DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

The Policy of Park Asset Transfers in England: A Move toward Community Ownership and Park Management

커뮤니티의 공원 소유와 관리·운영 방안으로서 영국의 공원 커뮤니티자산이전 정책

  • Received : 2014.10.13
  • Accepted : 2015.01.30
  • Published : 2015.02.28

Abstract

Recently, the ways in which individual communities own and manage parks have been both discussed and realized in America and England. Some benefits of these asset transfers are that local governments can reduce the financial cost of management as well as improve the service of the parks. In addition, communities can develop these parks as unique assets. Ultimately, this is a new understanding of parks as community commons. This study examines the policy of park asset transfers to communities in England. These transfers, which involve reallocating land and building management and/or ownership from the public sector to a community group, are part of a policy agenda known as "Big Society", which aims to create a "small government" within a "big society". The agenda is pursued by both the English Conservative and Unionist Party governments. Eight case studies of community park asset transfers in England were examined in this study, under three categories-transfer process, partnership among stakeholders, and financial structure-and synthesized along three issues-financial contribution, level of public transparency, and closeness of the relationship between park and community. In some cases, new community groups were created specifically to receive park assets, while in other communities, existing groups became the park trustees. For most parks, community groups raise park maintenance funding through diverse methods; however, these groups are often not entirely financially independent from local government. Thus, many park trustees have already created, or are planning to create, other assets from which parks can benefit. Second, some efforts for public transparency include trusts that are registered as charities, of which their public nature is admitted officially. These trusts resolve important decisions through boards of trustees, in an effort to promote income-generating business while not excluding users. Ultimately, a close relationship between park and community empowers the community to participate in managing and maintaining the park; in turn, the park's capacities are improved. Current struggles include the many limits involved in communities accepting ownership and management of a park, and a lack of local government experience regarding public-private management and maintenance of a public asset. This study, however, details interesting policy implications for Korean community involvement as well as diverse financial methods to facilitate park management.

최근 커뮤니티가 공원의 실질적 주인이 되어 공원을 운영하고 관리하는 방안이 미국과 영국 등에서 논의, 실천되고 있다. 이러한 방식은 지방정부에 대한 재정적 부담은 줄이면서 서비스의 질은 높이고, 공원의 자산적 가치를 지역 발전에 활용할 수 있다는 장점을 갖는다. 궁극적으로는 공유재로서의 공원에 대한 접근이기도 하다. 영국에서 진행되고 있는 공원의 커뮤니티자산이전도 이 같은 맥락에 있다. 커뮤니티자산이전은 보수당과 자유당 연합 정부가 추진하고 있는 '정부는 작게, 사회는 크게' 라는 빅소사이어티의 중요한 실천 정책이다. 커뮤니티자산이전은 공공토지나 건축물을 커뮤니티가 싸게 취득하거나 임대 받는 권한위임 과정을 거친 후 자산을 개발, 운영해 수익을 만드는 방식이다. 본 연구에서는 공원의 커뮤니티자산이전이 이루어진 여덟 사례를 자산이전의 과정, 파트너십, 재정구조라는 세 가지 항목으로 분석했다. 그리고 '재정적 기여, 공공성 확보, 공원과 커뮤니티의 유기적 관계'라는 세 가지 주제 속에서 사례분석 내용을 종합했다. 첫째, 재정적 기여에 있어서는 공원의 커뮤니티자산이전으로 지방정부에 대한 재정적 의존은 낮추고 있지만 자립에 있어서는 한계가 있었다. 각 사례들에서는 자립을 이룰 수 있는 방안이 강구되고 있었다. 두 번째, 공공성의 측면에서 사례를 보았을 때 수탁 단체들은 법적으로 공공성이 공인된 등록 자선 단체의 형태를 띠고 있었다. 또한 이사회를 통한 의사결정과 이용자를 배제하지 않는 수익사업 등으로 공공성이 훼손되지 않도록 하고 있다. 마지막으로, 공원과 커뮤니티의 관계에 있어서는 공원을 통해서 지역의 역량이 커지고 있고 이는 다시 공원의 인적자산이 되고 있다. 우리나라는 공원운영이 전적으로 행정서비스의 영역으로 인식되고 있고 공원 관리 운영에 있어서의 민 관 파트너십조차도 많은 경험을 갖고 있지 않아 커뮤니티의 공원 소유와 관리 운영의 실현은 단기적으로 어려우나 재정, 공원과 커뮤니티의 관계, 공원 관리 운영에의 민간의 참여라는 측면에서 시사점을 찾을 수 있다.

Keywords

References

  1. Asset Transfer Unit and CABE Space(2010) Community-led spaces: A guide for local authorities and community groups.
  2. Blackmar, E.(2005) Appropriating "the Commons": The Tragedy of Property Rights Discourse". In S. Low and N. Smith, eds., The Politics of Public Space. New York: Routledge. pp. 49-80.
  3. Bollier, D. and S. Helfrich(2013) Introduction : The Commons as a Transformative Vision. in D. Bollier and S. Helfrich, eds., The Wealth of the Common. Amherst: Levellers Press. pp. 8-19.
  4. CABE Space(2009) Making the Invisible Visible : the real value of park assets.
  5. Cameron, D.(2006) Modern Conservation. Speech at Demos, London 30 January.
  6. Companies(Audit, Investigations and Community Enterprise) Act 2004, s. 26(1).
  7. Companies(Audit, Investigations and Community Enterprise) Act 2004, s. 26(2).
  8. Eizenberg, E.(2012) The changing meaning of community space: Two models of NGO management of community gardens in New York city. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 36(1): 106-120. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.2011.01065.x
  9. Han, S.-I.(2010) Social enterprise and community development. Creation & Journal 3(1): 223-246.
  10. Hoe, J.(2013) Community 'owned' public space: Seattle's alternatives to POPS. Sustainable Urban Regeneration 25(2013_01): 74-77.
  11. Jang, N.-J., J. Kim, and J.-A. Hwang(2011) A Study on the Urban Park Management System with Special Use Permits in Seoul. Seoul Development Institute.
  12. Kayden, J.(2000) Privately Owned Public Space: The New York City Experience. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  13. Kim, W-J.(2007) Plan to Create Neighborhood Green Spaces with Citizen Participation. Seoul Development Institute.
  14. Kim, Y.-G. and J.-M. Choi(2012) The implications and characteristics of the policies for park and green spaces in England. Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture 40(2): 86-96. https://doi.org/10.9715/KILA.2012.40.2.086
  15. Kim. Y.-G. and M. Roe(2008) The role of friends groups in the development and management of parks. Landscape Review 12(2): 32-49.
  16. The Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture and Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements(2011) A Strategic Study of the Construction and Management of Urban Parks for Green Growth. Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport.
  17. Kretzmann, J. P. and J. L. Mcknight(1993) Building Communities from the Inside Out: A Path Toward Finding and Mobilizing a Community's Assets.
  18. Lee, H.-S.(2011) An international comparative study on the legislative system related to social enterprise. Social Enterprise Studies 4(2): 50-87.
  19. Lim, S.-S. and J.-H. Park(2014) A Study on the Introduction of Laws for Financial Stability of Local Government. Korea Institute of Local Finance.
  20. Locality, The Social Investment Business and Local Government(2012) Understanding Community Asset Transfer.
  21. Natural England(2013) Bankside Open Spaces Trust - Green Infrastructure Case Study: Turning Small Green Spaces into Productive Community Hubs.
  22. Nemeth, J. and S. Schmidt(2011) The privatization of public space: modeling and measuring publicness. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 38(1): 5-23. https://doi.org/10.1068/b36057
  23. ODPM(2006) Communities Taking Control: Final Report of the Crosssector Work Group on Community Ownership andManagement of Assets.
  24. Office for Civil Society(2010) Building a Stronger Civil Society.
  25. Park, K-W.(1995) Construction and administration methods for the 21st century. A Study on Korean Public Administration 4(2): 5-20.
  26. Poklembova, V., T. Kluvankova-Oravska, and M. Finka(2012) Challenge of new commons-urban public spaces. Proceedings of The 1st Global Thematic IASC Conference on the Knowledge Commons. Louvainla-Neuve, Belgium.
  27. Quirk, B.(2007) Making Assets Work: The Quirk Review of Community Management and Ownership of Public Assets. London: Communities and Local Government.
  28. Social Enterprise Coalition(2005) Keeping It Legal: A Guide to Legal Forms for Social Enterprises.
  29. SQW(2011) Final Evaluation of the Asset Transfer Unit: Car Parks and Castles: Giving Communities the Keys.
  30. Woo, Y.-H.(2008) A comparative study on the relevance of the public management model in Korea. The Korean Journal of Local Government Studies 12(2): 249-273.
  31. Yoo, B.-S.(2012) The similar welfare politics and community vision of the third way and big society. Space & Environment 22(1): 43-78.
  32. http://blog.green-space.org.uk
  33. http://heeleypark.org
  34. http://opencharities.org/charities/1085454
  35. https://www.charitycommission.gov.uk/Publications/cc35.aspx
  36. http://www.futurecommunities.net
  37. http://www.londongardenstrust.org
  38. http://www.theguardian.com/uk/series/privatising-the-outdoors-whoowns-our-public-space
  39. http://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/