Toxicological Research

Korean Society of Toxicology & Korea Environmental Mutagen Society (한국독성학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Subchronic Oral Dose Toxicity of Freeze-dried Powder of Allomyrina dichotoma Larvae

  • Noh, Jung-Ho (Department of Toxicological Evaluation and Research, Korea Institute Toxicology (KIT)) ;
  • Yun, Eun-Young (Department of Agricultural Biology, National Academy of Agricultural Science) ;
  • Park, Heejin (Department of Toxicological Evaluation and Research, Korea Institute Toxicology (KIT)) ;
  • Jung, Kyung-Jin (Department of Toxicological Evaluation and Research, Korea Institute Toxicology (KIT)) ;
  • Hwang, Jae Sam (Department of Agricultural Biology, National Academy of Agricultural Science) ;
  • Jeong, Eun Ju (Department of Toxicological Evaluation and Research, Korea Institute Toxicology (KIT)) ;
  • Moon, Kyoung-Sik (Department of Toxicological Evaluation and Research, Korea Institute Toxicology (KIT))
  • Received : 2014.12.15
  • Accepted : 2015.03.06
  • Published : 2015.03.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The objective of this study was to investigate the toxicological information of freeze-dried powder from Allomyrina dichotoma (A. dichotoma) larvae as a food ingredient. The powder, suspended in distilled water, was administered once daily by oral gavage to four groups of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats at dose levels of 0 (vehicle control), 250, 850, and 2500 mg/kg/day. After 13 wks of repeated administration, the standard toxicological parameters such as mortality, clinical signs, body weight, food consumption, ophthalmologic examination, clinical pathology, organ weights and macro/microscopic examination were applied for assessment of general toxicity. In addition, serum IgE and histamine levels were determined to evaluate allergenicity. The freeze-dried powder from A. dichotoma larvae did not produce treatment-related changes or findings in any toxicological parameters in either sex of any dosed groups except for slight increases in serum histamine levels at 2500 mg/kg/day. The changes were considered not to be adverse since the magnitude was minimal. In conclusion, the NOAEL (No Observed Adverse Effect Level) of the freeze-dried powder from A. dichotoma larvae was determined to be 2500 mg/kg/day or more in both sexes of SD rats and it is considered a candidate to be edible material.

Keywords

References

  1. Pemberton, R.W. (1999) Insects and other arthropods used as drugs in Korean traditional medicine. J. Ethnopharmacol., 65, 207-216. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(98)00209-8
  2. Miyanoshita, A., Hara, S., Sugiyama, M., Asaoka, A., Taniai, K., Yukuhiro, F. and Yamakawa, M. (1996) Isolation and characterization of a new member of the insect defensin family from a beetle, Allomyrina dichotoma. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 220, 526-531. https://doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.1996.0438
  3. Sagisaka, A., Miyanoshita, A., Ishibashi, J. and Yamakawa, M. (2001) Purification, characterization and gene expression of a glycine and proline-rich antibacterial protein family from larvae of a beetle, Allomyrina dichotoma. Insect Mol. Biol., 10, 293-302. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0962-1075.2001.00261.x
  4. MacEvilly, C. (2000) Bugs in the system. Nutr. Bull., 25, 267-268. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1467-3010.2000.00068.x
  5. Raubenheimer, D. and Rothman, J.M. (2013) Nutritional ecology of entomophagy in humans and other primates. Annu. Rev. Entomol., 58, 141-160. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-120710-100713
  6. Alamu, O.T., Amao, A.O., Nwokedi, C.I., Oke, O.A. and Lawa, I.O. (2013) Diversity and nutritional status of edible insects in Nigeria: A review. Int. J. Biodiversity Conserv., 5, 215-222.
  7. Banjo, A.D., Lawal, O.A. and Songonuga, E.A. (2006) The nutritional value of fourteen species of edible insects in southwestern Nigeria. Afr. J. Biotechnol., 5, 298-301.
  8. Jokthan, G.E., Olugbemi, T.S. and Jolomi, A. (2007) The nutritive value of some microlivestock and their role in human nutrition. Savannah J. Agric., 2, 52-58.
  9. Yoshikawa, K., Umetsu, K., Shinzawa, H., Yuasa, I., Maruyama, K., Ohkura, T., Yamashita, K. and Suzuki, T. (1999) Determination of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin separated by lectin affinity chromatography for detecting chronic alcohol abuse. FEBS Lett., 458, 112-116. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-5793(99)01137-0
  10. Kim, D.S., Huh, J. You, G.C., Chae, S.C., Lee, O.S., Lee, H.B., Lee, J.B. and Kim, J.S. (2007) Allomyrina dichotoma larvae extracts protect streptozotocin-induced oxidative cytotoxicity. J. Environ. Toxicol., 22, 349-355.
  11. Young, I.S. and Woodside, J.V. (2001) Antioxidants in health and disease. J. Clin. Pathol., 54, 176-186. https://doi.org/10.1136/jcp.54.3.176
  12. Youn, K., Kim, J.Y., Yeo, H., Yun, E.Y., Hwang, J.S. and Jun, M. (2012) Fatty acid and volatile oil compositions of allomyrina dichotoma larvae. Prev. Nutr. Food Sci., 17, 310-314. https://doi.org/10.3746/pnf.2012.17.4.310
  13. Petterino, C. and Argentino-Storino, A. (2006) Clinical chemistry and haematology historical data in control Sprague-Dawley rats from pre-clinical toxicity studies. Exp. Toxicol. Pathol., 57, 213-219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etp.2005.10.002
  14. Mclnnes, E.F. (2012) Background lesions in laboratory animals; a color atlas (1st edition). Elsevier, pp. 17-36.
  15. McGrew, W.C., Stanford, C.B. and Bunn, H.T. (2001) The other faunivory: primate insectivory and early human diet in Meat-eating and human evolution (Stanford C.B. and Bunn H.T. Ed.). Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, pp. 160-178.
  16. van Itterbeeck, J. and van Huis, A. (2012) Environmental manipulation for edible insect procurement: a historical perspective. J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed., 8, 3. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-8-3
  17. Collavo, A., Glew, R.H., Huang, Y.S., Chuang, L.T., Bosse, R. and Paoletti, M.G. (2005) Housekricket smallscale farming in Ecological implications of minilivestock: potential of insects, rodents, frogs and snails. Science Publishers, Enfield, pp. 519-544.
  18. Gorham, J.R. (1979) Significance for human health of insects in food. Annu. Rev. Entomol., 24, 209-224. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.24.010179.001233
  19. Nightingale, K.W. and Ayim, E.N. (1980) Outbreak of botulism in Kenya after ingestion of white ants. Br. Med. J., 281, 1682-1683.
  20. Adamolekun, B. (1993) Anaphe venata entomophagy and seasonal ataxic syndrome in southwest Nigeria. Lancet, 341, 629.
  21. Anon. (1992) Eucheira socialis-another edible insect which indigenous people are trying to protect from ecological destruction. The Food Insects Newsletter, 5, 4.
  22. Han, S.R., Yun, E.Y., Kim, J.Y., Hwang, J.S., Jeong, E.J. and Moon, K.S. (2014) Evaluation of genotoxicity and 28-day oral dose toxicity on freeze-dried powder of tenebrio molitor larvae (Yellow Mealworm). Toxicol. Res., 30, 121-130. https://doi.org/10.5487/TR.2014.30.2.121
  23. Kim, T.H., Kim, E.K., Yoon, H.J., Kim, M.J., Choi, J.E., Oh, Y.M., Shim, S.T., Lim, C.M., Lee, S.D., Kim, W.S., Kim, D.S., Kim, D.W. and Koh, Y. (2003) Role of endogenous histamine on the pathogenesis in the endotoxin-induced acute lung injury. Tuberc. Respir. Dis., 54, 91-103. https://doi.org/10.4046/trd.2003.54.1.91
  24. Bellou, A., Saint-Laudy, J., Knippels, L., Montemont, C., Vauthier, E., Gerard, P., Pellegrom, H., Koerkamp, E.K., Lesesve, J.F., Gueant, J.L., Lambert, H. and Mallie, J.P. (2003) Brown Norway rat ovalbumin-specific immunoglobulin E antibodies increase the human basophil expression of CD63 marker. Scand. J. Immunol., 57, 271-278. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3083.2003.01233.x
  25. Stone, K.D., Prussin, C. and Metcalfe, D.D. (2010) IgE, Mast Cells, Basophils, and Eosinophils. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 125, S73-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2009.11.017
  26. Ji, Y., Sakata, Y., Li, X., Zhang, C., Yang, Q., Xu, M., Wollin, A., Langhans, W. and Tso, P. (2013) Lymphatic diamine oxidase secretion stimulated by fat absorption is linked with histamine release. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol., 304, 732-740. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00399.2012
  27. Yamamoto, Y., Tashiro-Yamaji, J., Sakurai, K., Miyoshi-Higashino, M., Nomi, H., Miura-Takeda, S., Okada, M., Yamaguchi, S., Takenaka, H., Kubota, T. and Yoshida, R. (2007) Essential role of monocytes in the in vitro production of IL-4 and nonspecific IgE antibody by peripheral blood lymphocytes from mice sensitized s.c. once with cedar pollen. J. Interferon Cytokine Res., 27, 1019-1029. https://doi.org/10.1089/jir.2007.0061

Cited by

  1. Allomyrina Dichotoma Larvae Regulate Food Intake and Body Weight in High Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice Through mTOR and Mapk Signaling Pathways vol.8, pp.2, 2016, https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8020100
  2. Effects of Grasshopper (Oxya chinensis sinuosa Mistshenko) Powder and Aerobic Exercise on Energy Metabolism in ICR Mice pp.2287-545X, 2016, https://doi.org/10.5656/KSAE.2016.01.1.076