The Proceeding of the Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science (한국전자파학회지:전자파기술)

The Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science (한국전자파학회)
권호 표지

전자파 노출에 따른 생물학적 영향에 관한 최신 고찰과 전망

  • Published : 2015.03.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Keywords

References

  1. Abdel-Rassoul G, Abou El-Fateh O, Abou Salem M, et al., "Neurobehavioral effects among inhabitants around mobile phone base stations", Neurotox., 28(2), 434-440, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2006.07.012
  2. Agarwal A, Desai NR, Makker K, Varghese A, Mouradi R, Sabanegh E et al., "Effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves (RF-EMW) from cellular phones on human ejaculated semen: An in vitro pilot study", Fertil Steril., 92(4), 1318-1325, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.08.022
  3. Al-Sarraf H, Philip L, "Effect of hypertension on the integrity of blood brain and blood CSF barriers, cerebral blood flow and CSF secretion in the rat", Brain Res., 975(1/2), pp. 179-88, 2003. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-8993(03)02632-5
  4. Ammari M, Jeljeli M, Maaroufi K, Roy V, Sakly M and Abdelmelek H, "Static magneticfield exposure affects behavior and learning in rats", Electromagnetic Biologyand Medicine., 27(2), pp. 185-96, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1080/15368370802072158
  5. Arendash GW1, Sanchez-Ramos J, Mori T, Mamcarz M, Lin X, Runfeldt M, Wang L, Zhang G, Sava V, Tan J and Cao C, "Electromagnetic field treatment protects against and reverses cognitive impairmentin Alzheimer's disease mice", J. Alzheimer's Dis., 19, pp. 191-210, 2010. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-2010-1228
  6. Awad SM, Hassan NS, "Health risks of electromagnetic radiation from mobile phone on brain of rats", J. Appl. Sci. Res., 4(12), pp. 1994-2000, 2008.
  7. Baan R, Grosse Y, Lauby-Secretan B et al., "Carcinogenicity of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields", The Lancet Oncology, 12(7), pp. 624-626, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(11)70147-4
  8. Baek S, Quan X, Kim S, Lengner C, Park JK and Kim J, "Electromagnetic fields mediate efficient cell reprogramming into a pluripotent state", ACS Nano., 28; 8(10), pp. 10125-10138, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn502923s
  9. Banaceur S, Banasr S, Sakly M and Abdelmelek H, "Whole body exposure to 2.4 GHz WIFI signals: Effects on cognitive impairment in adult triple transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (3xTg-AD)", Behav. Brain Res., 240, pp. 197-201, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2012.11.021
  10. Barr R, Jones D and Llanwyn RCJ, "ELF and VLF radio waves", Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics., 62(17-18), pp. 1689-1718, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6826(00)00121-8
  11. Benson VS, Pirie K, Schuz J, Reeves GK, Beral V and Green J, "Million women study collaborators. Mobile phone use and risk of brain neoplasms and other cancers: Prospective study", Int. J. Epidemiol., 42(3), pp. 792-802, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyt072
  12. Bertolino G, de Freitas BA, de Oliveira L do CRK, de Brito JLC and de Araujo JE, "Macroscopic and histological effects of magnetic field exposition in the process of tissue reparation in Wistar rats", Arch. Dermatol. Res., 298(3), pp. 121-126, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00403-006-0667-z
  13. Braune S, Wrocklage C, Raczek J, Gailus T and Lucking CH, "Resting blood pressure increase during exposure to a radiofrequency electromagnetic field", Lancet., 20;351(9119), pp. 1857-1858, Jun. 1998. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(98)24025-6
  14. Byun YH, Ha M, Kwon HJ, Hong YC, Leem JH, Sakong J, Kim SY, Lee CG, Kang D, Choi HD and Kim N, "Mobile phone use, blood lead levels, and attention deficit hyperactivity symptoms in children: A longitudinal study", PLoS One., 8(3):e59742, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0059742
  15. Cane V, Botti P and Soana S, "Pulsed magnetic fields improve osteoblast activity during the repair of an experimental osseous defect", J. Orthop. Res., 11(5), pp. 664-670, 1993. https://doi.org/10.1002/jor.1100110508
  16. Cassel JC, Cosquer B, Galani R and Kuster N, "Wholebody exposure to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields does not alter radial-maze performance in rats", Behavior and Brain Research, 155, pp. 37-43, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2004.03.031
  17. Cassel JC, Kelche C, "Scopolamine treatment and fimbriafornix lesions: Mimetic effects on radial maze performance", Physiol. Behav., 46(3), pp. 347-353, 1989. https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9384(89)90002-4
  18. Cobb BL, Jauchem JR and Adair ER, "Radial arm maze performance of rats following repeated low level microwave radiation exposure. Bioeletromagnetics, 25(1), pp. 49-57, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.10148
  19. Consales C, Merla C, Marino C and Benassi B, "Electromagnetic fields, oxidative stress and neurodegeneration", Int. J. Cell Biol., 2012, p. 683897, 2012.
  20. Cosquer B, Galani R, Kuster N and Cassel JC, "Whole-body exposure to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields does not alter anxiety responses in rats: A plus-maze study including test validation", Behav. Brain Res., 156(1), pp. 65-74, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2004.05.007
  21. Cosquer B, Vasconcelos AP, Frohlich J and Cassel JC, "Blood-brain barrier and electromagnetic fields: Effects of scopolamine methylbromide on working memory after whole-body exposure to 2.45 GHz microwaves in rats", Behav. Brain Res., 20;161(2), pp. 229-237, Jun. 2005a. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2005.02.025
  22. D'Andrea JA, Chou CK, Johnston SA and Adair ER, "Microwave effects on the nervous system", Bioelectromagnetics, (Suppl. 6), pp. S107-147, 2003.
  23. Demsia G, Vlastos D and Matthopoulos DP, "Effect of 910-MHz electromagnetic field on rat bone marrow", The Scientific World Journal, 4(S2), pp. 48-54, 2004.
  24. De Iuliis GN, Newey RJ, King BV and Aitken RJ, "Mobile phone radiation induces reactive oxygen species production and DNA damage in human spermatozoa in vitro", PLOS ONE, 4(7), e6446, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0006446
  25. Dubey RB, Hanmandlu M and Gupta SK, "Risk of brain tumors from wireless phone use", J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr., 34(6), pp. 799-807, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1097/RCT.0b013e3181ed9b54
  26. Dubreuil D, Jay T and Edeline JM, "Does head-only exposure to GSM-900 electromagneticfields affect the performance of rats in spatial learning tasks?" Behaviorand Brain Research, 129, pp. 203-210, 2002. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-4328(01)00344-8
  27. Dubreuil D, Jay T and Edeline JM, "Head-only exposure to GSM 900-MHz electromagneticfields does not alter rat's memory in spatial and non-spatial tasks", Behavior and Brain Research, 145, pp. 51-61, 2003. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-4328(03)00100-1
  28. Ebert U, Kirch W, "Scopolamine model of dementia: Electroencephalogram findings and cognitive performance", Eur. J. Clin. Invest., 28(11), pp. 944-949, 1998. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2362.1998.00393.x
  29. Elder JA, "Ocular effects of radiofrequency energy", Bioelectromagnetics, 6, pp. S148-161, 2003.
  30. Elliott P, Toledano MB, Bennett J, Beale L, de Hoogh K, Best N and Briggs DJ, "Mobile phone base stations and early childhood cancers: Case-control study", BMJ, 340, c3077, 2001.
  31. Erogul O, Oztas E, Yildirim I, Kir T, Aydur E, Komesli G et al., "Effects of electromagnetic radiation from a cellular phone on human sperm motility: An in vitro study", Arch. Med. Res., 37(7): pp. 840-843, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arcmed.2006.05.003
  32. Falzone N, Huyser C, Becker P, Leszczynski D and Franken DR, "The effect of pulsed 900-MHz GSM mobile phone radiation on the acrosome reaction, head morphometry and zona binding of human spermatozoa". Int. J. Androl., 34(1), pp. 20-26, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2605.2010.01054.x
  33. Fiorani M, Biagiarelli B, Vetrano F, Guidi G, Dacha M and Stocchi V, "In vitro effects of 50 Hz magnetic fields on oxidatively damaged rabbit red blood cells bioelectromagnetics", Bioelectromagnetics, 18(2), pp. 125-131. 1997. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1521-186X(1997)18:2<125::AID-BEM5>3.0.CO;2-4
  34. Franke et al., "Electromagnetic fields (GSM 1800) do not alter blood-brain barrier permeability to sucrose in models in vitro with high barrier tightness", Bioelectromagnetics, 26(7): pp. 529-535, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.20123
  35. Frey AH, "Headaches from cellular telephones: Are they real and what are theimplications?", Environ. Health Perspect., 106(3), pp. 101-103, Mar. 1998. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.98106101
  36. Fritze K, Sommer C, Schmitz B, Mies G, Hossmann KA, Kiessling M et al., "Effect of global system for mobile communication (GSM) microwave exposure on blood-brain barrier permeability in rat", Acta Neuropathol. (Berl), 94(5) pp. 465-470, Nov. 1997. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004010050734
  37. Gonzalez FJ, "Thermal simulation of breast tumors", AGOSTO, 53(4), pp. 323-326, 2007.
  38. Grant G, Cadossi R and Steinberg G, "Protection against focal cerebral ischemia following exposure to a pulsed electromagnetic field", Bioelectromagnetics, 15(3), pp. 205-216, 1994. https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250150305
  39. Gutschi T, Mohamad Al-Ali B, Shamloul R, Pummer K and Trummer H, "Impact of cell phone use on men's semen parameters", Andrologia., 43(5), pp. 312-316, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0272.2011.01075.x
  40. Hardell L, Carlberg M and Hansson Mild K, "Use of cellular telephones and brain tumour risk in urban and rural areas. Occup", Environ. Med., 62, pp. 390-394, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.2004.017434
  41. Hardell L, Carlberg M, Soderqvist F, Mild KH and Morgan LL, "Long-term use of cellular phones and brain tumours: increased risk associated with use for > or = 10 years", Occup. Environ. Med., 64(9), pp. 626-632, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.2006.029751
  42. Handley SL, Mithani S, "Effects of alpha-adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists in a maze-exploration model of 'fear'-motivated behaviour", Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol., 327(1), pp. 1-5, 1984. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00504983
  43. Hoeijmakers JH, "DNA damage, aging, and cancer", N. Engl. J. Med., 361(15), pp. 1475-1485, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra0804615
  44. Hodges H, "Maze procedures: The radial-arm and water maze compared", Brain Res. Cognit. Brain Res., 3(3/4), pp. 167-181, 1996. https://doi.org/10.1016/0926-6410(96)00004-3
  45. Hollenbach DF, Herndon JM, "Deep-earth reactor, nuclear fission, helium, and the geomagnetic field", Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 98, pp. 11085-11090, U.S.A., 2001. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.201393998
  46. Hossmann KA, Hermann DM, "Effects of electromagnetic radiationof mobile phones on the central nervous system", Bioelectromagnetics, 24(1), pp. 49-62, 2003. https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.10068
  47. Hutter HP, Moshammer H, Wallner P and Kundi M, "Subjective symptoms, sleeping problems, and cognitive performance in subjects living near mobile phone base stations", Occup. Environ. Med., 63, pp. 307-313, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.2005.020784
  48. Johanson B, Olsson Y and Klatzo I, "The effect of acute arterial hypertension on the BBB to protein tracers", Acta Neuropathol., 16, pp. 117-124, 1970. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00687666
  49. Kilgallon SJ, Simmons LW, "Image content influences men's semen quality", Biol. Lett., 1(3), pp. 253-255, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2005.0324
  50. Kleinlogel H, Dierks T, Koenig T, Lehmann H, Minder A and Berz R, "Effects of weak mobile phone-electromagnetic fields (GSM, UMTS) on event related potentials and cognitive functions", Bioelectromagnetics, 29(6), pp. 488-497, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.20418
  51. Kolodynski AA, Kolodynska VV, "Motor and psychological functions of school children living in the area of the Skrunda Radio Location Station in Latvia", Sci. Total Environ., 180, pp. 87-93, 1996. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(95)04924-X
  52. Kumlin T, Iivonen H, Miettinen P, Juvonen A, van Groen T, Puranen L, et al., "Mobile phone radiation and the developing brain: Behavioral and morphological effects in juvenile rats", Radiation Research, 168, 471-479, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1667/RR1002.1
  53. Kuribayashi et al., "Lack of effects of 1439 MHz electromagnetic near field exposure on the blood-brain barrier in immature and young rats", Bioelectromagnetics, 26(7), pp. 578-588, 2008.
  54. Lai H, Carino MA, Horita A and Guy AW, "Single vs. repeated microwave exposure: Effects on benzodiazepine receptors in the brainof the rat", Bioelectromagnetics, 13(1), pp. 57-66, 1992. https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250130107
  55. Lai H, "Radial arm maze performance of rats following repeated low level microwave radiation exposure", Bioelectromagnetics, 26(2), p. 81, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.20093
  56. Lappin MS, Lawrie FW, Richards TL and Kramer ED, "Effects of a pulsed electromagnetic therapy on multiple sclerosis fatigue and quality of life: A double-blind, placebo controlled trial", Altern. Ther. Health Med., 9(4), pp. 38-48, 2003.
  57. Lai H, Horita A and Guy AW, "Microwave irradiation affects radial-arm maze performance in the rat", Bioelectromagnetics, 15(2), pp. 95-104, 1994. https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250150202
  58. Lai H, Singh NP, "Magnetic-field-induced DNA strand breaks in brain cells of the rat", Environmental Health Perspectives, 112(6), pp. 687-694, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.6355
  59. Lee S, Johnson D and Dunbar K, "2.45 GHz radiofrequency fields alter gene expression on cultured human cells", FEBS Letters, 579, pp. 4829-4836, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2005.07.063
  60. Leszczynski D, Joenvaara S, "Non-thermal activation of the hsp27/p38MAPK stress pathway by mobile phone radiation in human endothelial cells: Molecular mechanism for cancer - and blood-brain barrier - related effects", Differentiation, 70, pp. 120-129, 2002. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1432-0436.2002.700207.x
  61. Magras IN, Xenos TD, "RF radiation-induced changes in the prenatal development of mice", Bioelectromagnetics, 18, pp. 455-461, 1997. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1521-186X(1997)18:6<455::AID-BEM8>3.0.CO;2-1
  62. Mann K, Wagner P, Brunn G, Hassan F, Hiemke C and Roschke J, "Effects of pulsedhigh-frequency electromagnetic fields on the neuroendocrine system", Neuroendocrinology, 67(2), pp. 139-144, Feb. 1998. https://doi.org/10.1159/000054308
  63. Markov MS, "Expanding use of pulsed electromagnetic fieldtherapies", Electromagn. Biol. Med., 26(3), pp. 257-274, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1080/15368370701580806
  64. Martiny K, Lunde M and Bech P, "Transcranial low voltage pulsed electromagnetic fields in patients with treatment-resistant depression", Biol. Psychiatry, 68(2), pp. 163-169, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.02.017
  65. Mashevich M, Foldman D, Kesar et al., "Exposure of human peripheral blood lymphocytes to electromagnetic fields associated with cellular phones leads to chromosomal instability", Bioelectromagnetics, 24, pp. 82-90, 2003. https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.10086
  66. Micheau J, Van Marrewijk B, "Stimulation of 5-HT1A receptors bysystemic or medial septum injection induces anxiogenic-like effectsand facilitates acquisition of a spatial discrimination task in mice", Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol Biol. Psychiatry, 23(6), pp. 1113-1133, 1997.
  67. Millan MJ, "The neurobiology and control of anxious states", Prog. Neurobiol., 70(2), pp. 83-244, 2003. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-0082(03)00087-X
  68. Morato S, Castrechini P, "Effects of floor surface and environmentalillumination on exploratory activity in the elevated plus-maze", Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res., 22(6), pp. 707-710, 1989.
  69. Morgan LL, Miller AB, Sasco A and Davis DL, "Mobile phone radiation causes brain tumors and should be classified as a probable human carcinogen (2A) (Review)", Int. J. Oncol., 25, Feb. 2005.
  70. Morris RG, Garrud P, Rawlins JN and O'Keefe J, "Place navigation impaired in ratswith hippocampal lesions", Nature, 297, pp. 681-683, 1982. https://doi.org/10.1038/297681a0
  71. Mortazavi SA, Tavakkoli-Golpayegani A, Haghani M and Mortazavi SM, "Looking at the other side of the coin: The search for possible biopositive cognitive effects of the exposure to 900 MHz GSM mobile phone radiofrequency radiation", J. Environ. Health Sci. Eng., 26, 12:75, Apr. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1186/2052-336X-12-75
  72. Moser EI, Krobert KA, Moser MB and Morris RG, "Impaired spatial learning aftersaturation of long-term potentiation", Science, 281, pp. 2038-2042, 1998. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.281.5385.2038
  73. Moulder JE, Foster KR, Erdreich LS and McNamee JP, "Mobile phones, mobile phonebase stations and cancer: A review", Int. J. Radiat. Biol., 81(3), pp. 189-203, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1080/09553000500091097
  74. Myung SK, Ju W, McDonnell DD, Lee YJ, Kazinets G, Cheng CT and Moskowitz JM, "Mobile phone use and risk of tumors: A meta-analysis", J. Clin. Oncol., 20;27(33), pp. 5565-5572, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2008.21.6366
  75. Nittby H, Brun A, Eberhardt J et al., "Increased blood-brain barrier permeability in mammalian brain 7 days after exposure to the radiation from a GSM-900 mobile phone", Pathophysiology, 16, pp. 103-112, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pathophys.2009.01.001
  76. Ntzouni MP, Stamatakis A, Stylianopoulou F and Margaritis LH, "Short-term memory in mice is affected by mobile phone radiation", Pathophysiology, 18(3), pp. 193-199, Jun. 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pathophys.2010.11.001
  77. Oscar KJ, Hawkins TD, "Microwave alteration of the blood-brainbarrier system of rats", Brain Res., 126, pp. 281-293, 1977. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(77)90726-0
  78. Phillips JL, Singh NP and Lai H, "Electromagnetic fields and DNA damage", Pathophysiology, 16, pp. 79-88, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pathophys.2008.11.005
  79. Preece AW, Iwi G, Davies-Smith A, Wesnes K, Butler S, Lim E et al., "Effect of a 915-MHz simulated mobile phone signal on cognitive function in man", International Journal of Radiation Biology, 75, pp. 447-456, 1999. https://doi.org/10.1080/095530099140375
  80. Ray S, Behari J, "Physiological changes in rats after exposure to low levels of microwaves", Radiat. Res., 123(2), pp. 199-202, 1990. https://doi.org/10.2307/3577545
  81. Repacholi MH, "Low level exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic field: Health effects and research needs", Bioelectromagnetics, 19, 1-19, 1998. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1521-186X(1998)19:1<1::AID-BEM1>3.0.CO;2-5
  82. Repacholi MH, Lerchl A, Roosli M, Sienkiewicz Z, Auvinen A et al., "Systematic review of wireless phone use and brain cancer and other head tumors", Bioelectromagnetics, 33(3), pp. 187-206, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.20716
  83. Rodgers RJ, Dalvi A, "Anxiety, defence and the elevated plus-maze", Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 21(6), pp. 801-810, 1997. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0149-7634(96)00058-9
  84. Ruediger HW, "Genotoxic effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields", Pathophysiology, 16(2), pp. 89-102, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pathophys.2008.11.004
  85. Salford LG, Brun AE, Eberhardt JL, Malmgren L and Persson BR, "Nerve cell damage in mammalian brain after exposure to microwaves from GSM mobile phones", Environ. Health Perspect., 111(7), pp. 881-883, 2003. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.6039
  86. Salford LG, Brun A, Sturesson K, Eberhardt JL and Persson BR, "Permeability of the blood-brain barrier induced by 915 MHz electromagnetic radiation, continuous wave and modulated at 8, 16, 50, and 200 Hz", Microsc. Res. Tech., 27(6), pp. 535-542, 1994. https://doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070270608
  87. Salford LG, Henrietta N, Arne B, Gustav G et al., "The mammalian brain in the electromagnetic fields designed by man with special reference to blood-brain barrier function, neuronal damage and possible physical mechanisms", Physical Society of Japan, 173, pp. 283-309, 2008.
  88. Sannino A, Sarti M, Reddy SB, Prihoda TJ, Vijayalaxmi and Scarfi MR, "Inductionof adaptive response in human blood lymphocytes exposed toradiofrequency radiation", Radiat. Res., 171(6), pp. 735-742, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1667/RR1687.1
  89. Sannino A, Zeni O, Romeo S, Massa R, Gialanella G, Grossi G, Manti L, Vijayalaxmi L, Vijayalaxmi and Scarfi MR, "Adaptive response in human bloodlymphocytes exposed to non-ionizing radiofrequency fields: Resistanceto ionizing radiation-induced damage", J. Radiat. Res., 55(2), pp. 210-217, 2013.
  90. Santini R, Santini P, Danze JM et al., "Study of the health of people living in the vicinity of mobile phone base stations: 1. Influences of distance and sex", Pathol. Biol., 50, pp. 369-373, 2002. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0369-8114(02)00311-5
  91. Sarkar S, Ali S and Behari J, "Effect of low power microwave on the mouse genome: a direct DNA analysis", Mutat. Res., 320, pp. 141-147, 1994. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1218(94)90066-3
  92. Sienkiewicz ZJ, Blackwell RP, Haylock RG, Saunders RD and Cobb BL, "Low-levelexposure to pulsed 900 MHz microwave radiation does not cause deficitsin the performance of a spatial learning task in mice", Bioelectromagnetics, 21, pp. 151-158, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1521-186X(200004)21:3<151::AID-BEM1>3.0.CO;2-Q
  93. Stan G, Physics Demystified, McGraw-Hill. p. 474. ISBN 0071382011, 2002.
  94. Stewart A, Rao JN, Middleton JD, Pearmain P and Evans T. "Mobiletelecommunications and health: Report of an investigation into analleged cancer cluster in Sandwell", West Midlands Perspect Public Health, 132(6), pp. 299-304, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1177/1757913911427375
  95. Sutbeyaz ST, Sezer N, Koseoglu F and Kibar S, "Low-frequency pulsed electromagnetic field therapy in fibromyalgia: A randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled clinical study", Clin. J. Pain., 25(8), pp. 722-728, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0b013e3181a68a6c
  96. Sutton CH, Nunnaly RL and Carroll FB, "Protection of the microwave-irradiated brain with body-core hypothermia", Cryobiology, 10, p. 513, 1973.
  97. Swerdlow AJ, Feychting M, Green AC, LeekaKheifets LK and Savitz DA, "Mobile phones, brain tumors, and the interphone study: where are we now? Environ. Health Perspect., 119(11), pp. 1534-1538, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1103693
  98. Van Sorge, Nina M, "Defense at the border: The blood-brain barrier versus bacterial foreigners", Future Microbiol., 7(3), pp. 383-394, 2012. https://doi.org/10.2217/fmb.12.1
  99. Vijayalaxmi CY and Scarfi MR, "Adaptive response in mammalian cellsexposed to non-ionizing radiofrequency fields: A review and gaps inknowledge", Mutat. Res., 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2014.02.002.
  100. Volkow ND, Tomasi D, Wang G-J, Vaska P, Fowler JS, Telang F, Alexoff D and Logan J, "Effects of cell phone radiofrequency signal exposure on brain glucose meta-bolism", JAMA, 305(8), pp. 808-813, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.186
  101. Wagner P, Roschke J, Mann K, Hiller W and Frank C, "Human sleep under theinfluence of pulsed radiofrequency electromagnetic fields: Apolysomnographicstudy using standardized conditions", Bioelectromagnetics, 19(3), pp. 199-202, 1998. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1521-186X(1998)19:3<199::AID-BEM8>3.0.CO;2-X
  102. Wainwright P, "Thermal effects of radiation from cellular telephones", Phys. Med. Biol., 45(8), pp. 2363-2372, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/45/8/321
  103. Wall PM, Messier C, "The hippocampal formation-orbitomedialprefrontal cortex circuit in the attentional control of active memory", Behav. Brain Res., 127(1/2), pp. 99-117, 2001. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-4328(01)00355-2
  104. Wang B, Lai H, "Acute exposure to pulsed 2450-MHz microwavesaffects water-maze performance of rats", Bioelectromagnetics, 21(1), pp. 52-56, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1521-186X(200001)21:1<52::AID-BEM8>3.0.CO;2-6
  105. Wdowiak A, Wdowiak L and Wiktor E, "Evaluation of the effect of using mobile phones on male fertility", Ann. Agric. Environ. Med., 14(1), pp. 169-172, 2007.
  106. Wei Y, Xiaolin H and Tao S, "Effects of extremely low-frequency-pulsed electromagnetic field on different-derived osteoblast-like cells", Electromagn. Electromagn Biol. Med., 27(3), pp. 298-311, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1080/15368370802289604
  107. Xu S, Ning W, Xu Z, Zhou S, Chiang H and Luo J, "Chronic exposure to GSM 1800-MHz microwaves reduces excitatory synaptic activity in cultured hippocampalneurons", Neuroscience Letters, 398, pp. 253-257, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2006.01.004
  108. Xu S, Zhou Z, Zhang L, Zhang W, Wang Y, Wang X, Li M, Chen Y, Chen C, He M, Zhang G and Zhong M, "Exposure to 1800 MHZ radiofrequency radiation induces oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA in primary cultured neurons", Brain Research, 1311, pp. 189-196, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2009.10.062
  109. Yamaguchi H, Tsurita G, Ueno S, Watanabe S, Wake K, Taki M et al., "1439 MHz pulsed TDMA fields affect performance of rats in a T-maze task only when bodytemperature is elevated", Bioelectromagnetics, 24, pp. 223-230, 2003. https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.10099
  110. Zhao T, Zou S and Knapp P, "Exposure to cell phone radiation up-regulates apoptosis genes in primary cultures of neurons and astrocytes", Neurosci. Lett., 412(1), pp. 34-38, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2006.09.092