Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers (대한환경공학회지)

Korean Society of Environmental Engineers (대한환경공학회)
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An Overview of Problems Cyanotoxins Produced by Cyanobacteria and the Solutions Thereby

남조류에서 발생하는 독소의 문제점과 대책

  • Jeon, Bong-seok (Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University) ;
  • Han, Jisun (Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University) ;
  • Kim, Seog-Ku (Environmental and Plant Engineering Research Institute, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology) ;
  • Ahn, Jae-Hwan (Environmental and Plant Engineering Research Institute, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology) ;
  • Oh, Hye-Cheol (Environmental and Plant Engineering Research Institute, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology) ;
  • Park, Ho-Dong (Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University)
  • 전봉석 (신슈대학교 이학부 물질순환학 코스) ;
  • 한지선 (신슈대학교 이학부 물질순환학 코스) ;
  • 김석구 (한국건설기술연구원 환경.플랜트연구소) ;
  • 안재환 (한국건설기술연구원 환경.플랜트연구소) ;
  • 오혜철 (한국건설기술연구원 환경.플랜트연구소) ;
  • 박호동 (신슈대학교 이학부 물질순환학 코스)
  • Received : 2015.11.29
  • Accepted : 2015.12.15
  • Published : 2015.12.31
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Abstract

Cyanobacteria frequently dominate the freshwater phytoplankton community in eutrophic waters. Cyanotoxins can be classified according to toxicity as neurotoxin (Anatoxin-a, Anatoxin-a(s), Saxitoxins) or hepatotoxin (microcystins, nodularin, cylindrospermopsin). Microcystins are present within cyanobacterial cells generally, and they are extracted by the damage of cell membrane. It has been reported that cyanotoxins caused adverse effects and they are acculmulated in aquatic oganisms of lake, river and ocean. In natural, microcystins are removed by biodegradation of microorganisms and/or feeding of predators. However, in process of water treatment, the use of copper sulfate to remove algal cells caused extraction of a mess of microcystins. Microcysitns are removed by physical, chemical and biological methods according to reports. The reduction of nutrients (N and P) inflow is basic method of prevention of cyanobacteria bloom formation. However, it is less effective than investigation because nutrients already present in the eutrophic lake. In natural lake, cyanobacteria bloom are not formed because macrophytes invade from coastal lake by eutrophication. Therefore, a coastal lake has to recover to prevent of cyanobacteria bloom formation.

녹조현상을 형성하는 유독남조류는 세계 각지의 부영양화 호수에서 장기간 관찰되고 있다. 남조에 의해 생산되는 독소는 크게 신경독(anatoxin-a, anatoxin-a(s), saxitoxin)과 간독(microcystin, nodularin, cylindrospermopsin)으로 나뉜다. Microcystin은 남조세포내에 존재하며, 세포막이 손상되면 외부로 방출된다고 사료되며, 용출된 microcystin은 생물에 악영향을 끼치며, 호수, 하천 및 해양의 수생생물에 microcystin이 축적된다고 알려져 있다. 자연계에서는 포식자에 의한 남조세포의 섭식 또는 남조세포로부터 용출된 microcystin의 미생물에 의한 분해에 의해 microcystin의 제거가 가능하지만, 정수처리 과정에서는 microcystin을 분해하는 미생물이 존재하지 않으므로, 세포제거를 위해 황산구리를 사용할 경우 대량의 microcystin이 용출되므로 주의가 필요하다. 지금까지의 보고에 의하면 세포 밖으로 용출된 micorcystin을 제거하는 기술은 물리, 화학 및 생물학적 방법이 있다. 녹조현상의 방지는 그 발생의 원인인 호수 외로부터 유입되는 영양염류인 질소와 인의 감소가 기본이지만, 부영양호의 경우 이미 유입된 영양염류를 축적하고 있으므로 투자에 비해 효과는 높지 않다. 호수가 본래의 상태일 때 부영양화 된다면, 호수의 연안부에 수생식물의 침입이 일어나고, 식물플랑크톤에 의한 조류 번무 현상은 보이지 않는 것이 보통이다. 이러한 관점으로 녹조현상 발생방지를 위해서는 일단 호수 연안을 정상적인 상태로 복원할 필요가 있다.

Keywords

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