Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

  • 제53권5호
  • /
  • Pages.515-524
  • /
  • 2015
  • /
  • 2982-5164(pISSN)
  • /
  • 1738-0006(eISSN)
대한기생충학·열대의학회 (The Korea Society for Parasitology and Tropical Medicine)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Prevalence of Schistosomes and Soil-Transmitted Helminths among Schoolchildren in Lake Victoria Basin, Tanzania

  • Siza, Julius E. (National Institute of Medical Research) ;
  • Kaatano, Godfrey M. (National Institute of Medical Research) ;
  • Chai, Jong-Yil (Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine) ;
  • Eom, Keeseon S. (Department of Parasitology and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University School of Medicine) ;
  • Rim, Han-Jong (Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, Korea University) ;
  • Yong, Tai-Soon (Department of Environmental Medical Biology and Institute of Tropical Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine) ;
  • Min, Duk-Young (Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University College of Medicine) ;
  • Chang, Su Young (Good Neighbors International, Tanzania Western Chapter) ;
  • Ko, Yunsuk (Good Neighbors International, Tanzania Western Chapter) ;
  • Changalucha, John M. (National Institute of Medical Research)
  • 투고 : 2015.07.23
  • 심사 : 2015.10.04
  • 발행 : 2015.10.31
PDF 다운로드
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

The objectives of this study was to conduct a survey on schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections in order to come up with feasible control strategies in Lake Victoria basin, Tanzania. Depending on the size of the school, 150-200 schoolchildren were recruited for the study. Duplicate Kato-Katz stool smears were prepared from each child and microscopically examined for Schistosoma mansoni and STHs. Urine specimens were examined for Schistosoma haematobium eggs using the filtration technique. After the survey, mass drug administration was done using praziquantel and albendazole for schistosomiasis and STHs infections, respectively. A total of 5,952 schoolchildren from 36 schools were recruited for the study and had their stool and urine specimens examined. Out of 5,952 schoolchildren, 898 (15.1%) were positive for S. mansoni, 754 (12.6%) for hookworms, 188 (3.2%) for Ascaris lumblicoides, and 5 (0.008%) for Trichuris trichiura. Out of 5,826 schoolchildren who provided urine samples, 519 (8.9%) were positive for S. haematobium eggs. The results revealed that intestinal schistosomiasis, urogenital schistosomiasis, and STH infections are highly prevalent throughought the lake basin. The high prevalence of intestinal and urogenital schistosomisiasis in the study area was a function of the distance from Lake Victoria, the former being more prevalent at localities close to the lake, whilst the latter is more so away from it. Control of schistosomiasis and STHs in the study area requires an integrated strategy that involves provision of health education to communities, regular treatments, and provision of adequate safe water supply and sanitation facilities.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. GSCHBT1. World Health Organization. Schistosomiasis: population requiring preventive chemotherapy and number of people treated in 2010. Weekly Epidemiol Rec 2012; 87: 37-44.
  2. Steinmann P, Keiser J, Bos R, Tanner M, Utzinger J. Schistosomiasis and water resources development: systematic review, meta-analysis, and estimates of people at risk. Lancet Infect Dis 2006; 6: 411-425. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(06)70521-7
  3. Tropical Diseases Research: Schistosomiasis diseases information. Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR). [http://apps.who.int/tdr/svc/diseases/schistosomiasis] Accessed on 16 December 2014.
  4. Crompton DWT, Montressor A, Neisheim MC, Savioli L. Controlling disease due to helminth infection. Geneva, Switzerland. World Health Organization. 2003.
  5. Chitsulo L, Engels D, Montresor A, Savioli L. The global status of schistosomiasis and its control. Acta Trop 2000; 77: 41-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-706X(00)00122-4
  6. Mazigo HD, Nuwaha F, Kinung’hi SM, Morona D, de Moira AP, Wilson S, Heukelbach J, Dunne DW. Epidemiology and control of human schistosomiasis in Tanzania. Parasit Vectors 2012; 5: 274. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-5-274
  7. Morgan JAT, Dejong RJ, Snyder SD, Mkoji GM, Loker ES. Schistosoma mansoni and Biomphalaria: past history and future trends. Parasitology 2001; 123: S211-S228.
  8. Stothard JR, Kabatereine NB, Tukahebwa EM, Kazibwe F, Rollinson D, Mathieson W, Webster JP, Fenwick A. Use of circulating cathodic antigen (CCA) dipsticks for detection of intestinal and urinary schistosomiasis. Acta Trop 2006; 97: 219-228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2005.11.004
  9. Standley CJ, Adriko M, Alinaitwe M, Kazibwe F, Kabatereine NB, Stothard JR. Intestinal schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis in Ugandan schoolchildren: a rapid mapping assessment. Geospat Health 2009; 4: 39-53. https://doi.org/10.4081/gh.2009.209
  10. Lwambo NJ, Siza JE, Brooker S, Bunday DA, Guyatt H. Patterns of concurrent hookworm infection and schistosomiasis in schoolchildren in Tanzania. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1999; 93: 497-502. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0035-9203(99)90349-8
  11. Kinung’hi SM, Magnussen P, Kishamawe C, Todd J, Vennervald BJ. The impact of anthelmintic treatment intervention on malaria infection and anaemia in school and preschool children in Magu district, Tanzania: an open label randomised intervention trial. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15: 136. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-015-0864-5
  12. Brooker S, Kabatereine NB, Gyapong JO, Stothard JR, Utzinger J. Rapid mapping of schistosomiasis and other neglected tropical diseases in the context of integrated control programmes in Africa. Parasitology 2009; 136: 1707-1718. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031182009005940
  13. Verani JR, Abudho B, Montgomery SP, Mwinzi PN, Shane HL, Butler SE, Karanja DM, Secor WE. Schistosomiasis among young children in Usoma, Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2011; 84: 787-791. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2011.10-0685
  14. Odogwu SE, Ramamurthy NK, Kabatereine NB, Kazibwe F, Tukahebwa E, Webster JP, Fenwick A, Stothard JR. Schistosoma mansoni in infants (aged <3 years) along the Ugandan shoreline of Lake Victoria. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 2006; 100: 315-326. https://doi.org/10.1179/136485906X105552
  15. Stothard JR, Kabatereine NB, Tukahebwa EM, Kazibwe F, Mathieson W, Webster JP, Fenwick A. Field evaluation of the Meade Readiview handheld microscope for diagnosis of intestinal schistosomiasis in Ugandan school children. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2005; 73: 949-955.
  16. Smith JH, Christie JD. The pathobiology of Schistosoma haematobium infection in humans. Hum Pathol 1986; 17: 333-345. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0046-8177(86)80456-7
  17. Warren KS. The pathology, pathobiology and pathogenesis of schistosomiasis. Nature 1978; 273: 609-612. https://doi.org/10.1038/273609a0
  18. King CH, Dickman K, Tisch DJ. Reassessment of the cost of chronic helmintic infection: a meta-analysis of disability-related outcomes in endemic schistosomiasis. Lancet 2005; 365: 1561-1569. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66457-4
  19. Jukes MC, Nokes CA, Alcock KJ, Lambo JK, Kihamia C, Ngorosho N, Mbise A, Lorri W, Yona E, Mwanri L, Baddeley AD, Hall A, Bundy DA, Partnership for Child Development. Heavy schistosomiasis associated with poor short-term memory and slower reaction times in Tanzanian schoolchildren. Trop Med Int Health 2002; 7: 104-117. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3156.2002.00843.x
  20. Ndamba J, Makaza N, Munjoma M, Gomo E, Kaondera KC. The physical fitness and work performance of agricultural workers infected with Schistosoma mansoni in Zimbabwe. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1993; 87: 553-561. https://doi.org/10.1080/00034983.1993.11812810
  21. Collins KJ, Brotherhood RJ, Davies CT, Dore C, Hackett AJ, Imms FJ, Musgrove J, Weiner JS, Amin MA, El Karim M, Ismail HM, Omer AH, Sukkar MY. Physiological performance and work capacity of Sudanese cane cutters with Schistosoma mansoni infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1976; 25: 410-421. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1976.25.410
  22. Fenwick A, Figenschou BH. The effect of Schistosoma mansoni infection of the productivity of cane cutters on a sugar estate in Tanzania. Bull World Health Organ 1972; 47: 567-572.
  23. Montresor A, Crompton DWT, Hall A, Bundy DAP. Guidelines for the evaluation of soil-transmitted helminthiasis and schistosomiasis at community level, WHO/CTD/SIP/98.1. Geneva, Switzerland. World Health Organization. 1998.
  24. Brooker S, Clements AC, Bundy DA. Global epidemiology, ecology and control of soil-transmitted helminth infection. Adv Parasitol 2006; 62: 221-261. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-308X(05)62007-6
  25. Hotez PJ, Ehrenberg JP. Escalating the global fight against neglected tropical diseases through interventions in the Asia Pacific region. Adv Parasitol 2010; 72: 31-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-308X(10)72002-9
  26. World Health Organization. Soil-transmitted helminthiases. Eliminating soil-transmitted helminthiases as a public health problem in children. Progress report 2001-2010 and strategic plan 2011-2020. Geneva, Switzerland. World Health Organisation. 2012.
  27. Hotez PJ, Fenwick A, Savioli L, Molyneux DH. Rescuing the bottom billion through control of neglected tropical diseases. Lancet 2009; 373: 1570-1575. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60233-6
  28. Ajanga A, Lwambo NJS, Blair L, Nyandindi U, Fenwick A, Brooker S. Schistosoma mansoni in pregnancy and associations with anaemia in northwest, Tanzania. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2006; 100:59-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trstmh.2005.06.024
  29. Brooker S, Miguel EA, Moulin S, Luoba AI, Bundy DA, Kremer M. Epidemiology of single and multiple species of helminth infections among school children in Busia District, Kenya. East Afr Med J 2000; 77: 157-161.
  30. Clements AC, Deville MA, Ndayishimiye O, Brooker S, Fenwick A. Spatial co-distribution of neglected tropical diseases in the east African great lakes region: revisiting the justification for integrated control. Trop Med Int Health 2010; 15: 198-207. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3156.2009.02440.x
  31. Handzel T, Karanja DM, Addiss DG, Hightower AW, Rosen DH, Colley DG, Andove J, Slutsker L, Evansecor W. Geographic distribution of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths in Western Kenya: implication for anthelminthic mass treatment. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2003; 69: 318-323.
  32. Nasr NA, Al-Mekhlafi HM, Ahmed A, Roslan MA, Bulgiba A. Towards an effective control programme of soil-transmitted helminth infections among Orang Asli in rural Malaysia. Part 1: prevalence and associated key factors. Parasit Vectors 2013; 6: 27. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-6-27
  33. Brooker S, Bundy DAP. Soil-transmitted helminths (geohelminths) In Cook GC, Zumla AI, eds, Manson's Tropical Diseases. London, UK. Elsevier. 2008, pp. 848-853.
  34. Hotez PJ, Bundy DAP, Beegle K, Brooker S, Drake L, de Silva N, Montresor A, Engels D, Jukes M, Chitsulo L, Chow J, Laxminarayan R, Michaud C, Bethony J, Oliveira R, Xiao SH, Fenwick A, Savioli L. Helminth Infections: soil-transmitted helminth infections and schistosomiasis. In Jamison DT, Breman J, Measham AR, Alleyne G, Claeson M, Evans DB, Jha P, Mills A, Musgrove P, eds, Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries. New York, USA. Oxford University Press. 2006, pp. 467-497.
  35. Keiser J, Utzinger J. Efficacy of current drugs against soil-transmitted helminth infections: systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2008; 299: 1937-1948.
  36. Taylor-Robinson DC, Jones AP, Garner P. Deworming drugs for treating soil-transmitted intestinal worms in children: effects on growth and school performance. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007: (4) CD000371.
  37. Crompton DW, Nesheim MC. Nutritional impact of intestinal helminthiasis during the human life cycle. Ann Rev Nutr 2002; 22: 35-59. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.22.120501.134539
  38. Hotez PJ, Brooker S, Bethony JM, Bottazzi ME, Loukas A, Xiao S. Hookworm infection. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 799-807. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra032492
  39. Doenhoff MJ, Cioli D, Utzinger J. Praziquantel: mechanisms of action, resistance and new derivatives for schistosomiasis. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2008; 21: 659-667. https://doi.org/10.1097/QCO.0b013e328318978f
  40. Fleming FM, Fenwick A, Tukahebwa EM, Lubanga RG, Namwangye H, Zaramba S, Kabatereine NB. Process evaluation of schistosomiasis control in Uganda, 2003 to 2006: perceptions, attitudes and constraints of a national programme. Parasitology 2009; 136: 1759-1969. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031182009990709
  41. Hotez PJ, Bundy DAP, Beegle K, Brooker S, Drake L, de Silva N, et. al. Helminth infections: soil-transmitted helminth infections and schistosomiasis. In Jamison DT, Breman JG, Measham AR, Alleyne G, Claeson M, Evans DB, Jha P, Mills A, Musgrove P, eds, Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries. 2nd ed. Washington DC, USA. World Bank. 2006.
  42. Kamel M, Ghafar Y, Foda N, Khashab S. Impact of type and stage of schistosomiasis on quality of life and productivity of infected workers. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 2001; 3: 153-167.
  43. Conteh L, Engels T, Molyneux DH. Socioeconomic aspects of neglected tropical diseases. Lancet 2010; 375: 239-247. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61422-7
  44. Molyneux DH, Malecela MN. Neglected tropical diseases and the millennium development goals: why the “other diseases” matter: reality versus rhetoric. Parasit Vectors 2011; 4: 234. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-4-234
  45. Fincham JE, Markus MB, Adams VJ. Could control of soil-transmitted helminthic infection influence the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Acta Trop 2003; 86: 315-333. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-706X(03)00063-9
  46. Druilhe P, Tall A, Sokhna C. Worms can worsen malaria: towards a new means to roll back malaria? Trends Parasitol 2005; 21: 359-362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2005.06.011
  47. Hotez PJ, Molyneux DH, Fenwick A, Ottesen E, Ehrlich Sachs S, Sachs JD. Incorporating a rapid-impact package for neglected tropical diseases with programs for HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria. PLoS Med 2006; 3: e102. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030102
  48. Katz N, Chaves A, Pellegrino J. A simple device for quantitative stool thick-smear technique in schistosomiasis mansoni. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1972; 14: 397-400.
  49. World Health Organization. Prevention and control of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis: report of a WHO expert committee. Geneva, Switzerland. World Health Organization. 2001.
  50. Mazigo HD, Waihenya R, Lwambo NJS, Mnyone LL, Mahande AM, Seni J, Zinga M, Kapesa A, Kweka EJ, Mshana SE, Heukelbach J, Mkoji GM. Co-infections with Plasmodium falciparum, Schistosoma mansoni and intestinal helminths among schoolchildren in endemic areas of northwestern Tanzania. Parasit Vectors 2010; 3: 44. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-3-44
  51. Jordan P, Webbe G. Epidemiology. In Schistosomiasis, Epidemiology, Treatment and Control. London, UK. Heinemann Medical Books. 1982, pp. 227-229.
  52. Magendantz M. The biology of Biomphalaria choanomphala and B. sudanica in relation to their role in the transmission of Schistosoma mansoni in Lake Victoria at Mwanza, Tanzania. Bull World Health Organ 1972; 47: 331-342.
  53. Marti HP, Tanner HP, DegreAmont AA, Freyvogel TA. Studies on the ecology of Bulinus globosus, the intermediate host of Schistosoma haematobium, the Ifakara area, Tanzania. Acta Trop 1985; 42: 171-187.
  54. Mwinzi PN, Montgomery SP, Owaga CO, Mwanje M, Muok EM, Ayisi JG, Laserson KF, Muchiri EM, Secor WE, Karanja DM. Integrated community-directed intervention for schistosomiasis and soil transmitted helminths in western Kenya-a pilot study. Parasit Vectors 2012; 5: 182. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-5-182
  55. Kariuki HC, Clennon JA, Brady MS, Kitron U, Sturrock RF, Ouma JH, Ndzovu ST, Mungai P, Hoffman O, Hamburger J, Pellegrini C, Muchiri EM, King CH. Distribution patterns and cercarial shedding of Bulinus nasutus and other snails in the Msambweni area, Coast Province, Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2004; 70: 449-456.
  56. Brooker S, Singhasivanon P, Waikagul J, Supavej S, Kojima S, Takeuchi T, Luong TV, Looareesuwan S. Mapping soil-transmitted helminths in Southeast Asia and implications for parasite control. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2003; 34: 24-36.
  57. Appleton CC, Gouws E. The distribution of common intestinal nematodes along an altitudinal transect in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1996; 90: 181-188. https://doi.org/10.1080/00034983.1996.11813042
  58. Kabatereine NB, Brooker S, Koukounari A, Kazibwe F, Tukahebwa EM, Fleming FM, Zhang YB, Webster JP, Stothard JR, Fenwick A. Impact of a national helminth control programme on infection and morbidity in Ugandan schoolchildren. Bull World Health Organ 2007; 85: 91-99. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.06.030353

피인용 문헌

  1. Prevalence of Soil-Transmitted Helminthiases and Schistosomiasis in Preschool Age Children in Mwea Division, Kirinyaga South District, Kirinyaga County, and Their Potential Effect on Physical Growth vol.2017, pp.None, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/1013802
  2. Coinfection of intestinal schistosomiasis and malaria and association with haemoglobin levels and nutritional status in school children in Mara region, Northwestern Tanzania: a cross-sectional explora vol.10, pp.None, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-017-2904-2
  3. Comparison of sensitivity and specificity of three diagnostic tests to detect Schistosoma mansoni infections in school children in Mwanza region, Tanzania vol.13, pp.8, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202499
  4. Evaluation of Occurrence, Concentration, and Removal of Pathogenic Parasites and Fecal Coliforms in Three Waste Stabilization Pond Systems in Tanzania vol.2019, pp.None, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/3415617
  5. Epidemiology of Schistosoma mansoni infection and associated risk factors among school children attending primary schools nearby rivers in Jimma town, an urban setting, Southwest Ethiopia vol.15, pp.2, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0228007
  6. Prevalence and associated factors of soil transmitted helminthiasis among school-age children in wetland and non-wetland areas of Blue Nile Basins, northwest Ethiopia: A community-based comparative st vol.9, pp.None, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1177/20503121211063354
  7. Prevalence and Intensity of Soil-Transmitted Helminths and Associated Factors among Adolescents and Adults in Bibugn Woreda, Northwest Ethiopia: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study vol.2021, pp.None, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/7043881
  8. Schistosomiasis with a Focus on Africa vol.6, pp.3, 2015, https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed6030109
  9. Soil transmitted helminth infection in primary school children varies with ecozone in the Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania vol.49, pp.1, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1186/s41182-021-00310-6