International Journal of Oral Biology

The Korean Academy of Oral Biology (대한구강생물학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Comparison of Antimicrobial Activity of Electrolyzed Water Using Various Electrodes against Biofilm of Oral Pathogens

  • Yoo, Yun S (Dental Research institute, College of Dentistry, Dankook University) ;
  • Shin, Hyun-Seung (Dental Research institute, College of Dentistry, Dankook University) ;
  • Lee, Sung-Hoon (Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, College of Dentistry, Dankook University)
  • Received : 2015.08.11
  • Accepted : 2015.09.02
  • Published : 2015.09.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Biofilms of oral microbes can cause various diseases in the oral cavity, such as dental caries, periodontitis and mucosal disease. Electrolyzed water generated by an electric current passed via water using a metal electrode has an antimicrobial effect on pathogenic bacteria which cause food poisoning. This study investigated the antimicrobial activity of electrolyzed waters using various metal electrodes on the floatage and biofilms of oral microbes. The electrolyzed water was generated by passing electric current using copper, silver and platinum electrodes. The electrolyzed water has a neutral pH. Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia were cultured, and were used to form a biofilm using specific media. The floatage and biofilm of the microbes were then treated with the electrolyzed water. The electrolyzed water using platinum electrode (EWP) exhibited strong antimicrobial activity against the floatage and biofilm of the oral microbes. However, the electrolyzed water using copper and silver electrodes had no effect. The EWP disrupted the biofilm of oral microbes, except the S. mutans biofilm. Comparing the different electrolyzed waters that we created the platinum electrode generated water may be an ideal candidate for prevention of dental caries and periodontitis.

Keywords

References

  1. Kuramitsu HK, He X, Lux R, Anderson MH, Shi W. Interspecies interactions within oral microbial communities. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2007;71:653-670. doi: 10.1128/MMBR.00024-07.
  2. Lee SH, Choi BK, Kim YJ. The cariogenic characters of xylitol-resistant and xylitol-sensitive Streptococcus mutans in biofilm formation with salivary bacteria. Arch Oral Biol. 2012;57:697-703. doi: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2011.12.001.
  3. Socransky SS, Haffajee AD, Cugini MA, Smith C, Kent RL. Microbial complexes in subgingival plaque. J Clin Periodontol. 1998;25:134-144. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-051X.1998.tb02419.x
  4. Marsh PD. Dental plaque as a microbial biofilm. Caries Res. 2004;38:204-211. https://doi.org/10.1159/000077756
  5. Lee SH, Baek DH. Characteristics of Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide in co-culture with Fusobacterium nucleatum. Mol Oral Microbiol. 2013;28:230-238. doi: 10.1111/omi.12020.
  6. Jang YJ, Choi, YJ. Lee SH, Jun HK, Choi BK. Autoinducer 2 of Fusobacterium nucleatum as a target molecule to inhibit biofilm formation of periodontopathogens. Arch Oral Biol. 2013;58:17-27. doi: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2012.04.016.
  7. Hoiby N, Bjarnsholt T, Givskov M, Molin S, Ciofu O. Antibiotic resistance of bacterial biofilms. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2010;35:322-332. doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2009.12.011
  8. Socransky SS, Haffajee AD. Dental biofilms: difficult therapeutic targets. Periodontol 2000. 2002;28:12-55. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0757.2002.280102.x
  9. Sun JL, Zhang SK, Chen JY, Han BZ. Efficacy of acidic and basic electrolyzed water in eradicating Staphylococcus aureus biofilm. Can J microbiol. 2012;58:448-454. doi: 1139/w2012-005. https://doi.org/10.1139/w2012-005
  10. Hricova D, Stephan R, Zweifel C. Electrolyzed water and its application in the food industry. J Food Prot. 2008;71:1934-1947. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-71.9.1934
  11. Kitamura T, Todo H, Sugibayashi K. Effect of several electrolyzed waters on the skin permeation of lidocaine, benzoic Acid, and isosorbide mononitrate. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 2009;35:145-153. doi: 10.1080/03639040802005040.
  12. Pangloli P, Hung YC. Efficacy of slightly acidic electrolyzed water in killing or reducing Escherichia coli O157:H7 on iceberg lettuce and tomatoes under simulated food service operation conditions. J Food Sci, 2011;76:M361-366. doi: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2011.02219.x.
  13. Ye J, Li Y, Hamasaki T, Nakamichi N, Komatsu T, Kashiwagi T, Teruya K, Nishikawa R, Kawahara T, Osada K, Toh K, Abe M, Tian H, Kabayama S, Otsubo K, Morisawa S, Katakura Y, Shirahata S. Inhibitory effect of electrolyzed reduced water on tumor angiogenesis. Biol Pharm Bull. 2008;31:19-26. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.31.19
  14. Park SK. Electrolyzed-reduced water increases resistance to oxidative stress, fertility, and lifespan via insulin/IGF-1-like signal in C. elegans. Biol Res. 2013;46:147-152. doi: 10.4067/S0716-97602013000200005.
  15. Lee SH, Choi BK. Antibacterial effect of electrolyzed water on oral bacteria. J Microbiol. 2006;44:417-422.
  16. Komachiya M, Yamaguchi A, Hirai K, Kikuchi Y, Mizoue S, Takeda N, Ito M, Kato T, Ishihara K, Yamashita S, Akihiro K. Antiseptic effect of slightly acidic electrolyzed water on dental unit water systems. Bull Tokyo Dent Coll. 2014;55:77-86. https://doi.org/10.2209/tdcpublication.55.77
  17. Lee SH, Jun HK, Lee HR, chung CP, Choi BK. Antibacterial and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-neutralising activity of human cationic antimicrobial peptides against periodontopathogens. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2010;35:138-145. doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2009.09.024.
  18. Mah TF, O'Toole GA. Mechanisms of biofilm resistance to antimicrobial agents. Trends Microbiol. 2001;9:34-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0966-842X(00)01913-2
  19. Rahman SM, Park J, Song KB, Al-Harbi NA, Oh DH. Effects of slightly acidic low concentration electrolyzed water on microbiological, physicochemical, and sensory quality of fresh chicken breast meat. J Food Sci. 2012;77:M35-41. doi: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2011.02454.x.
  20. Lee KJ, Jin D, Chang BS, Teng YC, Kim DH. The immunological effects of electrolyzed reduced water on the Echinostoma hortense infection in C57BL/6 mice. Biol Pharm Bull, 2009;32:456-462. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.32.456
  21. Osafune T, Ehara T, Ito T. Electron microscopic studies on bactericidal effects of electrolyzed acidic water on bacteria derived from kendo protective equipment. Environ Health Prev Med. 2006;11:206-214. doi: 10.1007/BF02905280.
  22. Kim C, Hung YC. Inactivation of E. coli O157:H7 on blueberries by electrolyzed water, ultraviolet light, and ozone. J Food Sci. 2012;77:M206-211. doi: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2011.02595.x.
  23. Nakajima N, Nakano T, Harada F, Taniguchi H, Yokoyama I, Hirose J, Daikoku E, Sano K. Evaluation of disinfective potential of reactivated free chlorine in pooled tap water by electrolysis. J Microbiol Methods. 2004;57:163-173. doi: 10.1016/j.mimet.2003.12.011.
  24. Nan S, Yongyu LI, Baoming LI, Wang C, Cui X, Cao W. Effect of slightly acidic electrolyzed water for inactivating Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Staphylococcus aureus analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. J Food Prot. 2010;73:2211-2216. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-73.12.2211
  25. Monchois V, Willemot RM, Monsan P. Glucansucrases: mechanism of action and structure-function relationships. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 1999;23:131-151. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6976.1999.tb00394.x
  26. Kreth J, Zhu L, Merritt J, Shi W, Qi F. Role of sucrose in the fitness of Streptococcus mutans. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 2008;23:213-219. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-302X.2007.00413.x.
  27. Stewart PS, Franklin MJ. Physiological heterogeneity in biofilms. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2008;6:199-210. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro1838.
  28. Saitoh Y, Harata Y, Mizuhashi F, Nakajima M, Miwa N. Biological safety of neutral-pH hydrogen-enriched electrolyzed water upon mutagenicity, genotoxicity and subchronic oral toxicity. Toxicol Ind Health. 2010;26:203-216. doi: 10.1177/0748233710362989.