Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers (전자공학회논문지)

The Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers (대한전자공학회)
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An Empirical Study on Linux I/O stack for the Lifetime of SSD Perspective

SSD 수명 관점에서 리눅스 I/O 스택에 대한 실험적 분석

  • 정남기 (성균관대학교 반도체디스플레이공학과) ;
  • 한태희 (성균관대학교 정보통신대학)
  • Received : 2015.06.09
  • Accepted : 2015.09.03
  • Published : 2015.09.25
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Abstract

Although NAND flash-based SSD (Solid-State Drive) provides superior performance in comparison to HDD (Hard Disk Drive), it has a major drawback in write endurance. As a result, the lifetime of SSD is determined by the workload and thus it becomes a big challenge in current technology trend of such as the shifting from SLC (Single Level Cell) to MLC (Multi Level cell) and even TLC (Triple Level Cell). Most previous studies have dealt with wear-leveling or improving SSD lifetime regarding hardware architecture. In this paper, we propose the optimal configuration of host I/O stack focusing on file system, I/O scheduler, and link power management using JEDEC enterprise workloads in terms of WAF (Write Amplification Factor) which represents the efficiency perspective of SSD life time especially for host write processing into flash memory. Experimental analysis shows that the optimum configuration of I/O stack for the perspective of SSD lifetime is MinPower-Dead-XFS which prolongs the lifetime of SSD approximately 2.6 times in comparison with MaxPower-Cfq-Ext4, the best performance combination. Though the performance was reduced by 13%, this contributions demonstrates a considerable aspect of SSD lifetime in relation to I/O stack optimization.

낸드 플래시 기반의 SSD (Solid-State Drive)는 HDD (Hard Disk Drive) 대비 월등한 성능에도 불구하고 쓰기 회수 제한이라는 태생적 단점을 가지고 있다. 이로 인해 SSD의 수명은 워크로드에 의해 결정되어 SSD의 기술 변화 추세인 SLC (Single Level Cell) 에서 MLC (Multi Level Cell) 로의 전환, MLC에서 TLC (Triple Level Cell) 로의 전환에 있어 큰 도전이 될 수 있다. 기존 연구들은 주로 wear-leveling 또는 하드웨어 아키텍처 측면에서 SSD의 수명 개선을 다루었으나, 본 논문에서는 호스트가 요청한 쓰기에 대해 SSD가 낸드플래시 메모리를 통해 처리하는 수명관점의 효율성을 대변하는 WAF (Write Amplification Factor) 관점에서 Host I/O 스택 중 파일 시스템, I/O 스케줄러, 링크 전력에 대해 JEDEC 엔터프라이즈 워크로드를 이용해 I/O 스택 최적 구성에 대해 실험적 분석을 수행하였다. WAF는 SSD의 FTL의 효율성을 측정하는 지표로 수명관점에서 가장 객관적으로 사용한다. I/O 스택에 대한 수명 관점의 최적 구성은 MinPower-Dead-XFS로 최대 성능 조합인 MaxPower-Cfq-Ext4에 비해 성능은 13% 감소하였지만 수명은 2.6 배 연장됨을 확인하였다. 이는 I/O 스택의 최적화 구성에 있어, SSD 성능 관점뿐만 아니라 수명 관점의 고려에 대한 유의미를 입증한다.

Keywords

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