Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences

Asian Australasian Association of Animal Production Societies (아세아태평양축산학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Milk Yield, Composition, and Fatty Acid Profile in Dairy Cows Fed a High-concentrate Diet Blended with Oil Mixtures Rich in Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

  • Thanh, Lam Phuoc (School of Animal Production Technology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology) ;
  • Suksombat, Wisitiporn (School of Animal Production Technology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology)
  • Received : 2014.10.16
  • Accepted : 2015.01.09
  • Published : 2015.06.01
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

To evaluate the effects of feeding linseed oil or/and sunflower oil mixed with fish oil on milk yield, milk composition and fatty acid (FA) profiles of dairy cows fed a high-concentrate diet, 24 crossbred primiparous lactating dairy cows in early lactation were assigned to a completely randomized design experiment. All cows were fed a high-concentrate basal diet and 0.38 kg dry matter (DM) molasses per day. Treatments were composed of a basal diet without oil supplement (Control), or diets of (DM basis) 3% linseed and fish oils (1:1, w/w, LSO-FO), or 3% sunflower and fish oils (1:1, w/w, SFO-FO), or 3% mixture (1:1:1, w/w) of linseed, sunflower, and fish oils (MIX-O). The animals fed SFO-FO had a 13.12% decrease in total dry matter intake compared with the control diet (p<0.05). No significant change was detected for milk yield; however, the animals fed the diet supplemented with SFO-FO showed a depressed milk fat yield and concentration by 35.42% and 27.20%, respectively, compared to those fed the control diet (p<0.05). Milk c9, t11-conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) proportion increased by 198.11% in the LSO-FO group relative to the control group (p<0.01). Milk C18:3n-3 (ALA) proportion was enhanced by 227.27% supplementing with LSO-FO relative to the control group (p<0.01). The proportions of milk docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were significantly increased (p<0.01) in the cows fed LSO-FO (0.38%) and MIX-O (0.23%) compared to the control group (0.01%). Dietary inclusion of LSO-FO mainly increased milk c9, t11-CLA, ALA, DHA, and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), whereas feeding MIX-O improved preformed FA and unsaturated fatty acids (UFA). While the lowest n-6/n-3 ratio was found in the LSO-FO, the decreased atherogenecity index (AI) and thrombogenicity index (TI) seemed to be more extent in the MIX-O. Therefore, to maximize milk c9, t11-CLA, ALA, DHA, and n-3 PUFA and to minimize milk n-6/n-3 ratio, AI and TI, an ideal supplement would appear to be either LSO-FO or MIX-O.

Keywords

References

  1. AbuGhazaleh, A. A. 2008. Effect of fish oil and sunflower oil supplementation on milk conjugated linoleic acid content for grazing dairy cows. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 141:220-232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.06.027
  2. Ahnadi, C. E., N. Beswick, L. Delbecchi, J. J. Kennelly, and P. Lacasse. 2002. Addition of fish oil to diets for dairy cows. II. Effects on milk fat and gene expression of mammary lipogenic enzymes. J. Dairy Res. 69:521-531.
  3. Allen, M. S. 2000. Effects of diet on short-term regulation of feed intake by lactating dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 83:1598-1624. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(00)75030-2
  4. Angulo, J., L. Mahecha, K. Nuernberg, G. Nuernberg, D. Dannenberger, M. Olivera, M. Boutinaud, C. Leroux, E. Albrecht, and L. Bernard. 2012. Effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids from plant oils and algae on milk fat yield and composition are associated with mammary lipogenic and SREBF1 gene expression. Animal. 6:1961-1972. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731112000845
  5. AOAC. 1998. Official Method of Analysis, sixteenth ed. AOAC International, Washington DC, USA.
  6. Bauman, D. E. and J. M. Griinari. 2001. Regulation and nutritional manipulation of milk fat: low-fat milk syndrome. Livest. Prod. Sci. 70:15-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-6226(01)00195-6
  7. Baumgard, L. H., B. A. Corl, D. A. Dwyer, A. Sae bo, and D. E. Bauman. 2000. Identification of the conjugated linoleic acid isomer that inhibits milk fat synthesis. Am. J. Physiol. 278:R179-R184.
  8. Benchaar, C., G. A. Romero-Perez, P. Y. Chouinard, F. Hassanat, M. Eugene, H. V. Petit, and C. Corte. 2012. Supplementation of increasing amounts of linseed oil to dairy cows fed total mixed rations: Effects on digestion, ruminal fermentation characteristics, protozoal populations, and milk fatty acid composition. J. Dairy Sci. 95:4578-4590. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2012-5455
  9. Bu, D. P., J. Q. Wang, T. R. Dhiman, and S. J. Liu. 2007. Effectiveness of oils rich in linoleic and linolenic acids to enhance conjugated linoleic acid in milk from dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 90:998-1007. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(07)71585-0
  10. Caroprese, M., A. Marzano, R. Marino, G. Gliatta, A. Muscio, and A. Sevi. 2010. Flaxseed supplementation improves fatty acid profile of cow milk. J. Dairy Sci. 93:2580-2588. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2008-2003
  11. Chilliard, Y., C. Martin, J. Rouel, and M. Doreau. 2009. Milk fatty acids in dairy cows fed whole crude linseed, extruded linseed, or linseed oil, and their relationship with methane output. J. Dairy Sci. 92:5199-5211. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2009-2375
  12. Chow, T. T., V. Fievez, A. P. Moloney, K. Raes, D. Demeyer, and S. De Smet. 2004. Effect of fish oil on in vitro rumen lipolysis, apparent biohydrogenation of linoleic and linolenic acid and accumulation of biohydrogenation intermediates. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 117:1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2004.08.008
  13. Coppock, C. E. and D. L. Wilks. 1991. Supplemental fat in highenergy rations for lactating cows: Effects on intake, digestion, milk yield, and composition. J. Anim. Sci. 69:3826-3837. https://doi.org/10.2527/1991.6993826x
  14. Cortes, C., D. C. da Silva-Kazama, R. Kazama, N. Gagnon, C. Benchaar, G. T. D. Santos, L. M. Zeoula, and H. V. Petit. 2010. Milk composition, milk fatty acid profile, digestion, and ruminal fermentation in dairy cows fed whole flaxseed and calcium salts of flaxseed oil. J. Dairy Sci. 93:3146-3157. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2009-2905
  15. Cortes, C., D. C. da Silva-Kazama, R. Kazama, C. Benchaar, G. T. D. Santos, L. M. Zeoula, and H. V. Petit. 2011. Intake and digestion of fatty acids by dairy cows fed whole flaxseed and Ca salts of flaxseed oil. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 169:270-274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.06.016
  16. Dairy Records Management Systems. 2014. DHI Glossary. http://www.drms.org/PDF/materials/glossary.pdf Accessed February 2014.
  17. Dewhurst, R. J., W. J. Fisher, J. K. S. Tweed, and R. J. Wilkins. 2003. Comparison of grass and legume silages for milk production. 1. Production responses with different levels of concentrate. J. Dairy Sci. 86:2598-2611. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73855-7
  18. Folch, J., M. Lees, and G. H. Sloane-Stanley. 1957. A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipides from animal tissues. J. Biol. Chem. 226:497-509.
  19. Gebauer, S. K., J. M. Chardigny, M. U. Jakobsen, B. Lamarche, A. L. Lock, S. D. Proctor, and D. J. Baer. 2011. Effects of ruminant trans fatty acids on cardiovascular disease and cancer: A comprehensive review of epidemiological, clinical, and mechanistic studies. Adv. Nutr. 2:332-354. https://doi.org/10.3945/an.111.000521
  20. Gradzka, I., B. Sochanowicz, K. Brzoska, G. Wojciuk, S. Sommer, M. Wojewodzka, A. Gasinska, C. Degen, G. Jahreis, and I. Szumiel. 2013. Cis-9,trans-11-conjugated linoleic acid affects lipid raft composition and sensitizes human colorectal adenocarcinoma HT-29 cells to X-radiation. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. General Subjects 1830:2233-2242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.10.015
  21. Grummer, R. R. 1991. Effect of feed on the composition of milk fat. J. Dairy Sci. 74:3244-3257. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78510-X
  22. Harvatine, K. J. and D. E. Bauman. 2006. SREBP1 and thyroid hormone responsive spot 14 (S14) are involved in the regulation of bovine mammary lipid synthesis during dietinduced milk fat depression and treatment with CLA. J. Nutr. 136:2468-2474. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/136.10.2468
  23. Huang, Y., J. P. Schoonmaker, B. J. Bradford, and D. C. Beitz. 2008. Response of milk fatty acid composition to dietary supplementation of soy oil, conjugated linoleic acid, or both. J. Dairy Sci. 91:260-270. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2007-0344
  24. Joyce, T., A. J. Wallace, S. N. McCarthy, and M. J. Gibney. 2009. Intakes of total fat, saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids in Irish children, teenagers and adults. Public Health Nutr. 12:156-165. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980008002772
  25. Lerch, S., A. Ferlay, K. J. Shingfield, B. Martin, D. Pomies, and Y. Chilliard. 2012. Rapeseed or linseed supplements in grassbased diets: Effects on milk fatty acid composition of Holstein cows over two consecutive lactations. J. Dairy Sci. 95:5221-5241. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2012-5337
  26. Mach, N., R. L. G. Zom, H. C. A. Widjaja, P. G. van Wikselaar, R. E. Weurding, R. M. A. Goselink, J. van Baal, M. A. Smits, and A. M. van Vuuren. 2013. Dietary effects of linseed on fatty acid composition of milk and on liver, adipose and mammary gland metabolism of periparturient dairy cows. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. 97:89-104. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpn.12042
  27. Martin, C., J. Rouel, J. P. Jouany, M. Doreau, and Y. Chilliard. 2008. Methane output and diet digestibility in response to feeding dairy cows crude linseed, extruded linseed, or linseed oil. J. Anim. Sci. 86:2642-2650. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2007-0774
  28. Murphy, J. J., M. Coakley and C. Stanton. 2008. Supplementation of dairy cows with a fish oil containing supplement and sunflower oil to increase the CLA content of milk produced at pasture. Livest. Sci. 116:332-337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2008.02.003
  29. Nantapo, C. T. W., V. Muchenje, and A. Hugo. 2014. Atherogenicity index and health-related fatty acids in different stages of lactation from Friesian, Jersey and Friesian$\times$Jersey cross cow milk under a pasture-based dairy system. Food Chem. 146:127-133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.09.009
  30. Neveu, C., B. Baurhoo, and A. Mustafa. 2014. Effect of feeding extruded flaxseed with different grains on the performance of dairy cows and milk fatty acid profile. J. Dairy Sci. 97:1543-1551. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2013-6728
  31. NRC. 2001. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle, seventh. Rev. ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, USA.
  32. Peterson, S. E., P. Rezamand, J. E. Williams, W. Price, M. Chanine, and M. A. McGuire. 2012. Effects of dietary betaine on milk yield and milk composition of mid-lactation Holstein dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 95:6557-6562. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2011-4808
  33. Romeu-Nadal, M., S. Morera-Pons, A. I. Castellote, and M. C. Lopez-Sabater. 2004. Comparison of two methods for the extraction of fat from human milk. Anal. Chim. Acta. 513:457-461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2004.02.038
  34. SAS. 2002. SAS software User's Guide, release 9.0. SAS Inst., Inc., Cary, NC, USA.
  35. Shingfield, K. J., C. K. Reynolds, G. Hervas, J. M. Griinari, A. S. Grandison, and D. E. Beever. 2006. Examination of the persistency of milk fatty acid composition responses to fish oil and sunflower oil in the diet of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 89:714-732. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72134-8
  36. Siegel, G. and E. Ermilov. 2012. Omega-3 fatty acids: Benefits for cardio-cerebro-vascular diseases. Atherosclerosis. 225:291-295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.09.006
  37. Silva, R. R., L. B. O. Rodrigues, M. de M. Lisboa, M. M. S. Pereira, and S. O. de Souza. 2014. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA): A review. Int. J. Appl. Sci. Technol. 4:154-170.
  38. Stergiadis, S., C. Leifert, C. J. Seal, M. D. Eyre, H. Steinshamn, and G. Butler. 2014. Improving the fatty acid profile of winter milk from housed cows with contrasting feeding regimes by oilseed supplementation. Food Chem. 164:293-300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.05.021
  39. Ulbricht, T. L. V. and D. A. T. Southgate. 1991. Coronary heart disease: Seven dietary factors. Lancet 338:985-992. https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(91)91846-M
  40. Vafa, T. S., A. A. Naserian, A. R. H. Moussavi, R. Valizadeh, and M. D. Mesgaran. 2012. Effect of supplementation of fish and canola oil in the diet on milk fatty acid composition in early lactating holstein cows. Asian Australas. J. Anim. Sci. 25:311-319. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2010.10014
  41. Van Soest, P. J., J. B. Robertson, and B. A. Lewis. 1991. Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and non-starch polysaccharides in relation to animal production. J. Dairy Sci. 74:3583-3597. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78551-2
  42. Wasowska, I., M. R. G. Maia, K. M. Niedzwiedzka, M. Czauderna, J. Ribeiro, E. Devillard, K. J. Shingfield, and R. J. Wallace. 2006. Influence of fish oil on ruminal biohydrogenation of C18 unsaturated fatty acids. Br. J. Nutr. 95:1199-1211. https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN20061783

Cited by

  1. Effect of dietary flax seed and oil on milk yield, gross composition, and fatty acid profile in dairy cows: A meta-analysis and meta-regression vol.100, pp.11, 2017, https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2017-12637
  2. Inclusion of Flaxseed, Broken Rice, and Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS) in Broiler Chicken Ration Alters the Fatty Acid Profile, Oxidative Stability, and Other Functional Properties of Meat vol.120, pp.6, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1002/ejlt.201700470
  3. Inclusion of Sunflower Oil in the Bovine Diet Improves Milk Nutritional Profile vol.11, pp.2, 2019, https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11020481
  4. Fatty acid profile of milk vol.333, pp.None, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/333/1/012057
  5. Effect of flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum) and soybean (Glycine max) oils in Egyptian lactating buffalo and cow diets on the milk and soft cheese quality vol.42, pp.None, 2015, https://doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v42i1.47200
  6. Effect of Soy Lecithin Supplementation in Beef Cows before Calving on Colostrum Composition and Serum Total Protein and Immunoglobulin G Concentrations in Calves vol.10, pp.5, 2015, https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10050765
  7. MicroRNA-193a-5p Regulates the Synthesis of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids by Targeting Fatty Acid Desaturase 1 (FADS1) in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells vol.11, pp.2, 2015, https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11020157
  8. Inclusion of soybean and linseed oils in the diet of lactating dairy cows makes the milk fatty acid profile nutritionally healthier for the human diet vol.16, pp.2, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246357
  9. Effects of Starch Level and a Mixture of Sunflower and Fish Oils on Nutrient Intake and Digestibility, Rumen Fermentation, and Ruminal Methane Emissions in Dairy Cows vol.11, pp.5, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11051310
  10. Effects of Inclusion of Schizochytrium spp. and Forage-to-Concentrate Ratios on Goats’ Milk Quality and Oxidative Status vol.10, pp.6, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10061322