Environmental Engineering Research

Korean Society of Environmental Engineers (대한환경공학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Reduction of eco-toxicity risk of heavy metals in the rotary drum composting of water hyacinth: Waste lime application and mechanisms

  • Singh, Jiwan (Department of Environmental Engineering, Kwangwoon University) ;
  • Kalamdhad, Ajay S. (Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati) ;
  • Lee, Byeong-Kyu (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Ulsan)
  • Received : 2015.03.21
  • Accepted : 2015.06.02
  • Published : 2015.09.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Experiments were conducted on the immobilization of eight heavy metals (HMs) (Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe, Ni, Pb, Cd, and Cr) during 20-day rotary drum composting of water hyacinth. The Tessier sequential extraction procedure was used to investigate the fractionation of HMs. The eco-toxicity risk of HMs was assessed by risk assessment code (RAC). In the results, the bioavailability factor (BAF) for different HMs presented in the following order: Mn > Zn = Fe > Cu > Cr > Cd = Pb > Ni. The total concentration of Pb was higher than that of Zn, Cu, Mn, Cd and Cr; however, its BAF was the lowest among these HMs. These results confirmed that the eco-toxicity of HMs depends on bioavailable fractions rather than on the total concentration. The greatest reduction in bioavailability and eco-toxicity risk of HMs occurred in lime 1% and 2% as compared to control and lime 3%. The eco-toxicity risk of Fe, Ni, Pb, Cd and Cr was reduced from low risk to zero risk by rotary drum composting. These studies demonstrated the high efficiency of the rotary drum for degrading compost materials and for reducing the bioavailability and eco-toxicity risk of HMs during the composting process.

Keywords

References

  1. Kalamdhad AS, YK Singh, Ali M, Khwairakpam M, Kazmi AA. Rotary drum composting of vegetable waste and tree leaves. Bioresour. Technol. 2009;100:6442-6450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.07.030
  2. Gupta R, Mutiyar PK, Rawat NK, Saini MS, Garg VK. Development of a water hyacinth based vermireactor using an epigeic earthworm. Eisenia. fetida. Bioresour. Technol. 2007;98:2605-2610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2006.09.007
  3. Singh J, Kalamdhad AS. Effect of rotary drum on speciation of heavy metals during water hyacinth composting. Environ. Eng. Res. 2013a;18:177-189. https://doi.org/10.4491/eer.2013.18.3.177
  4. Singh J, Kalamdhad AS. Assessment of bioavailability and leachability of heavy metals during rotary drum composting of green waste (Water hyacinth). Ecol. Eng. 2013b;52: 59-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2012.12.090
  5. Nair A, Juwarkar AA, Devotta S. Study of speciation of metals in an industrial sludge and evaluation of metal chelators for their removal. J. Hazard. Mater. 2008;152:545-553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.07.054
  6. Wang X, Chen L, Xia S, Zhao J. Changes of Cu, Zn and Ni chemical speciation in sewage sludge co-composted with sodium sulfide and lime. J. Environ. Sci. 2008;20:156-160. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(08)60024-8
  7. Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). Assessment of utilization of industrial solid wastes in cement manufacturing. New Delhi: MoEF; 2006.
  8. Singh J, Kalamdhad AS. Concentration and speciation of heavy metals during water hyacinth composting. Bioresour. Technol. 2012;124:169-179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.08.043
  9. Singh J, Kalamdhad AS. Effect of lime on speciation of heavy metals during agitated pile composting of water hyacinth. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng. 2014;(In press).
  10. Tessier A, Campbell PGC, Bisson M. Sequential extraction procedures for the speciation of particulate trace metals. Anal. Chem. 1979;51:844-851. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac50043a017
  11. Singh J, Kalamdhad AS. Effect of Eisenia fetida on speciation of heavy metals during vermicomposting of water hyacinth. Ecol. Eng. 2013c;60:214-223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2013.07.010
  12. Sundaray SK, Nayak BB, Lin S, Bhatta D. Geochemical speciation and risk assessment of heavy metals in the river estuarine sediments-a case study: Mahanadi Basin, India. J. Hazard. Mater. 2011;186:1837-1846. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.12.081
  13. Yuan X, Huang H, Zeng G, et al. Total concentrations and chemical speciation of heavy metals in liquefaction residues of sewage sludge. Bioresour. Technol. 2011;102:4104-4110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.12.055
  14. Jiang T, Schuchardt F, Li G, Guo R, Zhao Y. Effect of C/N ratio, aeration rate and moisture content on ammonia and greenhouse gas emission during the composting. J. Environ. Sci. 2011;23:1754-1760. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(10)60591-8
  15. Wong JWC, Selvam A. Speciation of heavy metals during co-composting of sewage sludge with lime. Chemosphere 2006;63:980-986. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.08.045
  16. Chiang KY, HuangHJ, Chang CN. Enhancement of heavy metal stabilization by different amendments during sewage sludge composting process. J. Environ. Eng. Manage. 2007;17:249-256.
  17. Zheng GD, Chen TB, Gao D, Luo W. Stabilization of nickel and chromium in sewage sludge during aerobic composting. J. Hazard. Mater. 2007;142:216-221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.08.003
  18. Liu Y, Ma L, Li Y, Zheng L. Evolution of heavy metal speciation during the aerobic composting process of sewage sludge. Chemosphere 2007;67:1025-1032. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.10.056
  19. Zhu R, Wu, M, Yang J. Mobilities and leachabilities of heavy metals in sludge with humus soil. J. Environ. Sci. 2011;23:247-254. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(10)60399-3
  20. Kumpiene J, Lagerkvist A, Maurice C. Stabilization of As, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn in soil using amendments - A review. Waste Manage. 2008;28:215-225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2006.12.012
  21. Smith SR. A critical review of the bioavailability and impacts of heavy metals in municipal solid waste composts compared to sewage sludge. Environ. Int. 2009;35:142-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2008.06.009
  22. Su DC, Wong JWC. Chemical speciation and phytoavailability of Zn, Cu, Ni and Cd in soil amended with fly ash-stabilized sewage sludge. Environ. Int. 2003;35:142-156.
  23. Qiao L, Ho G. The effects of clay amendment and composting on metal speciation in digested sludge. Water Res. 199;31:951-964. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(96)00290-4
  24. Haroun M, Idris A, Omar SRS. A study of heavy metals and their fate in the composting of tannery sludge. Waste Manage. 2007;27:1541-1550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2006.09.006
  25. Singh J, Kalamdhad AS. Effects of lime on bioavailability and leachability of heavy metals during agitated pile composting of water hyacinth. Bioresour. Technol. 2013d;138:148-155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.03.151
  26. Cai QY, Mo C, Wu QT, Zeng QY, Katsoyiannis A. Concentration and speciation of heavy metals in six different sewage sludge-composts. J. Hazard. Mater. 2007;147:1063-1072. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.01.142
  27. Min XB, Xie XD, Chailly LY, Liang YJ, Li MI, Yong KE. Environmental availability and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in zinc leaching residue. Trans. Nonferrous. Metals. Soc. China. 2013;23:208-218. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(13)62448-6
  28. Gungor EBO, Bekbolet M. Zinc release by humic and fulvic acid as influenced by pH, complexation and DOC sorption. Geoderma 2010;159:131-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2010.07.004
  29. Fang M, Wong JWC. Effects of lime amendment on availability of heavy metals and maturation in sewage sludge composting. Environ. Pollut. 1999;106:83-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(99)00056-1
  30. Montes-Hernandez G, Concha-Lozano N, Renard F, Quirico E. Removal of oxyanions from synthetic wastewater via carbonation process of calcium hydroxide: Applied and fundamental aspects. J. Hazard. Mater. 2009;166:788-795. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.11.120
  31. Garau G, Castaldi P, Santona L, Deiana P, Melis P. Influence of red mud, zeolite and lime on heavy metal immobilization, culturable heterotrophic microbial populations and enzyme activities in a contaminated soil. Geoderma 2007;142:47-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2007.07.011
  32. Nomeda S, Valdas P, Chen SY, Lin JG. Variations of metal distribution in sewage sludge composting. Waste Manage. 2008;28:1637-1644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2007.06.022

Cited by

  1. Extending the geographic reach of the water hyacinth plant in removal of heavy metals from a temperate Northern Hemisphere river vol.8, pp.1, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-29387-6