Journal of Ginseng Research

The Korean Society of Ginseng (고려인삼학회)
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Glycosyl glycerides from hydroponic Panax ginseng inhibited NO production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 cells

  • Cha, Byeong-Ju (Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University) ;
  • Park, Ji-Hae (Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University) ;
  • Shrestha, Sabina (Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University) ;
  • Baek, Nam-In (Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University) ;
  • Lee, Sang Min (Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University) ;
  • Lee, Tae Hoon (Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University) ;
  • Kim, Jiyoung (Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University) ;
  • Kim, Geum-Soog (Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration) ;
  • Kim, Seung-Yu (Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration) ;
  • Lee, Dae-Young (Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration)
  • Received : 2014.05.06
  • Accepted : 2014.10.24
  • Published : 2015.04.15
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Abstract

Background: Although the aerial parts of hydroponic Panax ginseng are reported to contain higher contents of total ginsenosides than those of roots, the isolation and identification of active metabolites from the aerial parts of hydroponic P. ginseng have not been carried out so far. Methods: The aerial parts of hydroponic P. ginseng were applied on repeated silica gel and octadecylsilane columns to yield four glycosyl glycerides (Compounds 1-4), which were identified based on nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared, fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry, and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry data. Compounds 1-4 were evaluated for inhibition activity on NO production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Results and conclusion: The glycosyl glycerides were identified to be (2S)-1-O-7(Z),10(Z),13(Z)-hexadecatrienoyl-3-O-${\beta}$-$\small{D}$-galactopyranosyl-sn-glycerol (1), (2S)-1-O-linolenoyl-3-O-${\beta}$-$\small{D}$-galactopyranosyl-sn-glycerol (2), (2S)-1-O-linolenoyl-2-O-linolenoyl-3-O-${\beta}$-$\small{D}$-galactopyranosyl-sn-glycerol (3), and 2(S)-1-O-linoleoyl-2-O-linoleoyl-3-O-${\beta}$-$\small{D}$-galactopyranosyl-sn-glycerol (4). Compounds 1 and 2 showed moderate inhibition activity on NO production in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells [half maximal inhibitory concentration ($IC_{50}$): $63.8{\pm}6.4{\mu}M$ and $59.4{\pm}6.8{\mu}M$, respectively] without cytotoxicity at concentrations < $100{\mu}M$, whereas Compounds 3 and 4 showed good inhibition effect ($IC_{50}$: $7.7{\pm}0.6{\mu}M$ and $8.0{\pm}0.9{\mu}M$, respectively) without cytotoxicity at concentrations < $20{\mu}M$. All isolated compounds showed reduced messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of interleukin-$1{\beta}$ (IL-$1{\beta}$), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ in LPS-induced macrophage cells with strong inhibition of mRNA activity observed for Compounds 3 and 4.

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