Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention

Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention (아시아태평양암예방학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Risk Factors for Thyroid Cancer in Females Using a Logit Model in Lahore, Pakistan

  • Asif, Faiza (Department of Statistics, Government College University) ;
  • Ahmad, Muhammad Riaz (Department of Statistics, Government Postgraduate College) ;
  • Majid, Arshia (Department of Statistics Government Wahdat Road College for Women)
  • Published : 2015.10.06
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Background: Thyroid cancer (TC) is a more common endocrine malignancy in females and is a major cause of death in developing countries. Therefore the aim of this study was to explore possible risk factors of thyroid cancer in females of Pakistan. Materials and Methods: This study covered 232 females, including 127 (54.7%) cases and 105 (45.2%) controls, from the INMOL Hospital and Sheikh Zayed Hospital, Lahore. Different risk factors were explored by the descriptive and inferentially statistics. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for different risk factors were computed using logistic regression. Results: The results showed six risk factors, marital status, family history of thyroid cancer, iodine in the diet, oxidative stress, fast food and fried food, to demonstrate positive significant links to thyroid cancer (odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals of :2.152, 1.104-4.198; 2.630, 1.416-4.887; 2.391, 1.282-4.458; 4.115, 2.185-7.750; 3.656, 1.851-7.223; 2.357, 1.268-4.382; and 2.360, 1.199-4.643, respectively). Conclusions: The Oxidative stress, marital status, family history of cancer, fast food, use of iodine diet and fried food are the risk factors of thyroid cancer in females.

Keywords

References

  1. Albasri A, Sawaf Z, Hussainy AS, Alhujaily A (2014). Histopathalogical patterns of thyroid disease in Al-Madinah region of Saudi Arabia. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 15, 5565-70. https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2014.15.14.5565
  2. Elahi S, Syed M, Nagra AS (2004). Status of iodine-deficiency disorders as estimated by neonatal cord serum thyrotropin in Lahore, Pakistan. Nutr Res, 24, 1005-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2004.07.004
  3. Franceschi S, Martin SP, Maso LD, et al (1999). A pooled analysis of case-control studies of thyroid cancer. IV. benign thyroid diseases. Cancer Causes Control, 10, 583-95. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008907227706
  4. Galanti MR, Hansson L, Bergstrom R, et al (1997). Diet and the risk of papillary and follicular thyroid carcinoma: a population-based case-control study in Sweden and Norway. Cancer Causes Control, 8, 205-14. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018424430711
  5. Gullu BE, Celik O, Gazioglu N, Kadioglu, P (2010). Thyroid cancer is the most common cancer associated with acromegaly, 13, 242-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11102-010-0224-9
  6. Haselkorn T, Bernstein L, Martin PS, Cozen, W, Mack, JM (2000). Descriptive epidemiology of thyroid cancer in Los Angeles County, 1972-1995. Cancer Causes Control, 11, 163-70. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008932123830
  7. Hodgson CN, Button J, Solorzano CC (2004). Thyroid Cancer: (Is the Incidence Still Increasing?). Ann Surg Oncol, 11, 1093-1097. https://doi.org/10.1245/ASO.2004.03.066
  8. Hosmer DWJ, Lemeshow S (2000), "Applied Logistic Regressions", 2nd ed. John Willey and Sons, Inc. United States of America.
  9. Hussain N, Anwar M, Nadia N, Ali Z (2005). Pattern of Surgically Treated Thyroid Disease in Karachi. Biomedica, 21, Bio-9.doc.
  10. Iftikhar A, Naseeb KA, Khwaja A, et al (2011). Patterns of differentiated thyroid cancer in Baluchistan province of Pakistan: some initial observations. Med J Malaysia, 66, 322-5.
  11. Kitahara MC, Linet MS, Laura E, et al (2012). Cigarette smoking, alcohol intake, and thyroid cancer risk: a pooled analysis of five prospective studies in the United States. Cancer Causes Control, 23, 1615-24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-012-0039-2
  12. Martin S P, Jin F, Duda MJ, Mack WJ (1993). A case-control study of thyroid cancer in women under age 55 in Shanghai (People's Republic of China). Cancer Causes Control, 4, 431-40. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00050862
  13. Maso LD, Bosetti C, Vecchia CL, Franceschi S (2009). Risk factors for thyroid cancer: an epidemiological review focused on nutritional factors. Cancer Causes Control, 20, 75-86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-008-9219-5
  14. Memon A, Varghese A, Suresh A (2002). Benign thyroid disease and dietary factors in thyroid cancer: a case-control study in Kuwait. Br J Cancer, 86, 1745-50. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6600303
  15. Metere A, Chiesa C, Cosimo DC, et al (2012).A novel approach to study oxidative stress in thyroid disease: a preliminary study. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci, 16, 646-52.
  16. National Cancer Institute (2014). Thyroid cancer. Available at: http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/types/thyroid.
  17. Park C, Watson W, Bevan J, Abraham P (2005). Iodine deficiency goiter in the United Kingdom-the result of a vegan diet. Endocrine Abstracts, 9, 176.
  18. Rasmussen FU (2001). Iodine and cancer. Thyroid, 11, 483-6. https://doi.org/10.1089/105072501300176435
  19. Rossing MA, Remler R, Voigt LF, Wicklund KG, Daling JR (2001). Recreational physical activity and risk of papillary thyroid cancer (United States). Cancer Causes Control, 12, 881-5. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013757030600
  20. Sprague BL, Andersen SW, Dietz TA (2008). Thyroid cancer incidence and socioeconomic indicators of health care access. Cancer Causes Control, 19, 585-93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-008-9122-0
  21. ThyCa: Thyroid Cancer Survivors' Association, Inc (2014). Thyroid cancer overview. Available at: http://www.thyca.org/
  22. Truong T, Dubourdieu DB, Rougier Y, Guenel P (2010). Role of dietary iodine and cruciferous vegetables in thyroid cancer: a country wide case-control study in New Caledonia, Cancer Causes Controls, 21, 1183-92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-010-9545-2
  23. Vegetarian and Vegan Foundation (2013). Talking thyroid facts: why iodine is important and vegetarian/veganfoods support a healthy thyroid. Available at: http://www.vegetarian.org.uk/factsheets/Talking-Thyroid-Facts.pdf.
  24. Verkooijen MH, Fioretta G, Pache J, et al (2003). Diagnostic changes as a reason for the increase in papillary thyroid cancer incidence in Geneva, Switzerland. Cancer Causes Control, 14, 13-7. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022593923603
  25. Wartofsky L (2010). Increasing world incidence of thyroid cancer: Increased detection or higher radiation exposure? Hormones, 9, 103-8. https://doi.org/10.14310/horm.2002.1260
  26. Williams DE, Doniac I, Bjarnason O, et al (1977). Thyroid cancer in an iodine rich area. Cancer, 39, 215-22. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(197701)39:1<215::AID-CNCR2820390134>3.0.CO;2-#
  27. Xhaard C, Ren Y, Clero E, et al (2014). Differentiated thyroid carcinoma risk factors in French Polynesia. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 15, 2675-80. https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2014.15.6.2675
  28. Xing M (2012). Oxidative stress: a new risk factor for thyroid cancer. Endocrine Related Cancer, 19, 7-11. https://doi.org/10.1530/ERC-11-0360
  29. Zuberi LM, Yawar A, Islam N, Jabbar A (2004). Clinical presentation of thyroid cancer patients in Pakistan - AKUH experience, J Pak Med Associat, 54, 526-8.