CELLMED (셀메드)

Cellmed Orthocellular Medicine and Pharmaceutical Association (셀메드 세포교정의약학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Regulation of autonomic functions following two high frequency yogic breathing techniques

  • Received : 2014.04.07
  • Accepted : 2015.02.12
  • Published : 2015.02.28
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Yoga is an ancient Indian system of life, encompassing various practices including practices for self-discipline and also for regulating the health states of the individual, being practiced for thousands of years. The present study aims at understanding the effect of two high frequency breathing practices over autonomic nervous system. Forty healthy male volunteers of age $21{\pm}2$ years with $9{\pm}3$ months of Yoga practice experience were recruited. The two high frequency Yoga breathing practices, kapalabhati (KB) and bhastrika (BH) were given as interventions randomly on either of the two days to minimise laboratory bias. They were assessed before and immediately after the interventions for heart rate, respiratory rate, heart rate variability (HRV), blood pressure and peripheral oxygen saturation. There was a significant increase in heart rate (p<0.01; p<0.001), systolic blood pressure (p<0.01; p<0.001), NN50 (p<0.01; p<0.001) component of HRV for both KB and BH groups respectively. There was a significant reduction in respiratory rate in both the groups (p<0.001, and p<0.05, BH and KB respectively) immediately following intervention. A significant increase in LF component of HRV and reduction in Diastolic blood pressure and high frequency (HF)component following KB was also observed (p<0.05, for all comparisons). The Mean peripheral oxygen saturation remained unaltered in both the groups (p>0.05).The results suggest that high frequency yoga breathing practices induce physiological arousal immediately as evidenced by increased blood pressure and heart rate. The sympathetic arousal was more following KB session as evidenced by an increased diastolic blood pressure, LF power and a decrease in HF power of HRV as compared to the BH session.

Keywords

References

  1. Berman BM, Larson DB. Alternative medicine: Expanding medical horizons. 1st ed. (Washington DC, North America: Diane Publishing Company), 1994.
  2. Brown EB. Physiological effects of hyperventilation. Physiol Rev. 1953;33:445-471. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.1953.33.4.445
  3. Desai BP, Gharote ML. Effect of Kapalabhati on blood urea, creatinine and tyrosine. Act Nerv Super (Praha). 1990;32:95-98.
  4. Fried R. The hyperventilation syndrome--research and clinical treatment. J Neurol Meurosurg Psychiatry. 1988;51:1600-1601.
  5. Grossman P. Respiration, stress, and cardiovascular function. Psychophysiology. 1983;20:284-300. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1983.tb02156.x
  6. Irvine MJ, Johnston DW, Jenner DA, Marie GV. Relaxation and stress management in the treatment of essential hypertension. J Psychosom Res. 1986;30:437-450. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3999(86)90083-8
  7. Joshi M, Telles S. A nonrandomized non-naive comparative study of the effects of kapalabhati and breath awareness on event-related potentials in trained yoga practitioners. J Altern Complement Med. 2009;15:281-285. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2008.0250
  8. Lamb LE, Dermksian G, Sarnoff C. Significant cardiac arrhythmias induced by common respiratory maneuvers. Am J Cardiol. 1958;2:563-571. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9149(58)90182-6
  9. Magarian GJ. Hyperventilation Syndromes: infrequently recognized common expressions of anxiety and stress. Medicine (Baltimore). 1982;61:219-236. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005792-198207000-00002
  10. Muktibodhananda S. Hatha Yoga Pradipika. 2nd ed. (Bihar, India: Nesma Books India), 2000.
  11. Niranjananda S. Prana, Pranayama Pranavidya. (Jharkhand, India: Satyanandashram), 2000.
  12. Pal GK, Velkumary S, Madanmohan. Effect of short-term practice of breathing exercises on autonomic functions in mormal human volunteers. Indian J Med Res. 2004;120:115-121.
  13. Patel C, North WR. Randomised controlled trial of yoga and bio-feedback in management of hypetension. Lancet, 1975;2:93-95.
  14. Patel C, Marmot MG, Terry DJ. Controlled trial of biofeedback-aided behavioural methods in reducing mild hypertension. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1981;282:2005-2008. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.282.6281.2005
  15. Porges SW. The polyvagal theory: phylogenetic substrates of a social nervous system. Int J Psychophysiol. 2001;42:123-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8760(01)00162-3
  16. Raghuraj P, Ramakrishnan AG, Nagendra HR, Telles S. Effect of two selected yogic breathing techniques on heart rate variability. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1998;42:467-472.
  17. Ren P, Barreto A, Gao Y, Adjouadi M. Comparison of the use of pupil diameter and galvanic skin response signals for affective assessment of computer users. Biomed Sci Instrum. 2012;48:345-350.
  18. Singh V, Wisniewski A, Britton J, Tattersfield A. Effect of yoga breathing exercises (pranayama) on airway reactivity in subjects with asthma. Lancet, 1990;335:1381-1383. https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(90)91254-8
  19. Stancak A, Kuna M, Srinivasan, Dostalek C, Vishnudevananda S. Kapalabhati--yogic cleansing exercise. II. EEG topography analysis. Homeost Health Dis. 1991;33:182-189.
  20. Telles S, Raghuraj P, Arankalle D, Naveen KV. Immediate effect of high-frequency yoga breathing on attention. Indian J Med Sci. 2008;62:20-22. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5359.38919