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한국 성인의 아침식사 에너지 수준에 따른 대사적 위험과 영양상태: 2007~2009년 국민건강영양조사 자료 이용

Metabolic risk and nutritional state according to breakfast energy level of Korean adults: Using the 2007~2009 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

  • 장소현 (충남대학교 생활과학대학 식품영양학과) ;
  • 서윤석 (충남대학교 교육대학원 영양교육전공) ;
  • 정영진 (충남대학교 생활과학대학 식품영양학과)
  • Jang, So-Hyoun (Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Chungnam National University) ;
  • Suh, Yoon Suk (Graduate School of Education, Chungnam National University) ;
  • Chung, Young-Jin (Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Chungnam National University)
  • 투고 : 2014.12.08
  • 심사 : 2015.02.10
  • 발행 : 2015.02.28

초록

우리나라 성인에서 아침결식이 증가하고 있으며, 아침결식은 대사적 위험을 증가시킨다고 한다. 본 연구는 한국성인을 위한 대사적 위험성이 낮은 아침식사 에너지 수준을 제시하고자 제4기 (2007~2009) 국민건강영양조사 자료를 이용하여 19~64세 성인 12,238명을 대상으로 1일 에너지섭취량이 500~5,000 kcal에 속하며, 임신 또는 수유중인 자, 대사 이상 질환이나 암으로 치료받는 자를 제외한 7,769명 (남자 38.4%, 여자 61.6%)의 자료를 분석하였다. 아침식사 에너지비율은 개인별 아침식사의 에너지섭취량이 에너지 필요추정량의 10% 미만 (극저에너지군), 10~20% 미만 (저에너지군), 20~30% 미만 (중간에너지군), 30% 이상 (충분에너지군)인 네 군으로 분류하여 대사질환의 위험요인별 교차비와 영양상태를 비교하였다. 모든 자료는 해당 년도의 가중치를 적용한 후 일반선형모델을 사용하여 성, 연령, 거주지역, 소득수준, 교육수준, 직업 유무 또는 에너지 섭취량을 추가 보정하여 분석하였다. 유의성은 ${\alpha}=0.05$ 수준에서 검토하였다. 1) 전체 대상자 중 아침식사 에너지가 1일 에너지필요추정량의 30% 이상에 속하는 대상자는 16.9%, 20~30% 미만군에 39.2%, 10~20% 미만군에 37.6%, 10% 미만군에 6.3% 순으로 나타났다. 극저에너지군과 저에너지군에는 여자보다 남자, 19~39세의 젊은 성인, 도시 거주자가 많았고 소득수준은 중상이상, 교육수준은 고졸이상이 많았고 직업을 가진 사람, 가족과 아침식사를 하지 않는 사람이 많았으나 중간에너지군과 충분에너지군에는 그와 대조적으로 여자, 40세 이상 성인, 읍면거주자, 소득과 교육수준이 낮고, 무직, 가족과 식사하는 사람이 많았다. 2) 충분에너지군에서 곡류 (주식류, 스낵류), 당류와 함께 감자류, 두류, 육류 및 난류, 어패류, 채소류, 과일류, 유지류, 조미료류의 섭취량이 네 군보다 높았다. 극저에너지군은 채소류의 섭취량이 네 군 중 가장 낮았고, 스낵류, 당류와 함께 육류 및 난류, 유지류, 조미료류의 섭취량이 저에너지 군과 중간에너지군보다 높았다. 3) 아침식사 에너지가 낮은 군일수록 지방에너지비와 단백질에너지비는 높고 탄수화물에너지비는 낮았으며, 에너지와 모든 영양소 섭취량 및 영양소적정섭취비 (NAR, MAR)가 낮아 영양소별 평균필요량 (EAR)에 미달되게 섭취한 대상자의 비율이 높았다. 충분에너지군은 에너지와 모든 영양소의 섭취실태가 가장 양호하였다. 4) 체중, 신장, 체질량지수와 허리둘레가 극저에너지군에서는 높은 반면, 충분에너지군에서는 낮아서 복부 비만위험은 충분에너지군을 기준으로 아침에너지섭취가 낮을수록 증가하여 극저에너지군에서 1.9배로, 저에너지군 1.44배, 중간에너지군 1.32배에 비해 높았으며, 체질량지수에 의한 비만 위험도 유사한 결과를 보였다. 또한 충분에너지군에서 혈청총콜레스테롤이 가장 낮아서 이상지질혈증 발생 위험은 충분에너지군에 비해 극저에너지군에서 1.84배 높았고 공복혈당에 의한 당뇨 발생 위험도 극저에너지군에서 1.57배 높았다. 이상의 연구결과에서 19~64세 성인에서 아침식사 에너지가 개인별 에너지 필요추정량의 10% 미만인 군은 비만, 이상지질혈증, 당뇨의 위험과 동시에 영양부족의 우려가 있는 반면에, 에너지 필요추정량의 30% 이상군은 대사위험성이 가장 낮고 영양상태가 가장 양호하였기 때문에 우리나라 19~65세 미만 성인을 위한 아침식사의 에너지 가이드라인으로 에너지 필요추정량의 30% 이상을 제시할 수 있을 것으로 보인다.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine an appropriate energy level of breakfast with less risk of chronic disease for Korean adults. Methods: Using data from the 2007~2009 Korean National Health & Nutrition Examination Survey, from a total of 12,238 adults aged 19~64, the final 7,769 subjects were analyzed except subjects who were undergoing treatment for cancer or metabolic disorder. According to the percent of breakfast energy intake versus their estimated energy requirement (EER), the subjects were divided into four groups: < 10% (very low, VL), 10~20% (low, L), 20~30% (moderate, M), ${\geq}30%$ (sufficient, S). All data were analyzed on the metabolic risk and nutritional state after application of weighted value and adjustment of sex, age, residential area, income, education, job or jobless, and energy intake using a general linear model or logistic regression. Results: The subjects of group S were 16.9% of total subjects, group M 39.2%, group L 37.6%, and group VL 6.3%. The VL group included more male subjects, younger-aged (19 to 40 years), urban residents, higher income, higher education, and fewer breakfasts eaters together with family members. Among the 4 groups, the VL group showed the highest waist circumference, while the S group showed the lowest waist circumference, body mass index, and serum total cholesterol. The groups of VL and L with lower intake of breakfast energy showed high percent of energy from protein and fat, and low percent of energy from carbohydrate. With the increase of breakfast energy level, intake of energy, most nutrients and food groups increased, and the percentage of subjects consuming nutrients below EAR decreased. The VL group showed relatively higher intake of snacks, sugar, meat and eggs, oil, and seasonings, and the lowest intake of vegetable. Risk of obesity by waist circumference was highest in the VL group by 1.90 times of the S group and the same trend was shown in obesity by BMI. Risk of dyslipidemia by serum total cholesterol was 1.84 times higher in the VL group compared to the S group. Risk of diabetes by Glu-FBS (fasting blood sugar) was 1.57 times higher in the VL group compared to the S group. Conclusion: The results indicate that higher breakfast energy level is positively related to lower metabolic risk and more desirable nutritional state in Korean adults. Therefore, breakfast energy intake more than 30% of their own EER would be highly recommended for Korean adults.

키워드

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  5. Association between Frequency of Breakfast Consumption and Insulin Resistance Using Triglyceride-Glucose Index: A Cross-Sectional Study of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2 vol.17, pp.9, 2015, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093322