The Journal of the Korea Contents Association (한국콘텐츠학회논문지)

The Korea Contents Association (한국콘텐츠학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

A Case Study on the Nonverbal Immediacy of the Robot

로봇의 비언어적 즉시성에 대한 사례연구

  • 정성미 (성균관대학교 인터랙션사이언스학과) ;
  • 신동희 (성균관대학교 인터랙션사이언스학과) ;
  • 구지향 (성균관대학교 인터랙션사이언스학과)
  • Received : 2015.02.26
  • Accepted : 2015.06.02
  • Published : 2015.07.28
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Nonverbal immediacy plays a key role in interpersonal communication, inducing closeness and another interaction. This case study investigates the nonverbal behaviors in Human-Robot Interaction(HRI) focusing on immediacy, and how they affect perception of a robot. The results show that nonverbal immediacy, such as nodding and leaning forward, affect perceived interactivity. Nonverbal immediacy can be interpreted their meaning clearly when verbal feedback or other communication channel reinforcing them. Also, touch is found to affect come up with similar ones to the robot, because it is associated with concrete and discrete context. People tend to apply social rules to the robot, but they are more open to the unfamiliar robot compared to strangers. The findings in this study provide future HRI studies with heuristic implications by showing a direction and clarifying principles for composition of verbal and nonverbal expression.

비언어적 즉시성은 친밀감을 증대시키고 인터랙션을 활성화하는 등 대인 간 커뮤니케이션 상황에서 중요한 역할을 수행한다. 본 연구는 인간 로봇 상호작용 연구에서 논의되어 온 다양한 비언어적 행동들을 비언어적 즉시성이라는 개념으로 묶고, 이들이 어떻게 로봇에 대한 사람의 인지에 영향을 미치는지 파악하고자 사례 연구를 수행하였다. 그 결과 비언어적 즉시성의 요소들은 보다 활발한 언어적인 피드백을 동반할 때 대화의 쌍방향성에 영향을 줄 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 낱개의 비언어적 즉시성의 요소들은 그 의미를 강화할 수 있는 다른 채널이 없는 한, 의미의 해석이 일관되게 나타나지 않음을 보여주었다. 그리고 비언어적 즉시성의 요소 중 접촉은 로봇과 유사한 대상을 떠올리는 데에 영향을 미쳤다. 사람들은 대화할 때 사람과 동일한 사회적 규칙을 로봇에게 적용했지만, 자기 노출에 있어서는 로봇에게 더 솔직하다는 것이 드러났다. 이러한 연구 결과는 인간과 로봇이 상호작용하는 상황에서 효과적인 언어적, 비언어적 표현의 구성 원리를 제시한다는 측면에서 시사점을 가진다.

Keywords

References

  1. R. L. Birdwhistell, Kinesics and Context: Essays on Body Motion Communication, University of Pennsylvania press, 2010.
  2. P. A. Andersen, Nonverbal communication: Forms and Functions, Mountain View, CA: Mayfield, 1999.
  3. C. Nass, J. Steuer, and E. R. Tauber, "Computers Are Social Actors," In Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems, pp.72-78, 1994.
  4. L. D. Riek, P. C. Paul, and P. Robinson, "When My Robot Smiles at Me: Enabling Human-robot Rapport via Real-time Head gesture Mimicry," Journal on Multimodal User Interfaces, Vol.3, No.1-2, pp.99-108, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12193-009-0028-2
  5. A. Sardar, M. Joosse, A. Weiss, and V. Evers, "Don't Stand So Close to Me: Users' Attitudinal and Behavioral Responses to Personal Space Invasion by Robots," In Proceedings of the seventh annual ACM/IEEE international conference on Human-Robot Interaction, pp.229-230, 2012.
  6. J. Nie, M. Park, A. L. Marin, and S. S. Sundar, "Can You Hold My Hand? Physical Warmth in Human-Robot Interaction," In Proceedings of the seventh annual ACM/IEEE international conference on Human-Robot Interaction, pp.201-202, 2012.
  7. A. Mehrabian, "Some Referents and Measures of Nonverbal Behavior," Behavior Research Methods & Instrumentation, Vol.1, No.6, pp.203-207, 1968. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03208096
  8. V. Manusov, The Sourcebook of Nonverbal Measures, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers, 2005.
  9. J. K. Burgoon, D. B. Buller, J. L. Hale, and M. A. Turck, "Relational Messages Associated with Nonverbal Behaviors," Human Communication Research, Vol.10, No.3, pp.351-378, 1984. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.1984.tb00023.x
  10. J. B. Teel, An Examination of the Relationship between Cognitive Learning Style Preference and Nonverbal Immediacy Behaviors in Undergraduate Students, Doctoral dissertation, Auburn University, 2011.
  11. S. Thayer, "History and strategies of research on social touch," Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, Vol.10, No.1, pp.12-28, 1986. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00987202
  12. 이기호, "화법에 의한 성격표현에 활용할 소리대본 작성법", 한국콘텐츠학회논문지, 제11권, 제12호, pp.976-985, 2011. https://doi.org/10.5392/JKCA.2011.11.12.976
  13. V. P. Richmond, J. C. McCroskey, and M. Hickson, Nonverbal behavior in interpersonal relations, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1991.
  14. I. Poggi, F. D'Errico, L. Vincze, 68 nods. But not only of agreement. Stauffenburg Verlag, Tubingen, 2011.
  15. R. W. Genthner and J. Moughan, "Introverts' and Extroverts' Responses to Nonverbal Attending Behavior," Journal of Counseling Psychology, Vol.24, No.2, pp.144-146, 1977. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.24.2.144
  16. G. Collier, Emotional Expression, Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers, 1985.
  17. S. E. Jones and A. E. Yarbrough, "A naturalistic study of the meanings of touch," Communications Monographs, Vol.52, No.1, pp.19-56, 1985. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637758509376094
  18. T. Kanda, M. Kamasima, M. Imai, T. Ono, D. Sakamoto, H. Ishiguro, and Y. Anzai, "A humanoid robot that pretends to listen to route guidance from a human," Autonomous Robots, Vol.22, No.1, pp.87-100, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10514-006-9007-6
  19. C. Breazeal and P. Fitzpatrick, That certain look: Social amplification of animate vision. In Proceedings of the AAAI fall symposium on society of intelligence agents-the human in the loop, 2000.
  20. H. S. Cramer, N. A. Kemper, A. Amin, and V. Evers, "The effects of robot touch and proactive behaviour on perceptions of human-robot interactions," In Proceedings of the 4th ACM/IEEE international conference on Human robot interaction, pp.275-276, 2009.
  21. D. Maulsby, S. Greenberg, and R. Mander, "Prototyping an intelligent agent through Wizard of Oz," In Proceedings of the INTERACT'93 and CHI'93 conference on Human factors in computing systems, pp.277-284, 1993.
  22. M. L. Walters, K. Dautenhahn, R. Te Boekhorst, K. L. Koay, C. Kaouri, S. Woods, and I. Werry, "The influence of subjects' personality traits on personal spatial zones in a human-robot interaction experiment," In IEEE International Workshop on Robot and Human Interactive Computing (ROMAN), pp.347-352, 2005.
  23. M. B. Miles and A. M. Huberman, Qualitative Data Analysis, Thousand Oaks: Sage, 1994.
  24. R. Yin, Case Study Research: Design and Methods, Thousand Oaks, London, New Delhi: Sage, 1994.
  25. P. Ekman and W. V. Friesen, Unmasking the Face: A Guide to Recognizing Emotions from Facial Clues, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1975.
  26. S. S. Sundar, S. Bellur, J. Oh, H. Jia, and H. S. Kim, Theoretical Importance of Contingency in Human-Computer Interaction Effects of Message Interactivity on User Engagement, Communication Research, 0093650214534962, 2014.
  27. G. Hoffman, G. E. Birnbaum, K. Vanunu, O. Sass, and H. T. Reis, Robot Responsiveness to Human Disclosure Affects Social Impression and Appeal. In Proceedings of the 2014 ACM/IEEE international conference on Human-robot interaction, pp.1-8, 2014.
  28. L. R. Quintana, C. R. Crowell, J. B. Pryor, and J. Adamopoulos, "Human-computer interaction: A preliminary social psychological analysis," Behavior Research Methods & Instrumentation, Vol.14, No.2, pp.210-220, 1982. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03202155