Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society

The Korean Neurosurgical Society (대한신경외과학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Sarcopenia and Neurosurgery

  • Park, Seung Won (Department of Neurosurgery, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine)
  • Received : 2014.05.08
  • Accepted : 2014.08.16
  • Published : 2014.08.28
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Aging process can be characterized as a spontaneous decrease of function in various organs with age. Muscle, as a big organ of human body, undergoes aging process presenting with loss of muscle mass, "sarcopenia". Recently, several working groups have tried to make consensus about sarcopenia for definition and diagnosis. Muscle mass is known to be closely related with bone, brain, fat, cardiovascular and metabolic systems. With increased understanding, clinical and basic researches about sarcopenia have been also increased rapidly from various areas of health science and technology. In this paper, the history and recent concepts of sarcopenia were reviewed and brief discussion of its prospect in the field of neurosurgery was done.

Keywords

References

  1. Arasaki K, Igarashi O, Ichikawa Y, Machida T, Shirozu I, Hyodo A, et al. : Reduction in the motor unit number estimate (MUNE) after cerebral infarction. J Neurol Sci 250 : 27-32, 2006 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2006.06.024
  2. Baccarelli A, Morpurgo PS, Corsi A, Vaghi I, Fanelli M, Cremonesi G, et al. : Activin A serum levels and aging of the pituitary-gonadal axis : a cross-sectional study in middle-aged and elderly healthy subjects. Exp Gerontol 36 : 1403-1412, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0531-5565(01)00117-6
  3. Baumgartner RN, Koehler KM, Gallagher D, Romero L, Heymsfield SB, Ross RR, et al. : Epidemiology of sarcopenia among the elderly in New Mexico. Am J Epidemiol 147 : 755-763, 1998 https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009520
  4. Binkley N, Buehring B : Beyond FRAX : it's time to consider "sarco-osteopenia". J Clin Densitom 12 : 413-416, 2009 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocd.2009.06.004
  5. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Dawson-Hughes B, Staehelin HB, Orav JE, Stuck AE, Theiler R, et al. : Fall prevention with supplemental and active forms of vitamin D : a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 339 : b3692, 2009 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.b3692
  6. Bowser M, Herberg S, Arounleut P, Shi X, Fulzele S, Hill WD, et al. : Effects of the activin A-myostatin-follistatin system on aging bone and muscle progenitor cells. Exp Gerontol 48 : 290-297, 2013 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2012.11.004
  7. Brack AS, Conboy MJ, Roy S, Lee M, Kuo CJ, Keller C, et al. : Increased Wnt signaling during aging alters muscle stem cell fate and increases fibrosis. Science 317 : 807-810, 2007 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1144090
  8. Buehring B, Krueger D, Binkley N : Effect of including historical height and radius BMD measurement on sarco-osteoporosis prevalence. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 4 : 47-54, 2013 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13539-012-0080-8
  9. Campion DR, Richardson RL, Reagan JO, Kraeling RR : Changes in the satellite cell population during postnatal growth of pig skeletal muscle. J Anim Sci 52 : 1014-1018, 1981 https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1981.5251014x
  10. Candow DG, Chilibeck PD : Effect of creatine supplementation during resistance training on muscle accretion in the elderly. J Nutr Health Aging 11 : 185-188, 2007
  11. Carda S, Cisari C, Invernizzi M : Sarcopenia or muscle modifications in neurologic diseases : a lexical or patophysiological difference? Eur J Phys Rehabil Med 49 : 119-130, 2013
  12. Carlson CJ, Booth FW, Gordon SE : Skeletal muscle myostatin mRNA expression is fiber-type specific and increases during hindlimb unloading. Am J Physiol 277 (2 Pt 2) : R601-R606, 1999
  13. Cesari M, Kritchevsky SB, Baumgartner RN, Atkinson HH, Penninx BW, Lenchik L, et al. : Sarcopenia, obesity, and inflammation--results from the Trial of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibition and Novel Cardiovascular Risk Factors study. Am J Clin Nutr 82 : 428-434, 2005 https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/82.2.428
  14. Chen LK, Liu LK, Woo J, Assantachai P, Auyeung TW, Bahyah KS, et al. : Sarcopenia in Asia : consensus report of the asian working group for sarcopenia. J Am Med Dir Assoc 15 : 95-101, 2014 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2013.11.025
  15. Choi KM : Sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 28 : 86-89, 2013 https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2013.28.2.86
  16. Chrusch MJ, Chilibeck PD, Chad KE, Davison KS, Burke DG : Creatine supplementation combined with resistance training in older men. Med Sci Sports Exerc 33 : 2111-2117, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200112000-00021
  17. Cianferotti L, Brandi ML : Muscle-bone interactions : basic and clinical aspects. Endocrine 45 : 165-177, 2014 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-013-0026-8
  18. Clark BC, Manini TM : Sarcopenia =/= dynapenia. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 63 : 829-834, 2008 https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/63.8.829
  19. Coin A, Perissinotto E, Enzi G, Zamboni M, Inelmen EM, Frigo AC, et al. : Predictors of low bone mineral density in the elderly : the role of dietary intake, nutritional status and sarcopenia. Eur J Clin Nutr 62 : 802-809, 2008 https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602779
  20. Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Baeyens JP, Bauer JM, Boirie Y, Cederholm T, Landi F, et al. : Sarcopenia : European consensus on definition and diagnosis : Report of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People. Age Ageing 39 : 412-423, 2010 https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afq034
  21. De Deyne PG, Hafer-Macko CE, Ivey FM, Ryan AS, Macko RF : Muscle molecular phenotype after stroke is associated with gait speed. Muscle Nerve 30 : 209-215, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1002/mus.20085
  22. Delmonico MJ, Harris TB, Lee JS, Visser M, Nevitt M, Kritchevsky SB, et al. : Alternative definitions of sarcopenia, lower extremity performance, and functional impairment with aging in older men and women. J Am Geriatr Soc 55 : 769-774, 2007 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01140.x
  23. DiGirolamo DJ, Kiel DP, Esser KA : Bone and skeletal muscle : neighbors with close ties. J Bone Miner Res 28 : 1509-1518, 2013 https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.1969
  24. Doherty TJ, Vandervoort AA, Brown WF : Effects of ageing on the motor unit : a brief review. Can J Appl Physiol 18 : 331-358, 1993 https://doi.org/10.1139/h93-029
  25. Drummond MJ, Dreyer HC, Pennings B, Fry CS, Dhanani S, Dillon EL, et al. : Skeletal muscle protein anabolic response to resistance exercise and essential amino acids is delayed with aging. J Appl Physiol (1985) 104 : 1452-1461, 2008 https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00021.2008
  26. Eijken M, Swagemakers S, Koedam M, Steenbergen C, Derkx P, Uitterlinden AG, et al. : The activin A-follistatin system : potent regulator of human extracellular matrix mineralization. FASEB J 21 : 2949-2960, 2007 https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.07-8080com
  27. Elkasrawy MN, Hamrick MW : Myostatin (GDF-8) as a key factor linking muscle mass and bone structure. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact 10 : 56-63, 2010
  28. Evans WJ, Campbell WW : Sarcopenia and age-related changes in body composition and functional capacity. J Nutr 123 (2 Suppl) : 465-468, 1993 https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/123.suppl_2.465
  29. Evans WJ, Morley JE, Argiles J, Bales C, Baracos V, Guttridge D, et al. : Cachexia : a new definition. Clin Nutr 27 : 793-799, 2008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2008.06.013
  30. Fiatarone MA, Marks EC, Ryan ND, Meredith CN, Lipsitz LA, Evans WJ : High-intensity strength training in nonagenarians. Effects on skeletal muscle. JAMA 263 : 3029-3034, 1990 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1990.03440220053029
  31. Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J, Newman AB, Hirsch C, Gottdiener J, et al. : Frailty in older adults : evidence for a phenotype. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 56 : M146-M156, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/56.3.M146
  32. Furie KL, Kasner SE, Adams RJ, Albers GW, Bush RL, Fagan SC, et al. : Guidelines for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke or transient ischemic attack : a guideline for healthcare professionals from the american heart association/american stroke association. Stroke 42 : 227-276, 2011 https://doi.org/10.1161/STR.0b013e3181f7d043
  33. Gilson H, Schakman O, Kalista S, Lause P, Tsuchida K, Thissen JP : Follistatin induces muscle hypertrophy through satellite cell proliferation and inhibition of both myostatin and activin. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 297 : E157-E164, 2009 https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00193.2009
  34. Goodpaster BH, Park SW, Harris TB, Kritchevsky SB, Nevitt M, Schwartz AV, et al. : The loss of skeletal muscle strength, mass, and quality in older adults : the health, aging and body composition study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 61 : 1059-1064, 2006 https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/61.10.1059
  35. Grimby G, Saltin B : The ageing muscle. Clin Physiol 3 : 209-218, 1983 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-097X.1983.tb00704.x
  36. Guralnik JM, Ferrucci L, Pieper CF, Leveille SG, Markides KS, Ostir GV, et al. : Lower extremity function and subsequent disability : consistency across studies, predictive models, and value of gait speed alone compared with the short physical performance battery. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 55 : M221-M231, 2000 https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/55.4.M221
  37. Guralnik JM, Simonsick EM, Ferrucci L, Glynn RJ, Berkman LF, Blazer DG, et al. : A short physical performance battery assessing lower extremity function : association with self-reported disability and prediction of mortality and nursing home admission. J Gerontol 49 : M85-M94, 1994 https://doi.org/10.1093/geronj/49.2.M85
  38. Guth L, Samaha FJ : Qualitative differences between actomyosin ATPase of slow and fast mammalian muscle. Exp Neurol 25 : 138-152, 1969 https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-4886(69)90077-6
  39. Hamrick MW : The skeletal muscle secretome : an emerging player in muscle-bone crosstalk. Bonekey Rep 1 : 60, 2012
  40. Hikida RS : Aging changes in satellite cells and their functions. Curr Aging Sci 4 : 279-297, 2011 https://doi.org/10.2174/1874609811104030279
  41. Hoffman JR, Kraemer WJ, Bhasin S, Storer T, Ratamess NA, Haff GG, et al. : Position stand on androgen and human growth hormone use. J Strength Cond Res 23 (5 Suppl) : S1-S59, 2009 https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e31819df2e6
  42. Honda H, Qureshi AR, Axelsson J, Heimburger O, Suliman ME, Barany P, et al. : Obese sarcopenia in patients with end-stage renal disease is associated with inflammation and increased mortality. Am J Clin Nutr 86 : 633-638, 2007 https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/86.3.633
  43. Hyun SJ, Bae CW, Lee SH, Rhim SC : Fatty degeneration of paraspinal muscle in patients with the degenerative lumbar kyphosis : a new evaluation method of quantitative digital analysis using MRI and CT scan. J Spinal Disord Tech 2013 [Epub ahead of print]
  44. Hyun SJ, Kim YB, Kim YS, Park SW, Nam TK, Hong HJ, et al. : Postoperative changes in paraspinal muscle volume : comparison between paramedian interfascial and midline approaches for lumbar fusion. J Korean Med Sci 22 : 646-651, 2007 https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2007.22.4.646
  45. Inouye SK, Studenski S, Tinetti ME, Kuchel GA : Geriatric syndromes : clinical, research, and policy implications of a core geriatric concept. J Am Geriatr Soc 55 : 780-791, 2007 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01156.x
  46. Janssen I, Baumgartner RN, Ross R, Rosenberg IH, Roubenoff R : Skeletal muscle cutpoints associated with elevated physical disability risk in older men and women. Am J Epidemiol 159 : 413-421, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwh058
  47. Janssen I, Heymsfield SB, Ross R : Low relative skeletal muscle mass (sarcopenia) in older persons is associated with functional impairment and physical disability. J Am Geriatr Soc 50 : 889-896, 2002 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1532-5415.2002.50216.x
  48. Kelly TL, Wilson KE, Heymsfield SB : Dual energy X-Ray absorptiometry body composition reference values from NHANES. PLoS One 4 : e7038, 2009 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0007038
  49. Kim TN, Park MS, Lim KI, Choi HY, Yang SJ, Yoo HJ, et al. : Relationships between sarcopenic obesity and insulin resistance, inflammation, and vitamin D status : the Korean Sarcopenic Obesity Study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 78 : 525-532, 2013 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2012.04433.x
  50. Kim TN, Park MS, Yang SJ, Yoo HJ, Kang HJ, Song W, et al. : Prevalence and determinant factors of sarcopenia in patients with type 2 diabetes : the Korean Sarcopenic Obesity Study (KSOS). Diabetes Care 33 : 1497-1499, 2010 https://doi.org/10.2337/dc09-2310
  51. Kim TN, Yang SJ, Yoo HJ, Lim KI, Kang HJ, Song W, et al. : Prevalence of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity in Korean adults : the Korean sarcopenic obesity study. Int J Obes (Lond) 33 : 885-892, 2009 https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2009.130
  52. Kullberg S, Ramirez-Leon V, Johnson H, Ulfhake B : Decreased axosomatic input to motoneurons and astrogliosis in the spinal cord of aged rats. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 53 : B369-B379, 1998
  53. Lauretani F, Russo CR, Bandinelli S, Bartali B, Cavazzini C, Di Iorio A, et al. : Age-associated changes in skeletal muscles and their effect on mobility : an operational diagnosis of sarcopenia. J Appl Physiol (1985) 95 : 1851-1860, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00246.2003
  54. Lee JC, Cha JG, Kim Y, Kim YI, Shin BJ : Quantitative analysis of back muscle degeneration in the patients with the degenerative lumbar flat back using a digital image analysis : comparison with the normal controls. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 33 : 318-325, 2008 https://doi.org/10.1097/BRS.0b013e318162458f
  55. Lee SJ, Reed LA, Davies MV, Girgenrath S, Goad ME, Tomkinson KN, et al. : Regulation of muscle growth by multiple ligands signaling through activin type II receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102 : 18117-18122, 2005 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0505996102
  56. Leger B, Derave W, De Bock K, Hespel P, Russell AP : Human sarcopenia reveals an increase in SOCS-3 and myostatin and a reduced efficiency of Akt phosphorylation. Rejuvenation Res 11 : 163-175B, 2008 https://doi.org/10.1089/rej.2007.0588
  57. Lexell J : Human aging, muscle mass, and fiber type composition. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 50 Spec No : 11-16, 1995
  58. Lynch NA, Ryan AS, Evans J, Katzel LI, Goldberg AP : Older elite football players have reduced cardiac and osteoporosis risk factors. Med Sci Sports Exerc 39 : 1124-2230, 2007 https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0b013e3180557466
  59. Mangione KK, Miller AH, Naughton IV : Cochrane review : improving physical function and performance with progressive resistance strength training in older adults. Phys Ther 90 : 1711-1715, 2010 https://doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20100270
  60. Mannion AF, Taimela S, Muntener M, Dvorak J : Active therapy for chronic low back pain part 1. Effects on back muscle activation, fatigability, and strength. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 26 : 897-908,2001 https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-200104150-00013
  61. Mauro A : Satellite cell of skeletal muscle fibers. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 9 : 493-495, 1961 https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.9.2.493
  62. McPherron AC, Lawler AM, Lee SJ : Regulation of skeletal muscle mass in mice by a new TGF-beta superfamily member. Nature 387 : 83-90, 1997 https://doi.org/10.1038/387083a0
  63. Melton LJ 3rd, Khosla S, Crowson CS, O'Connor MK, O'Fallon WM, Riggs BL : Epidemiology of sarcopenia. J Am Geriatr Soc 48 : 625-630, 2000 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2000.tb04719.x
  64. Mengiardi B, Schmid MR, Boos N, Pfirrmann CW, Brunner F, Elfering A, et al. : Fat content of lumbar paraspinal muscles in patients with chronic low back pain and in asymptomatic volunteers : quantification with MR spectroscopy. Radiology 240 : 786-792, 2006 https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2403050820
  65. Min SH, Kim MH, Seo JB, Lee JY, Lee DH : The quantitative analysis of back muscle degeneration after posterior lumbar fusion : comparison of minimally invasive and conventional open surgery. Asian Spine J 3 : 89-95, 2009 https://doi.org/10.4184/asj.2009.3.2.89
  66. Morley JE, Argiles JM, Evans WJ, Bhasin S, Cella D, Deutz NE, et al. : Nutritional recommendations for the management of sarcopenia. J Am Med Dir Assoc 11 : 391-396, 2010 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2010.04.014
  67. Morley JE, Baumgartner RN, Roubenoff R, Mayer J, Nair KS : Sarcopenia. J Lab Clin Med 137 : 231-243, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1067/mlc.2001.113504
  68. Morley JE, Vellas B, van Kan GA, Anker SD, Bauer JM, Bernabei R, et al. : Frailty consensus : a call to action. J Am Med Dir Assoc 14 : 392-397, 2013 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2013.03.022
  69. Needham D : Red and white muscle. Physiol Rev 6 : 1-28, 1926 https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.1926.6.1.1
  70. Newman AB, Kupelian V, Visser M, Simonsick E, Goodpaster B, Nevitt M, et al. : Sarcopenia : alternative definitions and associations with lower extremity function. J Am Geriatr Soc 51 : 1602-1609, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1532-5415.2003.51534.x
  71. Ochi M, Kohara K, Tabara Y, Kido T, Uetani E, Ochi N, et al. : Arterial stiffness is associated with low thigh muscle mass in middle-aged to elderly men. Atherosclerosis 212 : 327-332, 2010 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.05.026
  72. Ochi M, Tabara Y, Kido T, Uetani E, Ochi N, Igase M, et al. : Quadriceps sarcopenia and visceral obesity are risk factors for postural instability in the middle-aged to elderly population. Geriatr Gerontol Int 10 : 233-243, 2010 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1447-0594.2010.00610.x
  73. Ormsbee MJ, Prado CM, Ilich JZ, Purcell S, Siervo M, Folsom A, et al. : Osteosarcopenic obesity : the role of bone, muscle, and fat on health. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2014 [Epub ahead of print]
  74. Pannerec A, Marazzi G, Sassoon D : Stem cells in the hood : the skeletal muscle niche. Trends Mol Med 18 : 599-606, 2012 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molmed.2012.07.004
  75. Pedersen BK : The diseasome of physical inactivity--and the role of myokines in muscle--fat cross talk. J Physiol 587 (Pt 23) : 5559-5568, 2009 https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2009.179515
  76. Pedersen BK, Edward F : Adolph distinguished lecture : muscle as an endocrine organ : IL-6 and other myokines. J Appl Physiol (1985) 107 : 1006-1014, 2009 https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00734.2009
  77. Peter JB, Barnard RJ, Edgerton VR, Gillespie CA, Stempel KE : Metabolic profiles of three fiber types of skeletal muscle in guinea pigs and rabbits. Biochemistry 11 : 2627-2633, 1972 https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00764a013
  78. Quinn TJ, Paolucci S, Sunnerhagen KS, Sivenius J, Walker MF, Toni D, et al. : Evidence-based stroke rehabilitation : an expanded guidance document from the european stroke organisation (ESO) guidelines for management of ischaemic stroke and transient ischaemic attack 2008. J Rehabil Med 41 : 99-111, 2009 https://doi.org/10.2340/16501977-0301
  79. Rosenberg IH : Sarcopenia : origins and clinical relevance. Clin Geriatr Med 27 : 337-339, 2011 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cger.2011.03.003
  80. Rosenberg IH : Summary comments : epidemiological and methodological problems in determining nutritional status of older persons. Am J Clin Nutr 50 : 1231-1233, 1989 https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/50.5.1231
  81. Roubenoff R : Catabolism of aging : is it an inflammatory process? Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 6 : 295-299, 2003
  82. Roubenoff R : Sarcopenic obesity : the confluence of two epidemics. Obes Res 12 : 887-888, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2004.107
  83. Ryan AS, Nicklas BJ : Age-related changes in fat deposition in mid-thigh muscle in women : relationships with metabolic cardiovascular disease risk factors. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 23 : 126-132, 1999 https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0800777
  84. Sato K, Iemitsu M, Aizawa K, Ajisaka R : Testosterone and DHEA activate the glucose metabolism-related signaling pathway in skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 294 : E961-E968, 2008 https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00678.2007
  85. Sayer AA, Syddall HE, Dennison EM, Martin HJ, Phillips DI, Cooper C, et al. : Grip strength and the metabolic syndrome : findings from the Hertfordshire Cohort Study. QJM 100 : 707-713, 2007 https://doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hcm095
  86. Scherbakov N, von Haehling S, Anker SD, Dirnagl U, Doehner W : Stroke induced Sarcopenia : muscle wasting and disability after stroke. Int J Cardiol 170 : 89-94, 2013 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.10.031
  87. Schrager MA, Metter EJ, Simonsick E, Ble A, Bandinelli S, Lauretani F, et al. : Sarcopenic obesity and inflammation in the InCHIANTI study. J Appl Physiol (1985) 102 : 919-925, 2007 https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00627.2006
  88. Stenholm S, Rantanen T, Heliovaara M, Koskinen S : The mediating role of C-reactive protein and handgrip strength between obesity and walking limitation. J Am Geriatr Soc 56 : 462-469, 2008 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01567.x
  89. Tan BH, Fearon KC : Cachexia : prevalence and impact in medicine. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 11 : 400-407, 2008 https://doi.org/10.1097/MCO.0b013e328300ecc1
  90. Taylor-Jones JM, McGehee RE, Rando TA, Lecka-Czernik B, Lipschitz DA, Peterson CA : Activation of an adipogenic program in adult myoblasts with age. Mech Ageing Dev 123 : 649-661, 2002 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-6374(01)00411-0
  91. Theou O, Jones GR, Overend TJ, Kloseck M, Vandervoort AA : An exploration of the association between frailty and muscle fatigue. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 33 : 651-665, 2008 https://doi.org/10.1139/H08-058
  92. Visser M, Deeg DJ, Lips P; Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam : Low vitamin D and high parathyroid hormone levels as determinants of loss of muscle strength and muscle mass (sarcopenia) : the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88 : 5766-5772, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2003-030604
  93. Vlassopoulos A, Combet E, Lean ME : Changing distributions of body size and adiposity with age. Int J Obes (Lond) 38 : 857-864, 2014 https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2013.216
  94. Wainwright SA, Marshall LM, Ensrud KE, Cauley JA, Black DM, Hillier TA, et al. : Hip fracture in women without osteoporosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90 : 2787-2793, 2005 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2004-1568
  95. Walsh K : Adipokines, myokines and cardiovascular disease. Circ J 73 : 13-18, 2009 https://doi.org/10.1253/circj.CJ-08-0961
  96. Wang ZM, Visser M, Ma R, Baumgartner RN, Kotler D, Gallagher D, et al. : Skeletal muscle mass : evaluation of neutron activation and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry methods. J Appl Physiol (1985) 80 : 824-831, 1996 https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1996.80.3.824
  97. Watts NB : The Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX$^{(R)}$) : applications in clinical practice. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 20 : 525-531, 2011 https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2010.2294
  98. Wehling M, Cai B, Tidball JG : Modulation of myostatin expression during modified muscle use. FASEB J 14 : 103-110, 2000 https://doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.14.1.103
  99. Wittert GA, Chapman IM, Haren MT, Mackintosh S, Coates P, Morley JE : Oral testosterone supplementation increases muscle and decreases fat mass in healthy elderly males with low-normal gonadal status. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 58 : 618-625, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/58.7.M618
  100. Working Group on Functional Outcome Measures for Clinical Trials : Functional outcomes for clinical trials in frail older persons : time to be moving. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 63 : 160-164, 2008 https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/63.2.160
  101. Yarasheski KE, Pak-Loduca J, Hasten DL, Obert KA, Brown MB, Sinacore DR : Resistance exercise training increases mixed muscle protein synthesis rate in frail women and men >/=76 yr old. Am J Physiol 277 (1 Pt 1) : E118-E125, 1999
  102. Yoo SH, Kim JS, Kwon SU, Yun SC, Koh JY, Kang DW : Undernutrition as a predictor of poor clinical outcomes in acute ischemic stroke patients. Arch Neurol 65 : 39-43, 2008
  103. Zadik Z, Chalew SA, McCarter RJ Jr, Meistas M, Kowarski AA : The influence of age on the 24-hour integrated concentration of growth hormone in normal individuals. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 60 : 513-516, 1985 https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-60-3-513
  104. Zamboni M, Mazzali G, Fantin F, Rossi A, Di Francesco V : Sarcopenic obesity : a new category of obesity in the elderly. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 18 : 388-395, 2008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2007.10.002

Cited by

  1. Sarcopenia in Orthopedic Surgery vol.39, pp.2, 2014, https://doi.org/10.3928/01477447-20160222-02
  2. N-Terminal Pro-B-Type Natriuretic Peptide as a Biomarker for Loss of Muscle Mass in Prevalent Hemodialysis Patients vol.11, pp.11, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0166804