DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Coevolution between Human's Anticancer Activities and Functional Foods from Crop Origin Center in the World

  • Zeng, Ya-Wen (Biotechnology and Genetic Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences) ;
  • Du, Juan (Biotechnology and Genetic Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences) ;
  • Pu, Xiao-Ying (Biotechnology and Genetic Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences) ;
  • Yang, Jia-Zhen (Kuming Tiankang Science and Technology Limited Company/Agricultural Biotechnology Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province) ;
  • Yang, Tao (Biotechnology and Genetic Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences) ;
  • Yang, Shu-Ming (Biotechnology and Genetic Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences) ;
  • Yang, Xiao-Meng (Biotechnology and Genetic Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences)
  • Published : 2015.04.03

Abstract

Cancer is the leading cause of death around the world. Anticancer activities from many functional food sources have been reported in years, but correlation between cancer prevalence and types of food with anticancer activities from crop origin center in the world as well as food source with human migration are unclear. Hunger from food shortage is the cause of early human evolution from Africa to Asia and later into Eurasia. The richest functional foods are found in crop origin centers, housing about 70% in the world populations. Crop origin centers have lower cancer incidence and mortality in the world, especially Central Asia, Middle East, Southwest China, India and Ethiopia. Asia and Africa with the richest anticancer crops is not only the most important evolution base of humans and origin center of anticancer functional crop, but also is the lowest mortality and incidence of cancers in the world. Cancer prevention of early human migrations was associated with functional foods from crop origin centers, especially Asia with four centers and one subcenter of crop origin, accounting for 58% of the world population. These results reveal that coevolution between human's anticancer activities associated with functional foods for crop origin centers, especially in Asia and Africa.

Keywords

References

  1. Abdullah AS, Mohammed AS, Abdullah R, et al (2014). Cytotoxic effects of Mangifera indica L. kernel extract on human breast cancer (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines) and bioactive constituents in the crude extract. BMC Complement Altern Med, 14, 199. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-14-199
  2. Akl MR, Ayoub NM, Mohyeldin MM, et al (2014). Olive phenolics as c-Met inhibitors: (-)-Oleocanthal attenuates cell proliferation, invasiveness, and tumor growth in breast cancer models. PLoS One, 9, 97622. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0097622
  3. Albeituni SH, Yan J (2013). The effects of $\beta$-glucans on dendritic cells and implications for cancer therapy. Anticancer Agents Med Chem, 13, 689-98. https://doi.org/10.2174/1871520611313050003
  4. Benyamina A, Reynaud M (2014). Therapeutic use of cannabis derivatives. Rev Prat, 64, 165-8.
  5. Bozek K, Wei Y, Yan Z, et al (2014). Exceptional evolutionary divergence of human muscle and brain metabolomes parallels human cognitive and physical uniqueness. PLoS Biol, 12, 1001871. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001871
  6. Burenhult G (2000). Die ersten Menschen, Weltbild Verlag, ISBN 3-8289-0741-5.
  7. Burunat E (2014). Love is the cause of human evolution. Adv Anthropol, 4, 99-116. https://doi.org/10.4236/aa.2014.42013
  8. Campbell MC, Ranciaro A, Zinshteyn D, et al (2014). Limited evidence for adaptive evolution and functional effect of allelic variation at rs702424 in the promoter of the TAS2R16 bitter taste receptor gene in Africa. J Hum Genet, 59, 349-52. https://doi.org/10.1038/jhg.2014.29
  9. Casto AM, Henn BM, Kidd JM, et al (2012). A tale of two haplotypes: the EDA2R/AR Intergenic region is the most divergent genomic segment between Africans and East Asians in the human genome. Hum Biol, 84, 641- 94. https://doi.org/10.3378/027.084.0604
  10. Cheah KY, Howarth GS, Bindon KA, et al (2014). Low molecular weight procyanidins from grape seeds enhance the impact of 5-Fluorouracil chemotherapy on Caco-2 human colon cancer cells. PLoS One, 9, 98921. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0098921
  11. Chen J, Song Y, Zhang L (2013). Lycopene / tomato consumption and the risk of prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol, 59, 213-23. https://doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.59.213
  12. Chen S, Ren X, Liu Y, et al (2007). Human leukocyte antigen class i polymorphism in miao, bouyei, and shui ethnic minorities of Guizhou, China. Hum Immunol, 68, 928-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humimm.2007.09.006
  13. Choi J, Jiang X, Jeong JB, et al (2014). Anticancer activity of protocatechualdehyde in human breast cancer cells. J Med Food, 17, 842-48. https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2013.0159
  14. Costantini S, Rusolo F, De Vito, et al (2014). Potential anti-inflammatory effects of the hydrophilic fraction of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) seed oil on breast cancer cell lines. Molecules, 19, 8644-60. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules19068644
  15. Curnoe D, Ji XP, Herries AI, et al (2012). Human remains from the pleistocene-holocene transition of Southwest China suggest a complex evolutionary history for east Asians. PLoS ONE, 7, 31918. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0031918
  16. Ekstig B (2014). Complexity, natural selection and the evolution of life and humans. Found Sci, doi:10.1007/S10699-014-9358-y.
  17. Feregrino-Perez AA, Pinol-Felis C, Gomez-Arbones, et al (2014). A non-digestible fraction of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis during early carcinogenesis. Plant Foods Hum Nutr, 69, 248-54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11130-014-0428-7
  18. Fernandes V, Alshamali F, Alves M, et al (2012). The Arabian cradle: mitochondrial relicts of the first steps along the southern route out of Africa. Am J Hum Genet, 90, 347-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.12.010
  19. Ferrucci LM, Cartmel B, Molinaro AM, et al (2014). Tea, coffee, and caffeine and early-onset basal cell carcinoma in a case-control study. Eur J Cancer Prev, 23, 296-302. https://doi.org/10.1097/CEJ.0000000000000037
  20. Fu JS, Chen HD, Soroka DN, et al (2014). Cysteine-conjugated metabolites of ginger components, shogaols, induce apoptosis through oxidative stress-mediated p53 pathway in human colon cancer cells. J Agric Food Chem, 62, 4632-42. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf501351r
  21. Gao Y, Islam MS, Tian J, et al (2014). Inactivation of ATP citrate lyase by cucurbitacin b: a bioactive compound from cucumber, inhibits prostate cancer growth. Cancer Lett, 349, 15-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2014.03.015
  22. Garcia-Gasca T, Garcia-Cruz M, Hernandez-Rivera E, et al (2012). Effects of Tepary bean (phaseolus acutifolius) protease inhibitor and semipure lectin fractions on cancer cells. Nutr Cancer, 64, 1269-78. https://doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2012.722246
  23. Genovese S, Fiorito S, Locatelli M, et al (2014). Analysis of biologically active oxyprenylated ferulic acid derivatives in citrus fruits. Plant Foods Hum Nutr, 69, 255-60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11130-014-0427-8
  24. Ghoneum M, Badr El-Din NK, Ali DA, et al (2014). Modified arabinoxylan from rice bran, MGN-3/biobran, sensitizes metastatic breast cancer cells to paclitaxel in vitro. Anticancer Res, 34, 81-7.
  25. Goyal A, Sharma V, Upadhyay N, et al (2014). Flax and flaxseed oil: an ancient medicine and modern functional food. J Food Sci Technol, 59, 1633-53.
  26. Greaves M (2014). Was skin cancer a selective force for black pigmentation in early hominin evolution? Proc R Soc B, 281, 20132955. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.2955
  27. Green DJ, Alemseged Z (2012). Australopithecus afarensis scapular ontogeny, function, and the role of climbing inhuman evolution. Science, 338, 514-7. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1227123
  28. Hajiaghaalipour F, Kanthimathi MS, Sanusi J, et al (2015). White tea (Camellia sinensis) inhibits proliferation of the colon cancer cell line, HT-29, activates caspases and protects DNA of normal cells against oxidative damage. Food Chem, 169, 401-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.07.005
  29. Hardman WE (2014). Diet components can suppress inflammation and reduce cancer risk. Nutr Res Pract, 8, 233-40. https://doi.org/10.4162/nrp.2014.8.3.233
  30. Hattori M, Kawakami K, Akimoto M, et al (2013). Antitumor effect of Japanese apricot extract (MK615) on human cancer cells in vitro and in vivo through a reactive oxygen species-dependent mechanism. Tumori, 99, 239-48.
  31. Henn BM, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Feldman MW (2012). The great human expansion. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 109, 17758-64. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1212380109
  32. Henry AG, Brooks AS, Piperno DR (2014). Plant foods and the dietary ecology of Neanderthals and early modern humans. J Human Evol, 69, 44-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.12.014
  33. Huang XH, KurataN, Wei XH, et al (2012). A map of rice genome variation reveals the origin of cultivated rice. Nature, 490, 497-501. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11532
  34. Khrameeva EE, Bozek K, He L, et al (2014). Neanderthal ancestry drives evolution of lipid catabolism in contemporary Europeans. Nature Commun, 5, 3584.
  35. Hsu CP, Lin CC, Huang CC, et al (2012). Induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in human colorectal carcinoma by Litchi seed extract. J Biomed Biotechnol, 2012, 341479.
  36. Huerta-Sanchez E, Jin X, Asan Bianba, et al (2014). Altitude adaptation in Tibetans caused by introgression of Denisovan-like DNA. Nature, 512, 194-7. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13408
  37. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) (2014). Estimated Incidence, mortality and prevalence worldwide in 2012. Available from: http://globocan.iarc.fr/old/FactSheets/cancers/all-new.asp#TOP,access date 04/10/2014.
  38. Jittiporn K, Suwanpradid J, Patel C, et al (2014). Anti-angiogenic actions of the mangosteen polyphenolic xanthone derivative $\alpha$-mangostin. Microvasc Res, 93, 72-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mvr.2014.03.005
  39. Joseph MM, Aravind SR,George SK, et al (2014). Anti-tumor activity of galactoxyloglucan-gold nanoparticles against murine ascites and solid carcinoma. Colloids Surf B: Biointerfaces, 116, 219-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.12.058
  40. Kelley J, Gao F (2012). Juvenile hominoid cranium from the late miocene of southern China and hominoid diversity in Asia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 109, 6882-5. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1201330109
  41. Kraaijenbrink T, van der Gaag KJ, Zuniga SB, et al (2014). A linguistically informed autosomal STR survey of human populations residing in the greater Himalayan region. PLoS One, 9, 91534. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0091534
  42. Kuang WJ, Huang P, Tuo Y, et al (2011). Genetic differentiation and patterns of gene flow of ten minorities in Yunnan province. J Forensic Med, 27, 112-6.
  43. Lacau H, Gayden T, Regueiro M, et al (2012). Afghanistan from a Y-chromosome perspective. Eur J Hum Genet, 20, 1063-70. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2012.59
  44. Ladizinsky G (1998). Plant evolution under domestication. the netherlands: kluwer academic publishers.
  45. Latif R (2013). Health benefits of cocoa. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care, 16, 669-74. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCO.0b013e328365a235
  46. Li JZ, Absher DM, Tang H, et al (2008). Worldwide human relationships inferred from genome-wide patterns of variation. Science, 319, 1100-4. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1153717
  47. Li T, Zhu J, Guo L, et al (2013). Differential effects of polyphenols-enriched extracts from hawthorn fruit peels and fleshes on cell cycle and apoptosis in human MCF-7 breast carcinoma cells. Food Chem, 141, 1008 -18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.04.050
  48. Li Y, Duan S, Jia H, et al (2014). Flavonoids from tartary buckwheat induce G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human hepatoma HepG2 cells. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin, 46, 460-70. https://doi.org/10.1093/abbs/gmu023
  49. Li Y, Niu Y, Sun Y, et al (2014). An apple oligogalactan potentiates the growth inhibitory effect of celecoxib on colorectal cancer. Nutr Cancer, 66, 29-37. https://doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2014.847965
  50. Li Y, Qian YP, Yu XJ, et al (2004). Recent origin of a hominoid-specific splice form of neuropsin, a gene involved in learning and memory. Mol Biol Evol, 21, 2111-5. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msh220
  51. Li Z, Zhao C, Li Z, et al (2014). Reconstructed mung bean trypsin inhibitor targeting cell surface GRP78 induces apoptosis and inhibits tumor growth in colorectal cancer. Int J Biochem Cell Biol, 47, 68-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocel.2013.11.022
  52. Liu W, Schepartz LA, Xing S, et al (2013). Late middle pleistocene hominin teeth from Panxian Dadong, South China. J Hum Evol, 64, 337-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2012.10.012
  53. Lordkipanidze D, Ponce de Leon MS, Margvelashvili A, et al (2013). A complete skull from Dmanisi, Georgia, and the evolutionary biology of early Homo. Science, 342, 326-31. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1238484
  54. Lowcock EC, Cotterchio M, Boucher BA (2013). Consumption of flaxseed, a rich source of lignans, is associated with reduced breast cancer risk. Cancer Causes Control, 24, 813-6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-013-0155-7
  55. Lucci P, Pacetti D, Loizzo MR, et al (2015). Punica granatum cv. dente di cavallo seed ethanolic extract: antioxidant and antiproliferative activities. Food Chem, 167, 475-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.06.123
  56. Luo LP,Han B,Yu XP, et al (2014). Anti-metastasis activity of black rice anthocyanins against breast cancer: analyses using an ErbB2 positive breast cancer cell line and tumoral xenograft model. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 15, 6219-25. https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2014.15.15.6219
  57. Maeda N,Kokai Y, Hada, T, et al (2013). Oral administration of monogalactosyl diacylglycerol from spinach inhibits colon tumor growth in mice. Exp Ther Med, 5, 17-22.
  58. Mahassni SH,Al-Reemi RM(2013). Apoptosis and necrosis of human breast cancer cells by an aqueous extract of garden cress (Lepidium sativum) seeds. Saudi J Biol Sci, 20, 131-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2012.12.002
  59. McDougall I, Brown FH, Fleagle JG (2005). Stratigraphic placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia.Nature, 433, 733-6. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03258
  60. Melton PE, Baldi NF, Barrantes R, et al (2013). Micro-evolution, migration, and the population structure of five amerindian populations from nicaragua and costa rica. Am J Hum Biol, 25, 480-90. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.22382
  61. Miyoshi N, Nagasawa T, Mabuchi R, et al (2011). Chemoprevention of azoxymethane/dextran sodium sulfate-induced mouse colon carcinogenesis by freeze- dried yam sanyaku and its constituent diosgenin. Cancer Prev Res (Phila), 4, 924-34. https://doi.org/10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-10-0279
  62. Moreno-Estrada A, Gignoux CR, Fernandez-Lopez JC, et al (2014). The genetics of Mexico recapitulates Native American substructure and affects biomedical traits. Science, 344, 1280-5. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1251688
  63. Mukhopadhyay S, Panda PK, Behera B, et al (2014). In vitro and in vivo antitumor effects of Peanut agglutinin through induction of apoptotic and autophagic cell death. Food Chem Toxicol, 64, 369-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2013.11.046
  64. Ogur R, Istanbulluoglu H, Korkmaz A, et al (2014). Report: investigation of anti-cancer effects of cherry in vitro. Pak J Pharm Sci, 27, 587-92.
  65. Olalde I, Allentoft ME, et al (2014). Derived immune and ancestral pigmentation alleles in a 7,000-year-old mesolithic European. Nature, 507, 225-8. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12960
  66. Panda PK,Mukhopadhyay S, Behera B, et al (2014). Anti-tumor effect of soybean lectin mediated through a reactive oxygen species-dependent pathway. Life Sci, 111, 27-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2014.07.004
  67. Pathak N, Khan S, Bhargava A, et al (2014). Cancer chemopreventive effects of the flavonoid-rich fraction isolated from papaya seeds. Nutr Cancer, 66, 857-71. https://doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2014.904912
  68. Prado-Silva L, Azevedo L, Oliveira JAC, et al (2014). Sesame and resistant starch reduce the colon carcinogenesis and oxidative stress in 1,2- dimethylhydrazine-induced cancer in Wistar rats. Food Res Int, 62, 609-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2014.04.027
  69. Qi X, Cui C, Peng Y, et al (2013). Genetic evidence of paleolithic colonization and neolithic expansion of modern humans on the Tibetan plateau. Mol Biol Evol, 30, 1761-78. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst093
  70. Quassinti L, Maggi F, Barboni L, et al (2014). Wild celery (Smyrnium olusatrum L.) oil and isofuranodiene induce apoptosis in human colon carcinoma cells. Fitoterapia, 97,133-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2014.06.004
  71. Raghavan M, Skoglund P, Graf KE, et al (2014).Upper palaeolithic siberian genome reveals dual ancestry of Native Americans. Nature, 505, 87-91.
  72. Ranzato E, Martinotti S, Calabrese CM, et al (2014). Role of nutraceuticals in cancer therapy. J Food Res, 3,18-24.
  73. Reilly MT, Faulkner GJ, Dubnau J, et al (2013). The role of transposable elements in health and diseases of the central nervous system. J Neurosc, 33, 17577-86. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3369-13.2013
  74. Reyes-Centeno H, Ghirotto S, Detroit F, et al (2014). Genomic and cranial phenotype data support multiple modern human dispersals from Africa and a southern route into Asia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 111, 7248-53. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1323666111
  75. Ribeiro FA, Gomes de Moura CF, Aguiar O, et al (2014). The chemopreventive activity of apple against carcinogenesis: antioxidant activity and cell cycle control. Eur J Cancer Prev, 23, 477-80. https://doi.org/10.1097/CEJ.0000000000000005
  76. Richter D, Abarzua S, Chrobak M, et al (2013). Effects of phytoestrogen extracts isolated from pumpkin seeds on estradiol production and ER/PR expression in breast cancer and trophoblast tumor cells. Nutr Cancer, 65, 739-45. https://doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2013.797000
  77. Rizzo LY, Longato GB, Ruiz AL, et al (2014). In vitro, in vivo and in silico analysis of the anticancer and estrogen-like activity of guava leaf extracts. Curr Med Chem, 21, 2322-30. https://doi.org/10.2174/0929867321666140120120031
  78. Robles-Escajeda E, Lerma D, Nyakeriga AM, et al (2013). Searching in mother nature for anti-cancer activity: anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effect elicited by green barley on leukemia/lymphoma cells. PLoS One, 8, 73508. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0073508
  79. Romano B, Fasolino I, Pagano E, et al (2014). The chemopreventive action of bromelain, from pineapple stem (Ananas comosus L.), on colon carcinogenesis is related to antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects. Mol Nutr Food Res, 58, 457-65. https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201300345
  80. Savio AL, Silva GN, Camargo EA, et al (2014). Cell cycle kinetics, apoptosis rates, DNA damage and TP53 gene expression in bladdercancer cells treated with allyl isothiocyanate (mustard essential oil). Mutat Res Fundam Mol Mech Mutagen, 762, 40-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2014.02.006
  81. Seki T, Maeda H (2010). Cancer preventive effect of Kumaizasa bamboo leaf extracts administered prior to carcinogenesis or cancer inoculation. Anticancer Res, 30, 111-8.
  82. Shan S, Li Z, Newton IP, et al (2014). A novel protein extracted from foxtail millet bran displays anti-carcinogenic effects in human colon cancer cells. Toxicol Lett, 227, 129-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.03.008
  83. Shi H, Qi X, Zhong H, et al (2013). Genetic evidence of an East Asian origin and paleolithic northward migration of Y-chromosome haplogroup N. PLoS One, 8, 66102. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0066102
  84. Shiezadeh F, Mousavi SH, Amiri MS, et al (2013). Cytotoxic and apoptotic potential of Rheum turkestanicum Janisch root extract on human cancer and normal cells. Iran J Pharm Res, 12, 811-9.
  85. Stewart JR, Stringer CB (2013). Human evolution out of Africa: The role of refugia and climate change. Science, 335, 1317-21.
  86. Suleria HA, Butt MS, Anjum FM, et al (2015). Onion: nature protection against physiological threats. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, 55, 50-66. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2011.646364
  87. Sultana B, Anwar F, Mushtaq M, et al (2014). In vitro antimutagenic, antioxidant activities and total phenolics of clove (Syzygium aromaticum L.) seed extracts. Pak J Pharm Sci, 27, 893-9.
  88. Summerer M, Horst J, Erhart G, et al (2014). Large-scale mitochondrial DNA analysis in Southeast Asia reveals evolutionary effects of cultural isolation in the multiethnic population of Myanmar. BMC Evol Biol, 14, 17. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-14-17
  89. Sutton KM, Greenshields AL, Hoskin DW (2014). Thymoquinone, a bioactive component of black caraway seeds, causes G1 phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in triple-negative breast cancer cells with mutant p53. Nutr Cancer, 66, 408-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2013.878739
  90. Thuong PT,Hung TM, Khoi NM, et al (2014). Cytotoxic and anti-tumor activities of lignans from the seeds of Vietnamese nutmeg Myristica fragrans. Arch Pharm Res, 37, 399-403. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12272-013-0185-4
  91. Vavilov NI (1951). The origin variation immunity and breeding of cultivated plants (translation by K Star Chester). Chron Bot, 13, 1-364.
  92. Vizzotto M, Porter W, Byrne D, et al (2014). Polyphenols of selected peach and plum genotypes reduce cell viability and inhibit proliferation of breast cancer cells while not affecting normal cells. Food Chem, 164, 36-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.05.005
  93. Wang HW, Mitra B, Chaudhuri TK, et al (2011). Mitochondrial DNA evidence supports northeast Indian origin of the aboriginal Andamanese in the Late Paleolithic. J Genet Genomics, 38, 117-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgg.2011.02.005
  94. Wang N, Wang W, Huo P, et al (2014). Mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in human lung cancer A549 cells by 4-methylsulfinyl-3-butenyl isothiocyanate from radish seeds. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 15, 2133-39. https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2014.15.5.2133
  95. Wikipedia (2013). Center of Origin.Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_of_origin, access date 25/02/2013.
  96. Witas HW, Tomczyk J, J.drychowska-Danska K, et al (2013). mtDNA from the early bronze age to the roman period suggests a genetic link between the indian subcontinent and mesopotamian cradle of civilization. PLoS One, 8, 73682. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0073682
  97. Wu Q, Cho JG, Yoo KH, et al (2013). A new phenanthrene derivative and two diarylheptanoids from the roots of Brassica rapa ssp. campestris inhibit the growth of cancer cell lines and LDL-oxidation. Arch Pharm Res, 36, 423-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12272-013-0068-8
  98. Wynn JG, Sponheimer M, Kimbel WH, et al (2013). Diet of australopithecus afarensis from the pliocene hadar formation, ethiopia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 110, 10495-501. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1222559110
  99. Xi SY, Zhang Q, Liu CY, et al (2012). Effects of hydroxy safflower yellow-a on tumor capillary angiogenesis in transplanted human gastric adenocarcinoma BGC-823 tumors in nude mice. J Tradit Chin Med, 32, 243-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0254-6272(13)60019-9
  100. Xiang J, Xiang Y, Lin S, et al (2014). Anticancer effects of deproteinized asparagus polysaccharide on hepato-cellular carcinoma in vitro and in vivo. Tumour Biol, 35, 3517-24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13277-013-1464-x
  101. Xu X, Cheng Y, Li S, et al (2014). Dietary carrot consumption and the risk of prostate cancer. Eur J Nutr, 53, 1615-23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-014-0667-2
  102. Xu B, Chang SK(2012). Comparative study on anti-proliferation properties and cellular antioxidant activities of commonly consumed food legumes against nine human cancer cell lines. Food Chem, 134, 1287-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.02.212
  103. Yaffe PB, Power Coombs MR, Doucette CD, et al (2014). Piperine, an alkaloid from black pepper, inhibits growth of human colon cancer cells via G1 arrest and apoptosis triggered by endoplasmic reticulum stress. doi:10.1002/mc.22176.
  104. Yin X, Zhang R, Feng C, et al (2014). Diallyl disulfide induces G2/M arrest and promotes apoptosis through the p53/p21 and MEK-ERK pathways in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Oncol Rep, 32, 1748-56.
  105. Zeng YW, Du J, Pu XY, et al (2011). Strategies of functional food for hypertension prevention in China. J Med Plants Res, 5, 5671-6.
  106. Zeng YW, Pu XY, Du J, et al (2012). Use of functional foods for diabetes prevention in China. Afr J Pharm Pharmacol, 6, 2570-9. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPP12.119
  107. Zeng YW, Yang JZ, Pu XY, et al (2013). Strategies of functional food for cancer prevention in human being. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 14, 1585-92. https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2013.14.3.1585
  108. Zhang D, Li YH, Mi M, et al (2013). Modified apple polysaccharides suppress the migration and invasion of colorectalcancer cells induced by lipopolysaccharide. Nutr Re, 33, 839-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2013.06.004
  109. Zhang X, Qi X, Yang Z, et al (2013). Analysis of mitochondrial genome diversity identifies new and ancient maternal lineages in cambodian aborigines. Nat Commun, 4, 2599.
  110. Zhang Q, Su B (2014). Evolutionary origin and human- specific expansion of a cancer/testis antigen gene family. Mol Biol Evol, 31, 2365-75. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msu188
  111. Zhang W, Ming Q, Shi Z, et al (2014). Lake sediment records on climate change and human activities in the Xingyun Lake catchment, SW China. PLoS One, 9, 102167. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0102167
  112. Zhao Y, Ren JL, Wang MY, et al (2013). Codon 104 variation of p53 gene provides adaptive apoptotic responses to extreme environments in mammals of the Tibet plateau. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 110, 20639-44. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1320369110
  113. Zhou MG, Wang XF, Hu JP, et al (2010). Geographical distribution of cancer mortality in China, 2004-2005. Chinese J Prevent Med, 44, 303-8.
  114. Zhu RX, Potts R, Pan YX (2008). Early evidence of the genus homo in east Asia. J Hum Evol, 55, 1075-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.08.005

Cited by

  1. Significance of Rumex Vesicarius as Anticancer Remedy Against Hepatocellular Carcinoma: a Proposal-Based on Experimental Animal Studies vol.16, pp.10, 2015, https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2015.16.10.4303
  2. Therapeutic Role of Functional Components in Alliums for Preventive Chronic Disease in Human Being vol.2017, pp.1741-4288, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/9402849
  3. (Pomegranate): A Review vol.31, pp.4, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5784