Structural Engineering and Mechanics

Techno-Press (테크노프레스)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Design charts for yield acceleration and seismic displacement of retaining walls with surcharge through limit analysis

  • Received : 2013.06.18
  • Accepted : 2014.10.02
  • Published : 2014.12.25
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Calculating the seismic displacement of retaining walls has an important role in the optimum design of these structures. Also, studying the effect of surcharge is important for the calculation of active pressure as well as permanent displacements of the wall. In this regard, some researchers have investigated active pressure; but, unfortunately, there are few investigations on the seismic displacement of retaining walls with surcharge. In this research, using limit analysis and upper bound theorem, permanent seismic displacement of retaining walls with surcharge was analyzed for sliding and overturning failure mechanisms. Thus, a new formulation was presented for calculating yield acceleration, critical angle of failure wedge, and permanent displacement of retaining walls with surcharge. Also, effects of surcharge, its location and other factors such as height of the wall and internal friction angle of soil on the amount of seismic displacements were investigated. Finally, designing charts were presented for calculating yield acceleration coefficient and angle of failure wedge.

Keywords

References

  1. Anastasopoulos, I., Georgarakos, T., Georgiannou, V., Drosos, V. and Kourkoulis, R. (2010), "Seismic performance of bar-mat reinforced-soil retaining wall: shaking table testing versus numerical analysis with modified kinematic hardening constitutive model", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 30(10), 1089-1105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2010.04.020
  2. Biondi, G., Maugeri, M. and Cascone, E. (2009), "Performance-based pseudo-static analysis of gravity retaining walls", Proceedings of the International Conference on Performance-based design in Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering, Tokyo, Japan.
  3. Biondi, G., Cascone, E. and Maugeri, M. (2014), "Displacement versus pseudo-static evaluation of the seismic performance of sliding retaining walls", Bull. Earthq. Eng., 12(3), 1239-1267. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-013-9542-4
  4. Caltabiano, S., Cascone, E. and Maugeri, M. (1999), "Sliding response of gravity retaining walls", Proceedings of the2nd International Conference on Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering, Lisbon, Portugal.
  5. Caltabiano, S., Cascone, E. and Maugeri, M. (2000), "Seismic stability of retaining walls with surcharge", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 20(5-8), 469-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0267-7261(00)00093-2
  6. Caltabiano, S., Cascone, E. and Maugeri, M. (2005), "A procedure for seismic design of retaining walls", Seismic Prevention of Damage: A Case Study in a Mediterranean City, Ed. Maugeri, M., WIT Press.
  7. Caltabiano, S., Cascone, E. and Maugeri, M. (2012), "Static and seismic limit equilibrium analysis of sliding retaining walls under different surcharge conditions", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 37, 38-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2012.01.015
  8. Chen, W.F. (1975), Limit Analysis and Soil Plasticity, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
  9. Chen, W.F. and Liu, X.L. (1990), Limit Analysis in Soil Mechanics, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
  10. Cocco, L., Suarez, L.E. and Matheu, E.E. (2010), "Development of a nonlinear seismic response capacity spectrum method for intake towers of dams", Struct. Eng. Mech., 36(3), 321-341. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2010.36.3.321
  11. Drucker, D.C., Prager, W. and Greenmberg, H.G. (1952), "Etended limit design theorems for continuous media", Quart. J. Mech. Appl. Math., 9, 381-389.
  12. Durand, A.F., Vargas, Jr E.A. and Vaz, L.E. (2006), "Applications of numerical limit analysis (NLA) to stability problems of rock and soil masses", Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 43, 408-425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2005.07.010
  13. Evangelista, A., Scotto di Santolo, A. and Simonelli, A.L. (2010), "Evaluation of pseudo static active earth pressare coefficient of cantilever retaining walls", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 30, 1119-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2010.06.018
  14. Fang, Y.S., Yang, Y.C. and Chen, T.J. (2003), "Retaining wall damaged in the Chi-Chi earth- quake", Can. Geotech. J., 40, 1142-1153. https://doi.org/10.1139/t03-055
  15. Feinberg, S.M. (1948), The Principle of Limiting Stresses, Prnkl Mat Mech. (in Russian)
  16. Finn, W.D.L. (1967), "Application of limit plasticity in soil mechanics", J. Soil Mech. Found. Div.,ASCE, 93(5), 101-120.
  17. Ghanbari, A. and Taheri, M. (2012), "An analytical method for calculating active earth pressure in reinforced retaining walls subject to a line surcharge", Geotext. Geomembrain., 34,1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2012.02.009
  18. Greco, VR. (2006), "Active thrust due to backfill subject to lines of surcharge", J. Geotech. Geoenvir. Eng., ASCE, 132, 269-271. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2006)132:2(269)
  19. Gursoy, S. and Durmus, A. (2009), "Investigation of linear and nonlinear of behaviours of reinforced concrete cantilever retaining walls according to the earthquake loads considering", Struct. Eng. Mech., 31(1), 75-91. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2009.31.1.075
  20. Haciefendioglu, K., Bayraktar, A. and Turker, T. (2010), "Seismic response of concrete gravity dam-ice covered reservoir-foundation interaction systems", Struct. Eng. Mech., 36(4), 499-511. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2010.36.4.499
  21. Hill, R. (1948), "A variational principle of maximum plastic work in classical plasticity", Quart. J. Mech. Appl. Math., 1, 18-28. https://doi.org/10.1093/qjmam/1.1.18
  22. Hill, R. (1951), "On the state of stress in a plastic-rigid body at the yield point", Philos. Mag., 42, 868-875. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786445108561315
  23. Huang, C.C. and Chen, Y.H. (2004), "Seismic stability of soil retaining walls situated on slope", J. Geotech. Geoenvir. Eng., ASCE, 130(1), 45-57. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2004)130:1(45)
  24. Huang, C.C. (2006), "Seismic displacement analysis of free-standing highway bridge abutment", J. GeoEng., 1(1), 29-39.
  25. Huang, C.C., Wu, S.H. and Wu, H.J. (2009), "Seismic displacement criterion for soil retaining walls based on soil strength mobilization", J. Geotech. Geoenvir. Eng., ASCE, 135(1), 76-82.
  26. Kim, T.H., Kim, Y.J. and Shin, H.M. (2008), "Seismic performance assessment of reinforced concrete bridge piers supported by laminated rubber bearings", Struct. Eng. Mech., 29(3), 259-278. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2008.29.3.259
  27. Kloukinas, P. and Mylonakis, G. (2011), "Rankine solution for seismic earth pressures on L-shaped retaining walls", Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Earthquake Geotech- nical Engineering, Santiago, Chile, paper No. RSSKL.
  28. Li, X., Wu, Y. and He, S. (2010), "Seismic stability analysis of gravity retaining walls", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 30, 875-878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2010.04.005
  29. Michalowski, R.L. (1998a), "Limit analysis in stability calculations of reinforced soil structures", Geotext. Geomembrain., 16, 311-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0266-1144(98)00015-6
  30. Michalowski, R.L. (1998b), "Soil reinforcement for seismic design of geotechnical structures", Comput. Geotech., 23(1-2), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0266-352X(98)00016-0
  31. Michalowski, R.L. and You, L. (2000), "Displacements of reinforced slopes subjected to seismic loads", J. Geotech. Geoenvir. Eng., ASCE, 126(8), 685-94. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2000)126:8(685)
  32. Michalowski, R.L. (2007), "Displacement of multiblock geotechnical structures subjected to seismic excitation", J. Geotech. Geoenvir. Eng., ASCE, 133(11), 1432-1439. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2007)133:11(1432)
  33. Michalowski, R.L. (2010), "Limit analysis and stability charts for 3D slope failures", J. Geotech. Geoenvir. Eng., ASCE, 136(4), 583-93. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000251
  34. Mojallal, M. and Ghanbari, A. (2012), "Prediction of seismic displacements in gravity retaining walls based on limit analysis approach", Struct. Eng. Mech., 42(2), 247-267. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2012.42.2.247
  35. Mononobe, N. and Matsuo, H. (1929), "On the determination of earth pressures during earthqua kes", Proceedings of the World Engineering Congress, Tokyo, Japan.
  36. Motta, E. (1994), "Generalized Coulomb active-earth pressure for distanced surcharge", J. Geotech Eng., ASCE, 120(6), 1072-9. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1994)120:6(1072)
  37. Mylonakis, G., Kloukinas, P. and Papantonopoulos, C. (2007), "An alternative to the Mononobe-Okabe equations for seismic earth pressures", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 27, 957-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2007.01.004
  38. Nadim, F. (1982), "A numerical model for evaluation of seismic behavior of gravity retaining walls", ScD Thesis, Research report R82-33, Department of Civil Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
  39. Nadim, F. and Whitman, R.V. (1983), "Seismically induced movement of retaining walls", J. Geotech. Eng., ASCE, 109(7), 915-931. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1983)109:7(915)
  40. Newmark, N.M. (1965), "Effects of earthquakes on dams and embankments", Geotechnique, 15(2), 139-159. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1965.15.2.139
  41. Okabe, S. (1924), "General theory on earth pressure and seismic stability of retaining wall and dam", J. Japan Soc. Civil Eng., 10(6), 1277-1323.
  42. Pitilakis, K. and Moutsakis, A. (1989), "Seismic analysis and behaviour of gravity retaining walls - the case of Kalamata harbour quaywall", Soil. Found., 29(1), 1-17.
  43. Richards, R. and Elms, D.G. (1979), "Seismic behavior of gravity retaining walls", J. Geotech. Eng. Div., 105(4), 449-464.
  44. Tateyama, M., Tatsuoka, F., Koseki, J. and Horii, K. (1995), "Damage to soil retaining walls for railway embankments during the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake", Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering, Tokyo.
  45. Sadrekarimi, A., Ghalandarzadeh, A. and Sadrekarimi, J. (2008), "Static and dynamic behavior of hunchbacked gravity quay walls", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 28(2), 99-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2007.05.004
  46. Stamatopoulos, CA., Velgaki, E.G., Modaressi, A. and Lopez-Caballero, F. (2006), "Seismic displacements of gravity walls by a two-body model", Bull. Earthq. Eng., 4, 295-318. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-006-9015-0
  47. Trandafir, A.C., Kamai, T. and Sidle, R.C. (2009), "Earthquake induced displacements of gravity walls and anchor-reinforced walls", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 29, 428-437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2008.04.005
  48. Varzaghani, M.I. and Ghanbari, A. (2014), "A new analytical model to determine dynamic displacement of foundations adjacent to slope", Geomech. Eng., 6(6), 561-575. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2014.6.6.561
  49. Whitman, R.V. and Liao, S. (1985), "Seismic design of retaining walls", Miscellaneous paper GL-85-1, Department of the Army, US Army Corps Engineers, Washington, DC.
  50. Wu, Y. (1999), "Displacement-based analysis and design of rigid retaining walls during earthquake", PhD Dissertation, Univ. of Missouri-Rolla.
  51. Wu, Y. and Prakash, S. (2001), "Seismic displacement of rigid retaining walls - state of the art", Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics, San Diego, California, March.
  52. You, L. and Michalowski, R.L. (1999), "Displacement charts for slopes subjected to seismic loads", Comput. Geotech., 25(1), 45-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0266-352X(99)00016-6
  53. Yu, H.S. (2006), Plasticity and Geotechnics, Springer Science + Business Media LLC.
  54. Yang, X.L. (2007), "Upper bound limits analysis of active earth pressure with different fracture surface and nonlinear yield criterion", Theo. Appl. Frac. Mech., 47(1), 46-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tafmec.2006.10.003
  55. Zarrabi-Kashani, K. (1979), "Sliding of gravity retaining wall during earthquakes considering vertical accelerations and changing inclination of failure surface", M.S. Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Cited by

  1. A 3D Analytical Approach for Determining Natural Frequency of Retaining Walls vol.15, pp.3, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40999-017-0192-9
  2. Predicting seismic permanent displacement of soil walls under surcharge based on limit analysis approach vol.17, pp.4, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11803-018-0473-6
  3. Investigation of the effect of surcharge on behavior of soil slopes vol.13, pp.4, 2017, https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2017.13.4.653
  4. Investigation on seismic behavior of combined retaining structure with different rock shapes vol.73, pp.5, 2020, https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2020.73.5.599
  5. On determining seismic anchor force of anchoring frame structure supporting three-stage slope vol.22, pp.3, 2020, https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2020.22.3.265
  6. Active earth pressure against inclined rigid retaining wall considering rotation of principal stresses under translation mode vol.14, pp.24, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-021-08057-4