Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry

The Korean Society for Applied Biological Chemistry (한국응용생명화학회)
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Efficiency of Poultry Manure Biochar for Stabilization of Metals in Contaminated Soil

계분 바이오차를 이용한 토양 중금속 안정화 효율 평가

  • Lim, Jung Eun (Korea Biochar Research Center & Department of Biological Environment, Kangwon National University) ;
  • Lee, Sang Soo (Korea Biochar Research Center & Department of Biological Environment, Kangwon National University) ;
  • Ok, Yong Sik (Korea Biochar Research Center & Department of Biological Environment, Kangwon National University)
  • Received : 2014.09.12
  • Accepted : 2014.11.01
  • Published : 2015.03.31
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Abstract

Stabilization of heavy metals such as Pb, Cd, Zn, and Cu was evaluated in contaminated soil treated with poultry manure (PM) as well as its biochars pyrolyzed at $300^{\circ}C$ (PBC300) and $700^{\circ}C$ (PBC700) at the application rates of 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 wt% along with the control, prior to 21-days incubation. After incubation, soil pH was increased from 6.94 (control) to 7.51, 7.24, and 7.88 in soils treated with PM 10 wt%, PBC300 10 wt%, and PBC700 10 wt% treatments, respectively, mainly due to alkalinity of treatments. In the soil treated with PM, the concentrations of the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP)-extractable Pb, Cd, Zn, and Cu were increased by up to 408, 77, 24, and 955%, respectively, compared to the control. These increases may possibly be associated with an increased dissolved organic carbon concentration by the PM addition. However, in the soil treated with PBC700, TCLP-extractable Pb, Cd, Zn, and Cu concentrations were reduced by up to 23, 38, 52, and 36%, respectively, compared to the control. Thermodynamic modelling using the visual MINTEQ was done to predict the precipitations of $Pb(OH)_2$, $Cu(OH)_2$ and P-containing minerals, such as chloropyromorphite [$Pb_5(PO_4)_3Cl$] and hydroxypyromorphite [$Pb_5(PO_4)_3OH$], in the PBC700 10 wt% treated soil. The SEM-elemental dot mapping analysis further confirmed the presence of Pb-phosphate species via dot mapping of PBC700 treated soil. These results indicate that the reduction of Pb concentration in the PBC700 treated soil is related to the formations of chloropyromorphite and hydroxypyromorphite which have very low solubility.

본 연구에서는 오염토양 내 중금속 안정화 효율 평가를 위해 계분(PM), $300^{\circ}C$에서 생산한 바이오차(PBC300), $700^{\circ}C$에서 생산한 바이오차(PBC700)를 2.5, 5.0, 10.0 wt% 수준으로 토양에 처리하고 21일 간 항온배양하였다. 항온배양 후 토양의 pH는 PM 10.0 wt%, PBC300 10.0 wt%, PBC700 10 wt% 처리구에서 각각 7.51, 7.24, 7.88로 나타나 무처리구(pH 6.94)에 비해 유의적으로 증가하였는데 이는 PM, PBC300, PBC700 자체의 알칼리성에 기인한 결과로 판단되었다. 중금속의 TCLP 용출시험 결과 PM 처리구의 경우 용출되는 납(142-408% 증가), 카드뮴(39-77% 증가), 아연(20-24% 증가), 구리(241-955% 증가)의 농도가 모두 증가하였으며, 이는 PM 처리 시 급격하게 증가된 토양 내 DOC와 관련된 것으로 판단되었다. 그러나 PBC700 처리구의 경우 납, 카드뮴, 아연, 구리의 농도가 모두 감소하여 안정화되었으며, 무처리구 대비 감소율은 각각 7-23, 11-38, 11-52, 19-36%으로 나타났다. MINTEQ을 이용한 열역학 모델링 결과 PBC700 10.0 wt% 처리구에서는 납과 구리 화학종의 경우 수산화물인 $Pb(OH)_2$, $Cu(OH)_2$의 침전이 예상되었다. 특히, 납의 경우 매우 낮은 용해도를 보유한 chloropyromorphite [$Pb_5(PO_4)_3Cl$], hydroxypyromorphite [$Pb_5(PO_4)_3OH$] 등의 침전이 예상되었다. 이와 함께 SEM-elemental dot mapping을 이용한 원소분포 조사 결과, 다른 처리구와 달리 PBC700 처리구의 경우 납과 인의 분포부분이 중첩되어 두 원소간의 연관성이 있는 것으로 판단되었다. 이를 종합할 때, PBC700 처리구의 납 용출 농도의 감소는 PBC700이 함유한 인과 오염토양에 존재하는 납이 매우 안정한 형태의 화학종인 chloropyromorphite, hydroxypyromorphite 등을 형성하면서 나타난 결과로 판단된다.

Keywords

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