DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

The Effect of Sub-chronic Whole-Body Exposure to a 1,950 MHz Electromagnetic Field on the Hippocampus in the Mouse Brain

  • Son, Yeonghoon (Division of Radiation Effects, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences) ;
  • Jeong, Ye Ji (Division of Radiation Effects, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences) ;
  • Kwon, Jong Hwa (Department of EMF Research Team, Radio and Broadcasting Technology Laboratory, ETRI) ;
  • Choi, Hyung-Do (Department of EMF Research Team, Radio and Broadcasting Technology Laboratory, ETRI) ;
  • Pack, Jeong-Ki (Department of Radio Sciences and Engineering, College of Engineering, Chungnam National University) ;
  • Kim, Nam (School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Chungbuk National University) ;
  • Lee, Yun-Sil (Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University) ;
  • Lee, Hae-June (Division of Radiation Effects, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences)
  • Received : 2015.04.29
  • Accepted : 2015.07.06
  • Published : 2015.07.31

Abstract

The increasing use of mobile phones has raised public concern about the possible biological effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) exposure on the human brain. To investigate the potential effect of RF-EMF exposure on the brain, we examined the behaviors and hippocampal morphology of C57BL/6 mice after sub-chronic exposure to RF-EMFs with a relatively high SAR level (5.0 W/kg). We applied a 2-hour daily exposure of WCDMA 1,950 MHz using a reverberation chamber that was designed for whole-body exposure for 60 days. In the behavioral tests, RF-EMF did not alter the physical activity or long-term memory of mice. Moreover, no alteration was found in the neuronal and glial cells in the hippocampus by RF-EMFs. In this study, we showed that sub-chronic whole body RF exposure did not produce memory impairment and hippocampal morphological alteration in C57BL/6 mice.

Keywords

References

  1. A. L. Mausset, R. de Seze, F. Montpeyroux and A. Privat, "Effects of radiofrequency exposure on the GABAergic system in the rat cerebellum: clues from semi-quantitative immunohistochemistry," Brain Research, vol. 912, no. 1, pp. 33-46, 2001. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-8993(01)02599-9
  2. J. W. Finnie, P. C. Blumbergs, J. Manavis, T. D. Utteridge, V. Gebski, R. A. Davies, B. Vernon-Roberts, and T. R. Kuchel, "Effect of long-term mobile communication microwave exposure on vascular permeability in mouse brain," Pathology, vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 344-347, 2002. https://doi.org/10.1080/003130202760120517
  3. S. Aalto, C. Haarala, A. Bruck, H. Sipila, H. Hamalainen, and J. O. Rinne, "Mobile phone affects cerebral blood flow in humans," Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism, vol. 26, no. 7, pp. 885-890, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600279
  4. I. Kolesnyk, V. O. Zhulinskyi, A. V. Abramov, and M. A. Kalinichenko, "Effect of mobile phone electromagnetic emission on characteristics of cerebral blood circulation and neurohumoral regulations in humans," Fiziolohichnyi zhurnal, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 90-93, 2008.
  5. H. Lindholm, T. Alanko, H. Rintamaki, S. Kannala, T. Toivonen, H. Sistonen, M. Tiikkaja, J. Halonen, T. Makinen, and M. Hietanen, "Thermal effects of mobile phone RF fields on children: a provocation study," Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology, vol. 107, no. 3, pp. 399-403, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2011.09.004
  6. J. W. Finnie, P. C. Blumbergs, Z. Cai, J. Manavis, and T. R. Kuchel, "Effect of mobile telephony on blood-brain barrier permeability in the fetal mouse brain," Pathology, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 63-65, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1080/00313020500459607
  7. J. W. Finnie, P. C. Blumbergs, J. Manavis, T. D. Utteridge, V. Gebski, J. G. Swift, B. Vernon-Roberts and T. R. Kuchel, "Effect of global system for mobile communication (gsm)-like radiofrequency fields on vascular permeability in mouse brain," Pathology, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 338-340, 2001. https://doi.org/10.1080/00313020126302
  8. A. G. Tamasidze and M. I. Nikolaishvili, "Effect of high-frequency EMF on public health and its neuro-chemical investigations," Georgian Medicl News, no. 142, pp. 58-60, 2007.
  9. S. Braune, A. Riedel, J. Schulte-Monting, and J. Raczek, "Influence of a radiofrequency electromagnetic field on cardiovascular and hormonal parameters of the autonomic nervous system in healthy individuals," Radiation Research, vol. 158, no. 3, pp. 352-356, 2002. https://doi.org/10.1667/0033-7587(2002)158[0352:IOAREF]2.0.CO;2
  10. V. Joubert, P. Leveque, M. Cueille, S. Bourthoumieu, and C. Yardin, "No apoptosis is induced in rat cortical neurons exposed to GSM phone fields," Bioelectromagnetics, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 115-121, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.20274
  11. M. P. Ntzouni, A. Skouroliakou, N. Kostomitsopoulos, and L. H. Margaritis, "Transient and cumulative memory impairments induced by GSM 1.8 GHz cell phone signal in a mouse model," Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 95-120, 2013. https://doi.org/10.3109/15368378.2012.709207
  12. T. S. Aldad, G. Gan, X. B. Gao, and H. S. Taylor, "Fetal radiofrequency radiation exposure from 800-1,900 MHz-rated cellular telephones affects neurodevelopment and behavior in mice," Scientific Reports, vol. 2012, no. 2, p. 312, 2012.
  13. M. P. Ntzouni, A. Stamatakis, F. Stylianopoulou, and L. H. Margaritis, "Short-term memory in mice is affected by mobile phone radiation," Pathophysiology, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 193-199, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pathophys.2010.11.001
  14. K. Maaroufi, L. Had-Aissouni, C. Melon, M. Sakly, H. Abdelmelek, B. Poucet, and E. Save, "Spatial learning, monoamines and oxidative stress in rats exposed to 900 MHz electromagnetic field in combination with iron overload.," Behavioural Brain Research, vol. 258, pp. 80-89, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2013.10.016
  15. Z. J. Sienkiewicz, R. P. Blackwell, R. G. Haylock, R. D. Saunders, and B. L. Cobb, "Low-level exposure to pulsed 900 MHz microwave radiation does not cause deficits in the performance of a spatial learning task in mice," Bioelectromagnetics, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 151-158, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1521-186X(200004)21:3<151::AID-BEM1>3.0.CO;2-Q
  16. G. W. Arendash, T. Mori, M. Dorsey, R. Gonzalez, N. Tajiri, and C. Borlongan, "Electromagnetic treatment to old Alzheimer's mice reverses ${\beta}$-amyloid deposition, modifies cerebral blood flow, and provides selected cognitive benefit," PLoS ONE, vol. 7, no. 4, p. e35751, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0035751
  17. S. Banaceur, S. Banasr, M. Sakly, and H. Abdelmelek, "Whole body exposure to 2.4 GHz WIFI signals: effects on cognitive impairment in adult triple transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (3xTg-AD)," Behavioural Brain Research, vol. 240, pp. 197-201, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2012.11.021
  18. H. J. Lee, Y. B. Jin, T. H. Kim, J. K. Pack, N. Kim, H. D. Choi, J. S. Lee, and Y. S. Lee, "The effects of simultaneous combined exposure to CDMA and WCDMA electromagnetic fields on rat testicular function," Bioelectromagnetics, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 356-364, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.20715
  19. H. Kleinlogel, T. Dierks, T. Koenig, H. Lehmann, A. Minder, and R. Berz, "Effects of weak mobile phone: electromagnetic fields (GSM, UMTS) on event related potentials and cognitive functions," Bioelectromagnetics, vol. 29, no. 6, pp. 488-497, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.20418
  20. P. Wainwright, "Thermal effects of radiation from cellular telephones," Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol. 45, no. 8, pp. 2363-2372, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/45/8/321
  21. T. D. Gould, Mood and Anxiety Related Phenotype in Mice: Characterization using Behavioral Tests, New York, NY: Humana Press, 2009.
  22. S. R. Kopf, M. L. Buchholzer, M. Hilgert, K. Loffelholz, and J. Klein, "Glucose plus choline improve passive avoidance behaviour and increase hippocampal acetylcholine release in mice," Neuroscience, vol. 103, no. 2, pp. 365-371, 2001. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4522(01)00007-0
  23. R. T. Bartus, R. L. Dean, J. A. Goas, and A. S. Lippa, "Age-related changes in passive avoidance retention: modulation with dietary choline," Science, vol. 209, no. 4453, pp. 301-303, 1980. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.7384805
  24. J. Beauquis, A. Vinuesa, C. Pomilio, P. Pavia, V. Galvan, and F. Saravia, "Neuronal and glial alterations, increased anxiety, and cognitive impairment before hippocampal amyloid deposition in PDAPP mice, model of Alzheimer's disease," Hippocampus, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 257-269, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1002/hipo.22219
  25. D. Greene-Schloesser, E. Moore, and M. E. Robbins, "Molecular pathways: radiation-induced cognitive impairment," Clinical Cancer Research, vol. 19, no. 9, pp. 2294-2300, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-11-2903
  26. Y. Chen and R. A. Swanson, "Astrocytes and brain injury," Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 137-149, 2003. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.WCB.0000044631.80210.3C
  27. J. W. Finnie, Z. Cai, J. Manavis, S. Helps, and P. C. Blumbergs, "Microglial activation as a measure of stress in mouse brains exposed acutely (60 minutes) and long-term (2 years) to mobile telephone radiofrequency fields," Pathology, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 151-154, 2010. https://doi.org/10.3109/00313020903494086