden JA, McIver B, Salomao DR, Farley DR, Grant CS, et al. Papillary thyroid cancer with pulmonary metastases in children: long-term prognosis. Surgery 2000;128:881-886; discussion 886-887 https://doi.org/10.1067/msy.2000.109728
  29. Shin LK, Olcott EW, Jeffrey RB, Desser TS. Sonographic evaluation of cervical lymph nodes in papillary thyroid cancer. Ultrasound Q 2013;29:25-32 https://doi.org/10.1097/RUQ.0b013e31827c7a9e
  30. Fenton CL, Lukes Y, Nicholson D, Dinauer CA, Francis GL, Tuttle RM. The ret/PTC mutations are common in sporadic papillary thyroid carcinoma of children and young adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:1170-1175
  31. Lee KY, Hong HS, Lee EH, Yi BH, Lee HK, Lee YW, et al. Imaging and clinical features of thyroid cancer in children and adolescents. J Korean Soc Radiol 2011;65:181-189 https://doi.org/10.3348/jksr.2011.65.2.181
  32. Xing M. BRAF mutation in thyroid cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2005;12:245-262 https://doi.org/10.1677/erc.1.0978
  33. Yang JY, Hong HS, Lee EH, Kim CH, Kwak JJ, Lee SW, et al. Analysis of the BRAFV600E mutation in thyroid nodules: the preoperative diagnostic role of fine-needle aspiration biopsy for patients with papillary thyroid cancer and its impact on patient care. J Korean Soc Ultrasound Med 2011;30:103-112
  34. Grebe SK, Hay ID. Follicular thyroid cancer. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1995;24:761-801
  35. Nikiforova MN, Lynch RA, Biddinger PW, Alexander EK, Dorn GW 2nd, Tallini G, et al. RAS point mutations and PAX8-PPAR gamma rearrangement in thyroid tumors: evidence for distinct molecular pathways in thyroid follicular carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:2318-2326 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2002-021907
  36. Volante M, Rapa I, Gandhi M, Bussolati G, Giachino D, Papotti M, et al. RAS mutations are the predominant molecular alteration in poorly differentiated thyroid carcinomas and bear prognostic impact. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009;94:4735-4741 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2009-1233
  37. Pearce EN, Farwell AP, Braverman LE. Thyroiditis. N Engl J Med 2003;348:2646-2655 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra021194
  38. Yeh HC, Futterweit W, Gilbert P. Micronodulation: ultrasonographic sign of Hashimoto thyroiditis. J Ultrasound Med 1996;15:813-819 https://doi.org/10.7863/jum.1996.15.12.813
  39. Pedersen OM, Aardal NP, Larssen TB, Varhaug JE, Myking O, Vik-Mo H. The value of ultrasonography in predicting autoimmune thyroid disease. Thyroid 2000;10:251-259 https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2000.10.251

피인용 문헌

  1. Thyroid disease in children and adolescents vol.36, pp.4, 2015, https://doi.org/10.14366/usg.17031
  2. Not All Sore Throats Are Pharyngitis vol.1, pp.4, 2015, https://doi.org/10.5811/cpcem.2017.5.33316
  3. US of Pediatric Superficial Masses of the Head and Neck vol.38, pp.4, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.2018170165
  4. Pharyngoesophageal diverticula simulating thyroid nodules: An unusual occurrence with unique features vol.46, pp.2, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1002/dc.23817
  5. Dyshormonongenetic goiter: A rare and important entity vol.8, pp.1, 2020, https://doi.org/10.4103/amhs.amhs_152_19
  6. Pediatric thyroid ultrasound: a radiologist’s checklist vol.50, pp.4, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00247-019-04602-2
  7. Ultrasound measurement of thyroid volume in euthyroid children under 3 years of age vol.54, pp.2, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1590/0100-3984.2020.0016