DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Monitoring bridge scour using dissolved oxygen probes

  • Azhari, Faezeh (Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California) ;
  • Scheel, Peter J. (Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of California) ;
  • Loh, Kenneth J. (Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California)
  • 투고 : 2014.01.16
  • 심사 : 2015.05.09
  • 발행 : 2015.06.25

초록

Bridge scour is the predominant cause of overwater bridge failures in North America and around the world. Several sensing systems have been developed over the years to detect the extent of scour so that preventative actions can be performed in a timely manner. These sensing systems have drawbacks, such as signal inaccuracy and discontinuity, installation difficulty, and high cost. Therefore, attempts to develop more efficient monitoring schemes continue. In this study, the viability of using optical dissolved oxygen (DO) probes for monitoring scour depths was explored. DO levels are very low in streambed sediments, as compared to the standard level of oxygen in flowing water. Therefore, scour depths can be determined by installing sensors to monitor DO levels at various depths along the buried length of a bridge pier or abutment. The measured DO is negligible when a sensor is buried but would increase significantly once scour occurs and exposes the sensor to flowing water. A set of experiments was conducted in which four dissolved oxygen probes were embedded at different soil depths in the vicinity of a mock bridge pier inside a laboratory flume simulating scour conditions. The results confirmed that DO levels jumped drastically when sensors became exposed during scour hole evolution, thereby providing discrete measurements of the maximum scour depth. Moreover, the DO probes could detect any subsequent refilling of the scour hole through the deposition of sediments. The effect of soil permeability on the sensing response time was also investigated.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Allen, J.R.L. (1965), "A review of the origin and characteristics of recent alluvial sediments", Sedimentology, 5(2), 89-191. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.1965.tb01561.x
  2. Apsilidis, N., Diplas, P., Dancey, C., Vlachos, P. and Raben, S. (2010), "Local scour at bridge piers: the role of Reynolds number on horseshoe vortex dynamics", Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Scour and Erosion (ICSE-5), San Francisco, USA, November.
  3. ASTM Standard D2487 (2011), Standard Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System), ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA.
  4. ASTM Standard D421-85 (2007), Standard Practice for Dry Preparation of Soil Samples for Particle-Size Analysis and Determination of Soil Constants, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA.
  5. Azhari, F., Tom, C., Benassini, J., Loh, K.J. and Bombardelli, F.A. (2014), "Design and characterization of a piezoelectric sensor for monitoring scour hole evolution", Proceedings of SPIE Smart Structures/NDE Conference, San Diego, USA, March.
  6. Benedict, S., Deshpande, N. and Aziz, N. (2007), "Evaluation of abutment scour prediction equations with field data", Transportation Research Record: J. Transportation Research Board, 2025(1), 118-126. https://doi.org/10.3141/2025-12
  7. Briaud, J.L., Hurlebaus, S., Chang, K.A., Yao, C., Sharma, H., Yu, O.Y., Darby, C., Hunt, B.E. and Price, G.R. (2011), Realtime monitoring of bridge scour using remote monitoring technology, Texas Transportation Institute, Texas A&M University System.
  8. Briaud, J.L., Ting, F.C.K., Chen, H.C., Cao, Y., Han, S.W. and Kwak, K.W. (2001), "Erosion function apparatus for scour rate predictions", J. Geotech. Geoenviron., 127(2), 105-113. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2001)127:2(105)
  9. Butch, G.K. (1996), "Scour-hole dimensions at selected bridge piers in New York", North American Water and Environment Congress & Destructive Water, ASCE, Anaheim, USA, June.
  10. Calver, A. (2001), "Riverbed permeabilities: information from pooled data", Ground Water, 39(4), 546-553. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2001.tb02343.x
  11. Chen, G., Pommerenke, D. and Zheng, R. (2011), Smart rocks and wireless communication systems for real-time monitoring and mitigation of bridge scour, Missouri University of Science and Technology.
  12. Choi, S.U. and Cheong, S. (2006), "Prediction of local scour around bridge piers using artificial neural networks", JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 42(2), 487-494. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2006.tb03852.x
  13. Dargahi, B. (1990), "Controlling mechanism of local scouring", J. Hydraul. Eng., 116(10), 1197-1214. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1990)116:10(1197)
  14. Dat, J.F., Capelli, N., Folzer, H., Bourgeade, P. and Badot, P.M. (2004), "Sensing and signalling during plant flooding", Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 42(4), 273-282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2004.02.003
  15. De Falco, F. and Mele, R. (2002), "The monitoring of bridges for scour by sonar and sedimetri", NDT & E Int., 35(2), 117-123. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0963-8695(01)00031-7
  16. Deng, L. and Cai, C. (2010), "Bridge scour: prediction, modeling, monitoring, and countermeasures-review", Practice Periodical on Struct. Des. Constr., 15(2), 125-134. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)SC.1943-5576.0000041
  17. Ebbert, J.C. (2002), Concentrations of Dissolved Oxygen in the Lower Puyallup and White Rivers, Washington, August and September 2000 and 2001, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, Tacoma, WA, USA.
  18. Fell, R., Wan, C., Cyganiewicz, J. and Foster, M. (2003), "Time for development of internal erosion and piping in embankment dams", J. Geotech. Geoenviron., 129(4), 307-314. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2003)129:4(307)
  19. Glud, R.N. (2008), "Oxygen dynamics of marine sediments", Marine Biology Research, 4(4), 243-289. https://doi.org/10.1080/17451000801888726
  20. Govindasamy, A., Briaud, J., Kim, D., Olivera, F., Gardoni, P. and Delphia, J. (2013), "Observation method for estimating future scour depth at existing bridges", J. Geotech. Geoenviron., 139(7), 1165-1175. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000838
  21. Hazen, A. (1892), Some physical properties of sands and gravels: with special reference to their use in filtration, Massachusetts State Board of Health, 24th Annual Report.
  22. Hazen, A. (1911), "Discussion of 'Dams on sand foundations' by A. C. Koenig", Trans. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng., 73, 199-203.
  23. Hong, J., Chiew, Y., Lu, J., Lai, J. and Lin, Y. (2012), "Houfeng bridge failure in Taiwan", J. Hydraul. Eng.-ASCE, 138(2), 186-198. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000430
  24. Hunt, B.E. (2005), Practices for monitoring scour critical bridges, NCHRP Project, First Draft Report.
  25. John, G.T. and Huber, C. (2005), Instruction Manual OXY-4, PreSens Precision Sensing GmbH, Regensburg, Germany.
  26. Johnson, P. (1995), "Comparison of pier-scour equations using field data", J. Hydraul. Eng.-ASCE, 121(8), 626-629. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1995)121:8(626)
  27. Klimant, I., Kuhl, M., Glud, R.N. and Holst, G. (1997), "Optical measurement of oxygen and temperature in microscale: strategies and biological applications", Sensor. Actuat. B-Chem. 38(1-3), 29-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-4005(97)80168-2
  28. Klimant, I., Meyer, V. and Kuhl, M. (1995), "Fiber-optic oxygen microsensors, a new tool in aquatic biology", Limnol. Oceanogr., 40(6), 1159-1165. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1995.40.6.1159
  29. Klimant, I. and Wolfbeis, O.S. (1995), "Oxygen-sensitive luminescent materials based on silicone-soluble ruthenium diimine complexes", Anal. Chem., 67(18), 3160-3166. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00114a010
  30. Kondolf, G.M., Williams, J.G., Horner, T.C. and Milan, D. (2008), "Assessing physical quality of spawning habitat", American Fisheries Society Symposium, 65, 249-274.
  31. Koski, K.V. (1966), The survival of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) from egg deposition to emergence in three Oregon coastal streams, M.S. Dissertation, Oregon State University, Oregon.
  32. Lin, Y.B., Chen, J.C., Chang, K.C., Chern, J.C. and Lai, J.S. (2005), "Real-time monitoring of local scour by using fiber bragg grating sensors", Smart Mater. Struct., 14(4), 664-670. https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/14/4/025
  33. Lin, Y.B., Lai, J.S., Chang, K.C., Chang, W.Y., Lee, F.Z. and Tan, Y.C. (2010), "Using MEMS sensors in the bridge scour monitoring system", J. Chinese Inst. Engineers, 33(1), 25-35. https://doi.org/10.1080/02533839.2010.9671593
  34. Liu, Y.T., Tong, J.H., Lin, Y., Lee, T.H. and Chang, C.F. (2010), "Real-time bridge scouring safety monitoring system by using mobile wireless technology", Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Genetic and Evolutionary Computing (ICGEC), Shenzhen, China, IEEE.
  35. Lueker, M., Marr, J., Ellis, C., Hendrickson, A. and Winsted, V. (2010). "Bridge scour monitoring technologies: development of evaluation and selection protocols for application on river bridges in Minnesota", Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Scour and Erosion (ICSE-5), San Francisco, USA, November.
  36. Melville, B.W. and Coleman, S.E. (2000), Bridge scour, Water Resources Publication, CO, USA.
  37. Melville, B.W. and Raudkivi, A.J. (1996), "Effects of foundation geometry on bridge pier scour", J. Hydraulic Eng, 122(4), 203-209. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1996)122:4(203)
  38. Millard, S.G., Bungey, J.H., Thomas, C., Soutsos, M.N., Shaw, M.R. and Patterson, A. (1998), "Assessing bridge pier scour by radar", NDT & E Int., 31(4), 251-258. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0963-8695(98)00006-1
  39. Minard, C.J. (1856), De la chute des ponts dans les grandes crues, Collections de l'Ecole nationale des ponts et chaussees, Paris, France.
  40. Park, I., Lee, J. and Cho, W. (2004). "Assessment of bridge scour and riverbed variation by a ground penetrating radar", Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR 2004), Delft, The Netherlands, IEEE, 1, 411-414.
  41. Parsons, R.L., Bennett, C., Han, J. and Lin, C. (2014), Case history analysis of bridge failures due to scour, Climate Effects on Pavement and Geotechnical Infrastructure, ASCE Publications.
  42. Precht, E., Franke, U., Polerecky, L. and Huettel, M. (2004), "Oxygen dynamics in permeable sediments with wave-driven pore water exchange", Limnol. Oceanogr., 49(3), 693-705. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2004.49.3.0693
  43. Richardson, J.R., Price, G.R., Richardson, E.V. and Lagasse, P.F. (1996), Modular magnetic scour monitoring device and method for using the same, U.S. Patent No. 5,532,687, Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, USA.
  44. Shirazi, M.A. and Seim, W.K. (1981), "Stream system evaluation with emphasis on spawning habitat for salmonids", Water Resour. Res., 17(3), 592-594. https://doi.org/10.1029/WR017i003p00592
  45. Soulsby, R. (1997), Dynamics of marine sands a manual for practical applications, Telford, London.
  46. Stern, O. and Volmer, M. (1919), "Uber die abklingungszeit der fluoreszenz", Physikalische Zeitschrift, 20, 183-188.
  47. Sumer, B.M. (2007), "Mathematical modelling of scour: a review", J. Hydraul. Res., 45(6), 723-735. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221686.2007.9521811
  48. Tonkin, S., Yeh, H., Kato, F. and Sato, S. (2003), "Tsunami scour around a cylinder", J. Fluid Mech., 496, 165-192. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112003006402
  49. van Rijn, L. (1984), "Sediment transport, part III: bed forms and alluvial roughness", J. Hydraul. Eng,, 110(12), 1733-1754. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1984)110:12(1733)
  50. White, K. (1992), Bridge maintenance inspection and evaluation, (2nd Ed.), CRC Press, USA.
  51. Wingrove, J. (2013), Train cars carrying petroleum products safely removed from partially collapsed Calgary bridge, The Globe and Mail, June.
  52. Xiong, W., Cai, C.S. and Kong, X. (2012), "Instrumentation design for bridge scour monitoring using fiber bragg grating sensors", Appl. Optics, 51(5), 547-557. https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.51.000547
  53. Yankielun, N. and Zabilansky, L. (1999), "Laboratory investigation of time-domain reflectometry system for monitoring bridge scour", J. Hydraul. Eng., 125(12), 1279-1284. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1999)125:12(1279)
  54. Yao, C., Darby, C., Hurlebaus, S., Price, G., Sharma, H., Hunt, B., Yu, O., Chang, K. and Briaud, J. (2010), "Scour monitoring development for two bridges in Texas", Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Scour and Erosion (ICSE-5), San Francisco, USA, November.
  55. Yu, X. and Yu, X. (2010), Field Monitoring of Scour Critical Bridges: A Pilot Study of Time Domain Reflectometry Real Time Automatic Bridge Scour Monitoring System, Ohio Department of Transportation, Ohio, USA.
  56. Yu, X. and Zabilansky, L. (2010). "Time domain reflectometry for automatic bridge scour monitoring", Site and Geomaterial Characterization, Shanghai, China.
  57. Zhou, Z., Huang, M., Huang, L., Ou, J. and Chen, G. (2011), "An optical fiber bragg grating sensing system for scour monitoring", Adv. Struct. Eng., 14(1), 67-78. https://doi.org/10.1260/1369-4332.14.1.67

피인용 문헌

  1. Dissolved Oxygen Sensors for Scour Monitoring 2016, https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2016.2613123
  2. Laboratory validation of buried piezoelectric scour sensing rods vol.24, pp.9, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1002/stc.1969
  3. Bridge scour monitoring using smart rocks based on magnetic field interference vol.27, pp.8, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665X/aacbf9
  4. Field Application of Magnet-Based Smart Rock for Bridge Scour Monitoring vol.24, pp.4, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0001366
  5. Densely distributed and real-time scour hole monitoring using piezoelectric rod sensors vol.22, pp.16, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1177/1369433219831124
  6. Warning Time-Based Framework for Bridge Scour Monitoring vol.25, pp.7, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)be.1943-5592.0001553
  7. Field experiment and numerical verification of the local scour depth of bridge pier with two smart rocks vol.249, pp.None, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.113345