Wind and Structures

  • 제20권6호
  • /
  • Pages.763-791
  • /
  • 2015
  • /
  • 1226-6116(pISSN)
  • /
  • 1598-6225(eISSN)
테크노프레스 (Techno-Press)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Characteristics of thunderstorms relevant to the wind loading of structures

  • Solari, Giovanni (Department of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engineering (DICCA), University of Genoa) ;
  • Burlando, Massimiliano (Department of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engineering (DICCA), University of Genoa) ;
  • De Gaetano, Patrizia (Department of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engineering (DICCA), University of Genoa) ;
  • Repetto, Maria Pia (Department of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engineering (DICCA), University of Genoa)
  • 투고 : 2015.01.02
  • 심사 : 2015.04.21
  • 발행 : 2015.06.25
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

"Wind and Ports" is a European project that has been carried out since 2009 to handle wind forecast in port areas through an integrated system made up of an extensive in-situ wind monitoring network, the numerical simulation of wind fields, the statistical analysis of wind climate, and algorithms for medium-term (1-3 days) and short term (0.5-2 hours) wind forecasting. The in-situ wind monitoring network, currently made up of 22 ultrasonic anemometers, provides a unique opportunity for detecting high resolution thunderstorm records and studying their dominant characteristics relevant to wind engineering with special concern for wind actions on structures. In such a framework, the wind velocity of thunderstorms is firstly decomposed into the sum of a slowly-varying mean part plus a residual fluctuation dealt with as a non-stationary random process. The fluctuation, in turn, is expressed as the product of its slowly-varying standard deviation by a reduced turbulence component dealt with as a rapidly-varying stationary Gaussian random process with zero mean and unit standard deviation. The extraction of the mean part of the wind velocity is carried out through a moving average filter, and the effect of the moving average period on the statistical properties of the decomposed signals is evaluated. Among other aspects, special attention is given to the thunderstorm duration, the turbulence intensity, the power spectral density and the integral length scale. Some noteworthy wind velocity ratios that play a crucial role in the thunderstorm loading and response of structures are also analyzed.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Abd-Elaal, E.S., Mills, J.E. and Ma, X. (2014), "Empirical models for predicting unsteady-state downburst wind speeds", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 129, 49-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2014.03.011
  2. Burlando, M., Carassale, L., Georgieva, E., Ratto, C.F. and Solari, G. (2007), "A simple and efficient procedure for the numerical simulation of wind fields in complex terrain", Bound. Lay. Meteorol., 125(3), 417-439. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-007-9196-3
  3. Burlando, M., Freda, A., Ratto, C.F. and Solari, G. (2010), "A pilot study of the wind speed along the Rome-Naples HS/HC railway line. Part 1-Numerical modelling and wind simulations", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 98, 392-403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2009.12.006
  4. Burlando, M., De Gaetano, P., Pizzo, M., Repetto, M.P., Solari, G. and Tizzi, M. (2013), "Wind climate analysis in complex terrain", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 123, 349-362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2013.09.016
  5. Burlando, M., Pizzo, M., Repetto, M.P., Solari, G., De Gaetano and P., Tizzi, M. (2014), "Short-term wind forecasting for the safety management of complex areas during hazardous wind events", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 135, 170-181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2014.07.006
  6. Burlando, M., De Gaetano, P., Pizzo, M., Repetto, M.P., Solari, G. and Tizzi, M. (2015), "The European project 'Wind, Port and Seas'", Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Wind Engineering, Porto Alegre, Brasil.
  7. Castino, F., Rusca, L. and Solari, G. (2003), "Wind climate micro-zoning: A pilot application to Liguria Region (North-Western Italy)", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 91, 1353-1375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2003.08.004
  8. Chay, M.T., Albermani, F. and Wilson, B. (2006), "Numerical and analytical simulation of downburst wind loads", Eng. Struct., 28(2), 240-254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2005.07.007
  9. Chay, M.T., Wilson, R. and Albermani, F (2008), "Gust occurrence in simulated non-stationary winds", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 96(10-11), 2161-2172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2008.02.059
  10. Chen, L. and Letchford, C.W. (2004), "A deterministic-stochastic hybrid model of downbursts and its impact on a cantilevered structure", Eng. Struct., 26(5), 619-629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2003.12.009
  11. Chen, L. and Letchford, C.W. (2005), "Proper orthogonal decomposition of two vertical profiles of full-scale nonstationary correlated downburst wind speeds", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 93(3), 187-266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2004.11.004
  12. Chen, L. and Letchford, C.W. (2006), "Multi-scale correlation analyses of two lateral profiles of full-scale downburst wind speeds", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 94, 675-696. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2006.01.021
  13. Chen, L. and Letchford, C.W. (2007), "Numerical simulation of extreme winds from thunderstorm downbursts", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 95, 977-990. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2007.01.021
  14. Choi, E.C.C. (2000), "Wind characteristics of tropical thunderstorms", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 84, 215-226. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6105(99)00054-9
  15. Choi, E.C.C. (2004), "Field measurement and experimental study of wind speed during thunderstorms", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 92, 275-290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2003.12.001
  16. Choi, E.C.C. and Hidayat, F.A. (2002a), "Gust factors for thunderstorm and non-thunderstorm winds", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 90, 1683-1696. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6105(02)00279-9
  17. Choi, E.C.C. and Hidayat, F.A. (2002b), "Dynamic response of structures to thunderstorm winds", Prog. Struct. Eng. Mat., 4(4), 408-416. https://doi.org/10.1002/pse.132
  18. De Gaetano, P., Repetto, M.P., Repetto, T. and Solari, G. (2013), "Separation and classification of extreme wind events from anemometric data", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 126, 132-143.
  19. Duranona, V., Sterling, M. and Baker, C.J. (2006), "An analysis of extreme non-synoptic winds", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 95, 1007-1027.
  20. Engineering Sciences Data Unit (1993), Computer program for wind speeds and turbulence properties: flat or hill sites in terrain with roughness changes, ESDU Item 92032, London, U.K.
  21. Fujita, T.T. (1990), "Downburst: meteorological features and wind field characteristics", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 36, 75-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6105(90)90294-M
  22. Geerts, B. (2001), "Estimating downburst-related maximum surface wind speeds by means of proximity soundings in New South Wales, Australia", Weather Forecast, 16(2), 261-269. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0434(2001)016<0261:EDRMSW>2.0.CO;2
  23. Gunter, W.S. and Schroeder, J.L. (2013), "High-resolution full-scale measurements of thunderstorm outflow winds", Proceedings of the 12th Americas Conference on Wind Engineering, Seattle, Washington.
  24. Holmes, J.D. and Oliver, S.E. (2000), "An empirical model of a downburst", Eng. Struct., 22(9), 1167-1172. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0296(99)00058-9
  25. Holmes, J.D., Hangan, H.M., Schroeder, J.L., Letchford, C.W. and Orwig, K.D. (2008), "A forensic study of the Lubbock-Reese downdraft of 2002", Wind Struct., 11(2), 19-39. https://doi.org/10.12989/was.2008.11.1.019
  26. Kasperski, M. (2002), "A new wind zone map of Germany", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 90, 1271-1287. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6105(02)00257-X
  27. Kim, J. and Hangan, H. (2007), "Numerical simulations of impinging jets with application to downbursts", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 95(4), 279-298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2006.07.002
  28. Kwon, D.K. and Kareem, A. (2009), "Gust-front factor: New framework for wind load effects on structures", J. Struct. Eng.-ASCE, 135(6), 717-732. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2009)135:6(717)
  29. Lombardo, F.T., Smith, D.A., Schroeder, J.L. and Mehta, K.C. (2014), "Thunderstorm characteristics of importance to wind engineering", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 125, 121-132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2013.12.004
  30. Mason, M.S., Wood, G.S. and Fletcher, D.F. (2009), "Numerical simulation of downburst winds", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 97, 523-539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2009.07.010
  31. McCullough, M., Kwon, D.K., Kareem, A. and Wang, L. (2014), "Efficacy of averaging interval for nonstationary winds", J. Eng. Mech.-ASCE, 140(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0000641
  32. Olesen, H.R., Larsen, S.E. and Hojstrup, J. (1984), "Modelling velocity spectra in the lower part of the planetary boundary layer", Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 29(3), 285-312. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00119794
  33. Orf, L., Kantor, E. and Savory, E. (2012), "Simulation of a downburst-producing thunderstorm using a very high-resolution three-dimensional cloud model", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 104-106, 547-557. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2012.02.020
  34. Orwig, K.D. and Schroeder, J.L. (2007), "Near-surface wind characteristics of extreme thunderstorm outflows", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 95, 565-584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2006.12.002
  35. Riera, J.D. and Ponte, J. Jr. (2012), "Recent Brazilian research on thunderstorm winds and their effects on structural design", Wind Struct., 15(2), 111-129. https://doi.org/10.12989/was.2012.15.2.111
  36. Solari, G. (1987), "Turbulence modeling for gust loading", J. Struct. Eng.-ASCE, 113(7), 1550-1569. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1987)113:7(1550)
  37. Solari, G. (1993), "Gust buffeting. I: peak wind velocity and equivalent pressure", J. Struct. Eng.-ASCE, 119(2), 365-382. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1993)119:2(365)
  38. Solari, G. (2014), "Emerging issues and new scenarios for wind loading on structures in mixed climates", Wind Struct., 19(3), 295-320. https://doi.org/10.12989/was.2014.19.3.295
  39. Solari, G., De Gaetano, P. and Repetto, M.P. (2015), "Thunderstorm response spectrum: fundamentals and case study", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 143, 62-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2015.04.009
  40. Solari, G. and Piccardo, G. (2001), "Probabilistic 3-D turbulence modeling for gust buffeting of structures", Prob. Eng. Mech., 16(1), 73-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0266-8920(00)00010-2
  41. Solari, G., Repetto, M.P., Burlando, M., De Gaetano, P., Pizzo, M., Tizzi, M. and Parodi, M. (2012), "The wind forecast for safety and management of port areas", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 104-106, 266-277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2012.03.029
  42. Solari, G. and Tubino, F. (2002), "A turbulence model based on principal components", Prob. Eng. Mech., 17(4), 327-335. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0266-8920(02)00016-4
  43. Vermeire, B.C., Orf, L.G. and Savory, E. (2011), "Improved modeling of downburst outflows for wind engineering applications using a cooling source approach", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 99, 801-814. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2011.03.003
  44. Wood, G.S., Kwok, K.C.S., Motteram, N.A. and Fletcher, D.F. (2001), "Physical and numerical modelling of thunderstorm downburst", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 89, 535-552. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6105(00)00090-8
  45. Xu, Z. and Hangan, H. (2008), "Scale, boundary and inlet condition effects on impinging jets", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 96, 2383-2402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2008.04.002

피인용 문헌

  1. Review on dynamic and quasi-static buffeting response of transmission lines under synoptic and non-synoptic winds vol.112, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.01.003
  2. Aero-elastic testing of multi-spanned transmission line subjected to downbursts vol.169, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2017.07.010
  3. Analysis of buffeting response of hinged overhead transmission conductor to nonstationary winds vol.147, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.06.009
  4. Some critical issues on the distribution of the maximum value of the wind-excited response of structures 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.probengmech.2017.07.003
  5. Field Data Analysis and Weather Scenario of a Downburst Event in Livorno, Italy, on 1 October 2012 vol.145, pp.9, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-17-0018.1
  6. Thunderstorm response spectrum: Fundamentals and case study vol.143, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2015.04.009
  7. Hybrid simulation of thunderstorm outflows and wind-excited response of structures vol.52, pp.13, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11012-017-0718-x
  8. A refined analysis of thunderstorm outflow characteristics relevant to the wind loading of structures 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.probengmech.2017.06.003
  9. Longitudinal force on transmission towers due to non-symmetric downburst conductor loads vol.127, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.08.030
  10. Thunderstorm response spectrum technique: Theory and applications vol.108, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2015.11.012
  11. Integrated tools for improving the resilience of seaports under extreme wind events vol.32, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2017.03.022
  12. Near-ground turbulence of the Bora wind in summertime vol.147, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2015.09.013
  13. Critical load cases for lattice transmission line structures subjected to downbursts: Economic implications for design of transmission lines vol.159, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.12.043
  14. A web-based GIS platform for the safe management and risk assessment of complex structural and infrastructural systems exposed to wind vol.117, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advengsoft.2017.03.002
  15. Statistical characteristics of convective wind gusts in Germany vol.17, pp.6, 2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-17-957-2017
  16. Monitoring, cataloguing, and weather scenarios of thunderstorm outflows in the northern Mediterranean vol.18, pp.9, 2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-18-2309-2018
  17. Evolutionary Spectra-Based Time-Varying Coherence Function and Application in Structural Response Analysis to Downburst Winds vol.144, pp.7, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002066
  18. Property of a Typical Urban Thunderstorm Outflow Relevant to Wind Load on Structures vol.218, pp.1755-1315, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/218/1/012086
  19. Bora wind characteristics for engineering applications vol.24, pp.6, 2015, https://doi.org/10.12989/was.2017.24.6.579
  20. Characteristics of downslope winds in the Liguria Region vol.24, pp.6, 2015, https://doi.org/10.12989/was.2017.24.6.613
  21. Review of downslope windstorms in Japan vol.24, pp.6, 2017, https://doi.org/10.12989/was.2017.24.6.637
  22. Wind characteristics at Sutong Bridge site using 8-year field measurement data vol.25, pp.2, 2015, https://doi.org/10.12989/was.2017.25.2.195
  23. Extreme wind speed distribution in a mixed wind climate vol.176, pp.None, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2018.03.019
  24. Aero-elastic response of transmission line system subjected to downburst wind: Validation of numerical model using experimental data vol.27, pp.2, 2015, https://doi.org/10.12989/was.2018.27.2.071
  25. Aerodynamic loading of a typical low-rise building for an experimental stationary and non-Gaussian impinging jet vol.28, pp.5, 2015, https://doi.org/10.12989/was.2019.28.5.315
  26. Directional response of structures to thunderstorm outflows vol.54, pp.9, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11012-019-00986-5
  27. Fast Convolution Integration-Based Nonstationary Response Analysis of Linear and Nonlinear Structures with Nonproportional Damping vol.145, pp.8, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)em.1943-7889.0001633
  28. Quantitative Assessment of Nonstationarity of Wind Speed Signal Using Recurrence Plot vol.32, pp.6, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)as.1943-5525.0001092
  29. A novel approach to scaling experimentally produced downburst-like impinging jet outflows vol.196, pp.None, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2019.104025
  30. Thunderstorm Downbursts and Wind Loading of Structures: Progress and Prospect vol.6, pp.None, 2020, https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2020.00063
  31. Life-Cycle Cost Analysis of a Point-Like Structure Subjected to Tornadic Wind Loads vol.146, pp.2, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)st.1943-541x.0002480
  32. Characteristics of Wind Structure and Nowcasting of Gust Associated with Subtropical Squall Lines over Hong Kong and Shenzhen, China vol.11, pp.3, 2020, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11030270
  33. Numerical characterization of downburst wind field at WindEEE dome vol.30, pp.3, 2015, https://doi.org/10.12989/was.2020.30.3.231
  34. A comparative study of the wind characteristics of three typhoons based on stationary and nonstationary models vol.101, pp.3, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-020-03894-0
  35. Experimental investigation on non-stationary wind loading effects generated with a multi-blade flow device vol.96, pp.None, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2020.103049
  36. Time-Varying Multiscale Spatial Correlation: Simulation and Application to Wind Loading of Structures vol.146, pp.7, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)st.1943-541x.0002689
  37. Characterizing Thunderstorm Gust Fronts near Complex Terrain vol.148, pp.8, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-19-0316.1
  38. Towards performance-based design under thunderstorm winds: a new method for wind speed evaluation using historical records and Monte Carlo simulations vol.31, pp.2, 2020, https://doi.org/10.12989/was.2020.31.2.085
  39. Investigation of the Transient Nature of Thunderstorm Winds from Europe, the United States, and Australia Using a New Method for Detection of Changepoints in Wind Speed Records vol.148, pp.9, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-19-0312.1
  40. Non-stationary dynamic structural response to thunderstorm outflows vol.62, pp.None, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.probengmech.2020.103103
  41. A Refined Study of Atmospheric Wind Properties in the Beijing Urban Area Based on a 325 m Meteorological Tower vol.12, pp.6, 2015, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12060786
  42. Generating unconventional wind flow in an actively controlled multi-fan wind tunnel vol.33, pp.2, 2015, https://doi.org/10.12989/was.2021.33.2.115
  43. Damage to transmission towers under thunderstorm winds vol.4, pp.2, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1002/cepa.1294
  44. Modal properties of a vertical axis wind turbine in operating and parked conditions vol.242, pp.None, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.112587
  45. Numerical investigation of flow around a square cylinder in accelerated flow vol.33, pp.10, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0062282
  46. Characteristics and Vertical Profiles of Mean Wind and Turbulence for Typhoon, Monsoon, and Thunderstorm Winds vol.147, pp.11, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)st.1943-541x.0003156
  47. Parametric study of the quasi-static response of wind turbines in downburst conditions using a numerical model vol.250, pp.None, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.113440
  48. Practical Approach to Digitally Simulate Nonsynoptic Wind Velocity Profiles and Its Implications on the Response of Monopole Towers vol.148, pp.1, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)st.1943-541x.0003228