DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Psychophysiological Characteristics of Insomnia Patients Measured by Biofeedback System

바이오피드백을 이용하여 측정한 불면증 환자의 정신생리적 특징

  • Huh, Sung-Young (Department of Neuropsychiatry, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital) ;
  • Lee, Jin-Seong (Department of Neuropsychiatry, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital) ;
  • Kim, Sung-Gon (Department of Neuropsychiatry, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital) ;
  • Kim, Ji-Hoon (Department of Neuropsychiatry, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital) ;
  • Jung, Woo-Young (Department of Neuropsychiatry, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital)
  • 허성영 (양산부산대학교병원 정신건강의학과) ;
  • 이진성 (양산부산대학교병원 정신건강의학과) ;
  • 김성곤 (양산부산대학교병원 정신건강의학과) ;
  • 김지훈 (양산부산대학교병원 정신건강의학과) ;
  • 정우영 (양산부산대학교병원 정신건강의학과)
  • Received : 2015.12.04
  • Accepted : 2015.12.24
  • Published : 2015.12.31

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Insomnia is the most prevalent sleep disorder in the general population and is considered to be a disorder of hyperarousal. The aim of this study was to measure the psychophysiological responses in insomnia patients using a biofeedback system, and to compare them with results from normal healthy subjects. Materials and Methods: Eighty patients with primary insomnia (35 males and 45 females, average age $49.71{\pm}12.91years$) and 101 normal healthy controls (64 males and 37 females, average age $27.65{\pm}2.77$) participated in this study. Electromyography (EMG), heart rate (HR), skin conductance (SC), skin temperature (ST), and respiratory rate (RR) were recorded using a biofeedback system during 5 phases (baseline, stress 1, recovery 1, stress 2, recovery 2) of a stress reactivity test, and average values were calculated. Difference in values between the two groups in each corresponding phase was analyzed with independent t-test, and change in values across phases of the stress reactivity test was analyzed with paired t-test (all two-tailed, p<0.05). Results: Compared to normal controls, insomnia patients had higher EMG in all 5 phases (baseline : $7.72{\pm}3.88{\mu}V$ vs. $4.89{\pm}1.73{\mu}V$, t = -6.06, p<0.001 ; stress 1 : $10.29{\pm}5.16{\mu}V$ vs. $6.63{\pm}2.48{\mu}V$, t = -5.84, p<0.001 ; recovery 1 : $7.87{\pm}3.86{\mu}V$ vs. $5.17{\pm}2.17{\mu}V$, t = -5.61, p<0.001 ; stress 2 : $10.22{\pm}6.07{\mu}V$ vs. $6.98{\pm}2.98{\mu}V$, t = -4.37, p<0.001 ; recovery 2 : $7.88{\pm}4.25{\mu}V$ vs. $5.17{\pm}1.99{\mu}V$, t = -5.27, p<0.001). Change in heart rate across phases of the stress reactivity test were higher in normal controls than in insomnia patients (stress 1-baseline : $6.48{\pm}0.59$ vs. $3.77{\pm}0.59$, t = 3.22, p = 0.002 ; recovery 1- stress 1 : $-5.36{\pm}0.0.59$ vs. $-3.16{\pm}0.47$, t = 2.91, p = 0.004 ; stress 2-recovery 1 : $8.45{\pm}0.61$ vs. $4.03{\pm}0.47$, t = 5.72, p<0.001 ; recovery 2-stress 2 : $-8.56{\pm}0.65$ vs. $4.02{\pm}0.51$, t = -5.31, p<0.001). Conclusion: Psychophysiological profiles of insomnia patients in a stress reactivity test were different from those of normal healthy controls. These results suggest that the sympathetic nervous system is more highly activated in insomnia patients.

목 적 : 불면증은 여러 가지 신체질환, 정신질환에 공이환 된 경우가 많아 일차 진료에서 가장 흔한 문제 중 하나이다. 정신생리적 과각성이 병태생리에서 중요하다고 알려져 있다. 이 연구에서는 바이오피드백 기기를 이용한 스트레스 반응 검사로 일차성 불면증과 정상인 간에 생리신호 특성을 비교하였다. 방 법 : 일차성 불면증 환자 80명(남자 35, 여자 45명, $49.71{\pm}12.91$세)과 정상인 101명(남자 64, 여자 37명, $27.65{\pm}2.77$세)에게 바이오피드백 기기를 이용하여 스트레스 반응 검사를 하였다. 스트레스 반응 검사는 기저, 스트레스 1, 회복 1, 스트레스 2, 회복 2단계의 다섯 단계로 하였다. 각 단계에서 근전도(EMG), 심장박동수(heart rate), 피부전도(skin conductance), 피부체온(skin temperature), 그리고 호흡수(respiratory rate)를 각각 2분 동안 기록하여 평균값을 산출하였다. 측정값들의 양 군 사이 비교에는 독립 t-검정, 이전 단계와 비교한 측정값의 변화는 대응표본 t-검정으로 분석하였다(양측검정, p < 0.05). 결 과 : 불면증 환자는 정상인에 비해 5단계 스트레스 반응 검사 모두에서 전두근이 더 긴장해 있었다(기저 : $7.72{\pm}3.88{\mu}V$ vs. $4.89{\pm}1.73{\mu}V$, t = -6.06, p < 0.001 ; 스트레스 1 : $10.29{\pm}5.16{\mu}V$ vs. $6.63{\pm}2.48{\mu}V$, t = -5.84, p < 0.001 ; 회복 1 : $7.87{\pm}3.86{\mu}V$ vs. $5.17{\pm}2.17{\mu}V$, t = -5.61, p < 0.001 ; 스트레스 2 : $10.22{\pm}6.07{\mu}V$ vs. $6.98{\pm}2.98{\mu}V$, t = -4.37, p < 0.001 ; 회복 2 : $7.88{\pm}4.25{\mu}V$ vs. $5.17{\pm}1.99{\mu}V$, t = -5.27, p < 0.001 ). 정상인은 불면증 환자와 비교하여 각 단계에 따른 심장박동수의 변화 정도가 더 컸다(스트레스 1-기저 : $6.48{\pm}0.59$ vs. $3.77{\pm}0.59$, t = 3.22, p = 0.002 ; 회복 1-스트레스 1 : $-5.36{\pm}0.0.59$ vs. $-3.16{\pm}0.47$, t = 2.91, p = 0.004 ; 스트레스 2-회복 1 : $8.45{\pm}0.61$ vs. $4.03{\pm}0.47$, t = 5.72, p < 0.001 ; 회복 2-스트레스 2 : $-8.56{\pm}0.65$ vs. $-4.02{\pm}0.51$, t = -5.31, p < 0.001). 결 론 : 일차성 불면증 환자는 정상인에 비해 전두근 근전도 측정값이 전반적으로 증가되었고, 심장박동수의 검사 단계별 변화 정도가 작았다. 이는 불면증 환자의 자율신경계가 정상인에 비해 과각성 상태에 있음을 시사한다.

Keywords

References

  1. Buysse DJ. Insomnia. JAMA 2013;309:706-716. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.193
  2. Buysse DJ, Germain A, Hall ML, Moul DE, Nofzinger EA, Begley A, et al. EEG spectral analysis in primary insomnia: NREM period effects and sex differences. Sleep 2008;31:1673-1682. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/31.12.1673
  3. Chong Y, Fryer CD, Gu Q. Prescription sleep aid use among adults: United States, 2005-2010. NCHS Data Brief 2013:1-8.
  4. De Valck E, Cluydts R, Pirrera S. Effect of cognitive arousal on sleep latency, somatic and cortical arousal following partial sleep deprivation. J Sleep Res 2004;13:295-304. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2869.2004.00424.x
  5. Haynes SN, Moseley D, McGowan WT. Relaxation training and biofeedback in the reduction of frontalis muscle tension. Psychophysiology 1975;12:547-552. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1975.tb00044.x
  6. Heiden M, Barnekow-Bergkvist M, Nakata M, Lyskov E. Autonomic activity, pain, and perceived health in patients on sick leave due to stress-related illnesses. Integr Physiol Behav Sci 2005;40:3-16. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02734184
  7. Jose AD, Collison D. The normal range and determinants of the intrinsic heart rate in man. Cardiovasc Res 1970;4:160-167. https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/4.2.160
  8. Kim YL, Koo MS, Kim EJ, Yu BH. Psychophysiological response patterns measured by a biofeedback system in healthy people. Sleep Med Psychophysiol 2002;9:61-67.
  9. Lee JS, Kang DH, An HJ, Yoon DH, Jeong DU. Psychophysiological characteristics of chronic pain patients measured by biofeedback system. Sleep Med Psychophysiol 2009;16:79-84.
  10. Levenson JC, Kay DB, Buysse DJ. The pathophysiology of insomnia. Chest 2015;147:1179-1192. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.14-1617
  11. O'Brien IA, O'Hare P, Corrall RJ. Heart rate variability in healthy subjects: effect of age and the derivation of normal ranges for tests of autonomic function. Br Heart J 1986;55:348-354. https://doi.org/10.1136/hrt.55.4.348
  12. Riemann D, Spiegelhalder K, Feige B, Voderholzer U, Berger M, Perlis M, et al. The hyperarousal model of insomnia: a review of the concept and its evidence. Sleep Med Rev 2010;14:19-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2009.04.002
  13. Roth T, Roehrs T, Pies R. Insomnia: pathophysiology and implications for treatment. Sleep Med Rev 2007;11:71-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2006.06.002
  14. Seo MK, Han WS, Lee KK, Yu BH, Lee YR, Kim E, et al. Characteristics of physiological variables (EDR, EMG) in biofeedback treatment. Sleep Med Psychophysiol 1999;6:38-45.
  15. Shusterman V, Barnea O. Sympathetic nervous system activity in stress and biofeedback relaxation. Monitoring SNS activity with the photoplethysmographic-wave envelope and temperature-variability signals. IEEE Eng Med Biol Mag 2005;24:52-57.
  16. Vaughn R, Pall ML, Haynes SN. Frontalis EMG response to stress in subjects with frequent muscle-contraction headaches. Headache 1977;16:313-317. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4610.1976.hed1606313.x
  17. Yu SE, Hwang IK. A pilot study on the biofeedback aided relaxation in normal subjects. J Kor Neuropsychiatr Assoc 1985;24: 517-522.