Architectural research

Architectural Institute of Korea (대한건축학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Effects of Students' Perceived Safety of Public Outdoor Environment on Academic Achievement at University Campus

  • Kim, Wonpil (School of Architecture, Seoul National University of Science and Technology)
  • Received : 2014.10.07
  • Accepted : 2015.02.08
  • Published : 2015.03.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The physical environment can dramatically affect students' feeling and their behavior, educational attainment, and the way in which we do school activities. Unlimited access to campus areas without appropriate securities have reported an increase of crime in school area and safety issues has encouraged school facility planners to install securities devices at every corner of buildings. However, it is still questionable whether this approach is enough to protect students and staffs from the victimization of crime, including thefts, burglaries and sexual offences. There has been continued doubt about the safety of educational facilities where individual college students are studying and enjoying extra-curricular activities. Therefore, the purpose of this study is intended to investigate the effects of perception of safety by students on the level of academic performance at public outdoor environment of university campus. An extensive literature noted that the central element of modern school design principle mainly holds the theory of crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) and the concept of defensible space. The second generation of CPTED also focused on social soft issues as well as situational factors, which extends beyond mere physical design to include social factors. The correlation analysis found that the effect of sense of safety does appear to be statistically significant on the facilitation of academic achievement. However, the analysis of Chi-square concluded that the perception of safety was not related to demographic and socio-economic profiles of the group except for gender. Further, stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that the most prime predictor for academic achievement were 'safe public outdoor space/paths' at university campus environment, implying careful design of public open space and sidewalks based on the guideline of CPTED. The study also demonstrated that as the level of positive perception of safety rose, the overall academic achievement also responded to the specified rate (${\beta}=.99$). Finally, the findings reinforce an evidence that high-quality school environments are a positive factor in student academic performance.

Keywords

References

  1. Adams, J. and Crower, T.D., CPTED: Applying principles to offices and large cities. Security Australia 155(2), pp.36-39, 1995.
  2. Agron, J. Design Influences Student Performance, American School & University, Feb. 2013.
  3. Alas, Randal & Stan Young, Barry, University Security & CPTED Case Study, Atlas Safety & Security Design, INC. Miami, FL, 2007.
  4. Anderson, S. The relationship between school design variables and scores on the Iowa Test of Basic Skills, Athens, GA: Univ. of Georgia, 1999.
  5. Arbetter, L., A textbook case of campus security, Security Management, 38(9), pp.40-46, 1994.
  6. Barberet, R. & Fisher, B.S., Can Security beget insecurity? Security and crime prevention awareness and fear of burglary among university students in the East Midlands, Security Journal, 22(1), pp.3-23, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1057/sj.2008.9
  7. Berner, M. (1993) Building conditions, parental involvement, and student achievement in the District of Columbia public school system, Urban Education, 28, pp.6-29. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042085993028001002
  8. Brantingham, P.J. & Brantingham, P.L., Surveying campus crime: What can be done to reduce crime and fear? Security Journal 5(3), pp.160-171, 1994.
  9. Byun, Gi-dong & Ha, Mi-kyoung, A Study on Elementary School Educational Planning for Crime Safety-Focused on the survey of expertise, Korea Design Knowledge Society, pp. 200-211, 2014.
  10. Bennet, T. Situational Crime Prevention from the Offenders' Perceptive. In; K, Heal and G, Laycock (eds.) Situational Crime Prevention: From Theory into Practice. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1986.
  11. Cash, C.S. (1994). Building conditions and student achievement and behavior, Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia.
  12. Cleveland, G. & Saville, G., Second-generation CPTED: The rise and fall of opportunity theory, 21st Century and CPTED, 1998.
  13. Crowe, T.D. Crime prevention through environmental design: Applications of architectural design and space management concepts, 2nd Ed. National Crime Prevention Institute, Louisville, Ky., 2000.
  14. Cubbage, C. & Smith, C., The function of security in reducing women's fear of crime in open public spaces,: A case study of serial sex attacks at a Western Australian university, Security Journal, 22(1), pp.73-86, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1057/sj.2008.12
  15. Danis, Fran S., In search of safe campus communities: A campus response to violence against women, Journal of Community Practice, 14(3), pp. 29-46, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1300/J125v14n03_03
  16. DeVoe, J. F., & Bauer, L., Student victimization in U.s. schools: Result from the 2007 school crime supplement to the national crime victimization survey (NCES 2010-319), Washington D.C.: National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education, 2010.
  17. Earthman, G., Cash, C., & Van Berkum, G. (1995). A statewide study of student achievement and behavior and school building condition, Paper pre3sented at the annual meeting of the Council of Educational Facility Planners, International, New York.
  18. Fisher, B.S., Sloan III, J.J., Cullen, F.T., & Lu, L. The on-campus Victimization patterns of students: Implications for crime Prevention. In: S. Lab (ed.) Crime Prevention at a Crossroads, Cincinnati, OH: Anderson Publishers, pp.101-126, 1997.
  19. Fisher, B. and Wilkes, A. A tale of two ivory towers: A comparative analysis of victimization rates and risks between university students in the United States and England, British Journal of Criminology, 43(3), pp.526-545, 2003. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/43.3.526
  20. Fletcher, P.C., & Bryden, P.J., Preliminary examination of safety issues on a university campus: Personal safety practices, beliefs & attitudes of female faculty & staff, College Student Journal, 43(1), 2009.
  21. Fox, James Alan & Daryl A. Hellman, Location and other correlates of campus crime, Journal of Criminal Justice, (13), pp.429-444, 1985.
  22. Gastic, B. Metal detectors and feeling safe at school, Education and Urban Society, 43(4), pp.485-498, 2011.
  23. Gips, M.A. Securing the school yard. Security Management 40(3): pp.47-53, 1996.
  24. Gover, J., Gover, A.R., Melton, D. & Swanson, R. Creating a campus security and sensor system network test and training facility, IEEE-USA Today's Engineer Online, pp.1-6, 2007.
  25. Gover, A.R., Tomsich, E.A., Jennings, W.G., & Higgins, G.G., An exploratory study on perceptions of safety, fear of crime, and victimization experiences among faculty and staff at an urban university: a focus on gender, Criminal Justice Studies, 24(1), pp.37-55, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1080/1478601X.2011.544193
  26. Green, M.W. Research Report: The appropriate and effective use of security technologies in U.S. schools. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice, NCJ 178265, 1999.
  27. Han, Jung-ho, Park, Eun-Kyung, Lee, Hyo-chang, & Ha, Mi-Kyung, A study on importance and satisfaction of environmental planning factors of university library for decreasing fear of crime, Fall proceedings, Architectural Institute of Korea, 30(1), pp. 11-12, 2010.
  28. Higgins, S., Hall, E., Wall K., Woolner, P., & McCaughey, C. The impact of school environments; A literature review, The center for learning and teaching, School of education, Communication and language science, University of Newcastle, Design Council, 2005.
  29. Hummer, D. & Preston P., Target hardening the college campus through stakeholder input: Merging community and the security survey, Crime Prevention and Community safety, 8(2), pp.118-136, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.cpcs.8150015
  30. Jacobs, J. The death and life of great American cities. New York: Modern Library, 1993.
  31. Jeffry, R.C. Crime prevention through environmental design, Sage, Thousand Oaks, Calif., 1971.
  32. Kang, Seok-Jin, Kang, Gyu-Jin, and Lee, Kyung-Hoon, A Study on the Risk Assessment of Surroundings of Elementary School Focusing on the Pedestrian Safety and Crime Prevention, Fall Proceedings, Architectural Institute of Korea, 33(2), pp.249-250, 2013.
  33. Kim, W.P. Effects of Perceived Safe Environment on Social Interaction among Neighbors in the Public Outdoor Space of High-rise Apartment Housing, Architectural Research, 5(1), 2003.
  34. Kim, W.P. Effects of College Students' Satisfaction in Perceived Public Outdoor Spatial Environment on the Level of Academic Achievement, Journal of the Korean Institute of Educational Facilities, 21(2), 2013.
  35. Lair, S.B., A study of the effect school facility conditions have on student achievement, PH.D. dissertation, University of Texas, Austin, 2003.
  36. Lee, Won-Ho & Lee, Seung-Jae, A Study on the Application of CPTED to existing school according to the Field Study, Spring Proceedings, Architectural Institute of Korea, 34(1), pp.1-2, 2014.
  37. May, D.C. & Dunaway, R.G. Predictors of fear of criminal victimization at school among adolescents, Sociological Spetrum, 20(2), pp.149-168, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1080/027321700279938
  38. Martell, D. & Avitabile, N.E., Feminist community organizing on a college campus, Affilia, Journal of Women and Social Work, 13(4), pp.393-410, 1998. https://doi.org/10.1177/088610999801300402
  39. McGuffey, C. (1982). Facilities, In H. J. Walberg (Ed.), Inproving educational standards and productivity, pp.237-281, Berkeley, CA: McCutchan.
  40. Mendell, M.J. & Heath, G.A., Do indoor pollutants and thermal conditions in schools influence student performance? Indoor Air, 15, pp.27-552, 2005.
  41. Milam, A.J., Furr-Holden, C.D., & Leaf, P.J. Perceived school and neighborhood safety, neighborhood violence and academic achievement in urban school children, Urban Review, 42(5), pp.458-467, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11256-010-0165-7
  42. Na, Tae-Kyun & Choo, Sang-Yong, The importance-performance analysis(IPA) of the laboratory facilities for the practical education of culinary arts majors in the continuity of educational experiences -focusing on the Y university in Chung-Buk, Province, The Korean Journal of Culinary Research, 15(2), pp.255-267, 2009.
  43. Newman, O., Defensible space: crime prevention through environmental design, Macmillan, New York, 1972.
  44. Office on Violence Against Women, Grants to reduce violent crimes against women on campus, U.S. Department of Justice, www.ojp.usdoj.gov/vawo/campus-desc.htm. Retrieved on April 18, 2004.
  45. Painter, K., The impact of street lighting on crime, fear, and pedestrian street use, Security Journal, 5(3), pp.116-124, 1994.
  46. Park, Cheol-Hyun, Characteristics of university and its criminal victimization, Korean Journal of Victimology, 9(2), pp.125-157, 2001.
  47. Park, Dong-Kyun, Safety Management Strategy of University Campus by utilizing CPTED, 2009.
  48. Park, Sung-Chul & Kim, Jin-Wook, Expected effect and applicable alternatives of CPTED elements for school crime prevention, Journal of AIK, 27(10), pp.43-50, 2011.
  49. Perkins, D. D., Wandersman, A., Rich, R. C., & Taylor, R.B. "The physical environment of street crime: Defensible space, territoriality and incivilities." Journal of Environmental Psychology, 13, pp.29-49, 1993. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(05)80213-0
  50. Perkins, D.D. Florin, P., Rich, R.C., Wandersman, A., & Chavis, D.M. Participation and the social and physical environment of residential blocks: Crime and community context. American Journal of Community Psychology, 18, pp.83-115. 1990. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00922690
  51. Perumean-Chaney, S.E. & Sutton, L.M., Students and Perceived School Safety: The impact of school security measures, American Journal of Criminal Justice, 38, pp.570-588, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-012-9182-2
  52. Picus, L.O., Marion, S.F., Calvo, N., & Glenn, W.J., Understanding the relationship between student achievement and the quality of educational facilities: Evidence from Wyoming, Peabody Journal of Education, 80(3), pp. 71-95, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327930pje8003_5
  53. Ryu, Ho-Jeong, Park, Eun-Kyoung & Ha, M-Kyoung, A Study on Environmental Designs for a Safe Campus from Crimes-Based on the Collegian's Perceptions of on-campus Crimes and Fear of Crimes, Journal of AIK, 26(8), pp.97-106, 2010.
  54. Shaughnessy, R.J., Shaughnessy, U.H., Moschandreas, A.N. A preliminary study on the association between ventilation rates in classrooms and student performance, Indoor Air, 16, pp.465-468, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.2006.00440.x
  55. Shield B.M. & Dockrell, J.E., The effects of environmental and classroom noise on the academic attainments of primary school children, Journal of Acoustical Society of America, 123(1), pp.133-144, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.2812596
  56. Spitzberg, I.J. & Thorndike, V.V., Creating community on college campuses, Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press, 1992.
  57. Starkweather, S., Gender, Perceptions of Safety and Strategic Responses among Ohio University Students, Gender, Place, and Culture, 14(3), pp.355-370, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1080/09663690701325000
  58. Taylor, R., & Covington, J. Community structural change and fear of crime. Social Problems, 40, pp.374-395, 1993. https://doi.org/10.2307/3096886
  59. Tseng, C.H., Duane, J., & Hadipriono, F. Performance of Campus Parking Garages in Preventing Crime, Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, 18(1), 2004.
  60. Weidemann, S. & Anderson, J.R., O'Donnell, P., & Butterfield, D.I. Resident safety: Research and recommendations for longview place anti-crime program. Urbana Champaign, IL: The University of Illinois. 1981.
  61. Yun, So-Jin, Lee, Seung-Jae, & Kang, Seok-Jin, A Study on the Applicable Factors for the Crime-free Campus: Focused on the CPTED, Journal of AIK, 28(3), pp.118-126, 2012.

Cited by

  1. Exploring crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) and students’ fear of crime at an Australian university campus using prospect and refuge theory pp.0263-7472, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1108/PM-04-2018-0023