DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Establishment of Priority Forest Areas Based on Hydrological Ecosystem Services in Northern Vietnam

수문학적 생태계 서비스를 고려한 북부베트남의 우선보전산림 설정

  • Kong, Inhye (Division of Water Environment, Environment Policy Group, Korea Environment Institute) ;
  • Lee, Dongkun (Department of Landscape Architecture and Rural System Engineering, Seoul National University)
  • 공인혜 (한국환경정책.평가연구원 정책연구본부 물환경연구실) ;
  • 이동근 (서울대학교 조경.지역시스템공학부)
  • Received : 2014.07.25
  • Accepted : 2014.09.08
  • Published : 2014.10.31

Abstract

Ecosystem services provide various benefits to human beings, but are considered to be free of cost. To protect ecosystems in an economically sustainable way, several developing countries have adopted a policy known as the Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) that compensates upstream services with monetary incentives collected from service users. Vietnam is one of the countries that have enacted a nationwide PES policy. However, the policy in Vietnam requires further development in order to evaluate the spatial priority zones based on the quantification of ecosystem services. To obtain a recent and high-quality land cover map, we first classified the land cover in the Da River basin, in northern Vietnam, using Landsat dataset. We then applied a water balance theory and an USLE equation to assess hydrological ecosystem services concerning water supply and sediment retention. Following the assessment, we identified the priority areas for hydrological ecosystem services exclusively for forest environments. We found that the quantity and distribution of services from forests varied, due to the topography, climate, and land cover. According to a quantile distribution, Mt. Phu Luong, Mt. Fansipan, and Hoang Lien National Park were evaluated as high service areas in terms of both water yield and sediment retention. As a result, this assessment method can help construct spatial priority zones concerning ecosystem service distribution, and can also contribute to benefit sharing by indicating which forest and landowners require compensation.

최근 생태계 서비스의 가치를 정량화하고, 경제적 보상을 통해 보전할 수 있도록 하는 생태계 서비스 직불제 (Payment for Ecosystem Services, PES)에 대한 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. PES를 정책에 반영시키는 것은 생태계 보전과 빈곤경감을 동시에 달성할 수 있는 방안으로 여겨지면서, 주로 개발도상국에서 적극적으로 도입하고 있다. 그 중, 베트남은 선구적으로 PES를 범국가적인 법 제정을 통해 시행하고 있으나, 공간적 정량화를 통한 광범위한 생태계 서비스 평가는 부족한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 북부 베트남에서 수도 하노이를 흐르는 홍강(Red River)의 상류인 Da 강 유역을 중심으로 수문학적 생태계 서비스를 평가를 통해 우선보전산림을 설정하고자 하였다. 우선 평가를 위해 기본적인 최신의 토지피복지도를 구축하고자 Landsat영상을 통해 토지피복분류를 수행하였다. 그리고 이 지역의 수자원공급 및 토사 유실량 방지의 수문학적 생태계서비스를 평가하기 위해 물수지이론 및 USLE 공식을 도입하였으며, 이를 통해 도출된 서비스량을 산림지역에 한정하여 서비스공급 우위지역을 도출함으로써 우선보전 산림지역으로 설정하도록 제안하고자 하였다. 그 결과, 산림지역 내에서도 지형, 기후, 토지피복에 따라 생태계서비스공급량의 범위가 달라짐을 확인하였으며, 수문학적 생태계 서비스 공급우위지역은 푸롱산(Mt. Phu Luong), 판시판산(Mt.Fanxipan), 호앙리엔 국립공원(Hoang Lien National Park) 등으로 나타났다. 이 연구의 결과는 Da 강 유역에서 생태계 서비스 보전을 위한 우선 지역을 확인하는 것뿐만 아니라, 어느 지역의 토지소유주가 더 보상받아야 하는지를 판별하는데 이용함으로써 보상공유(Benefit Sharing) 달성에 기여할 수 있을 것이다.

Keywords

References

  1. Arino, O..Ramos, J..Kalogirou, V..Defourny, P. and Van Bogaert, E. (2012) Global Land Cover Map for 2009 (GlobCover 2009 ver.2.3 released on 21st December 2010). European Space Agency GlobCover Project, led by MEDIAS-France (http://due.esrin.esa.int/globcover/).
  2. Castelletti A..F. Pianosi, X. Quach and R. Soncini-Sessa. 2012. Assessing water reservoirs management and development in Northern Vietnam. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 16: 189-199. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-189-2012
  3. Chan, K..M. Shaw and D. Cameron. 2006. Conservation planning for ecosystem services. PLoS biology 4(11): 2138-2152.
  4. Daily, G. C. 1997. Nature's Services: Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems. Island Press, Washington, D.C.
  5. Egoh, B. M. Rouget..B. Reyers.A.T. Knight.R. M. Cowling.A. S. van Jaarveld and A. Welz. 2007. Integrating ecosystem services into conservation assessments: A review. Ecological Economics 63(4): 714-721. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.04.007
  6. FAO/IIASA/ISRIC/ISSCAS/JRC, 2012. Harmonized World Soil Database (WHSD) (version 1.2). FAO, Rome, Italy and IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria.
  7. Fisher, B..R. K. Turner and P. Morling. 2008. Defining and classifying ecosystem services for decision making. Ecological Economics 68(3): 643-653.
  8. Hijmans, R. J..S. E. Cameron.J. L. Parra.P. G. Jones and A. Jarvis. 2005. Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas. International Journal of Climatology 25: 1965-1978. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1276
  9. Huang, Y. and Lu C. 1993. Advances in the application of the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) in China. Journal of Fujian Agricultural College (Natural Science Edition) 22(1): 73-77.
  10. Le, T. P. Q..J. Garnier.B. Gilles.T. Sylvain and C. V. Minh. 2007. The changing flow regime and sediment load of the Red River, Viet Nam. Journal of Hydrology 334(1-2): 199-214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.10.020
  11. Lee, J. and Heo, J. 2011. Evaluation of estimation methods for rainfall erosivity based on annual precipitation in Korea. Journal of Hydrology 409: 30-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.07.031
  12. Leh, M..M. Matloc.E. C. Cummings and L. L. Nalley. 2013. Quantifying and mapping multiple ecosystem services change in West Africa. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 165: 6-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2012.12.001
  13. McElwee, P. 2012. Payments for environmental services as neoliberal market-based forest conservation in Vietnam: Panacea or problem? Geoforum 43 (3): 412-426 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2011.04.010
  14. Meyfroidt, P. and Lambin, E. F. 2008. Forest transition in Vietnam and its environmental impacts. Global Change Biology 14(6): 1319-1336. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01575.x
  15. Millenium Ecosystem Assessment (MA). 2005. Ecosystems and human well-being: Synthesis. Island Press, Washington, DC.
  16. Mu, Q..M. Zhao and S. W. Running. 2011. Improvements to a MODIS global terrestrial evapotranspiration algorithm. Remote Sensing of Environment 115(8): 1781-1800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2011.02.019
  17. Nguyen, T..V. Pham.J. Tenhunen. 2013. Linking regional land use and payments for forest hydrological services: A case study of Hoa Binh Reservoir in Vietnam. Land Use Policy 48(2): 219-242.
  18. Porras, I..M. Grief-Gran and N. Neves. 2008. All that glitters: A review of payments for watershed services in developing countries. Natural Resource Issues No. 11. International Institute for Environment and Development. London, UK.
  19. Ranzi, R..T. Le and M. Rulli. 2012. A RUSLE approach to model suspended sediment load in the Lo river(Vietnam): Effects of reservoirs and land use changes. Journal of Hydrology 422-423: 17-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.12.009
  20. Tallis, H. T..T. Ricketts.A. D. Guerry.S. A. Wood.R. Sharp.E. Nelson.D. Ennaanay. S. Wolny.N. Olwero.K. Vigerstol.D. Pennington.G. Mendoza.J. Aukema.J. Foster.J. Forrest.D. Cameron, K. Arkema, E. Lonsdorf, C. Kennedy, G. Verutes, C.K. Kim, G. Guannel, M. Papenfus, J. Toft. M. Marsik.J. Bernhardt.R. Griffin.K. Glowinski.N. Chaumont.A. Perelman and M. Lacayo. 2013. InVEST 2.5.6 User's Guide. The Natural Capital Project, Stanford.
  21. To, P. X..W. H. Dressler.S. Mahanty.T. T. Pham and C. Zingerli. 2012. The prospects for payment for ecosystem services (PES) in Vietnam: a look at three payment schemes. Human Ecology: An Interdisciplinary Journal 40(2): 237-249.
  22. Vezina, K..F. Bonn and C. P. Van. 2006. Agricultural land-use patterns and soil erosion vulnerability of watershed units in Vietnam's northern highlands. Landscape Ecology 21: 1311-1325. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-006-0023-x
  23. Wezel, A, N. Steinmuller and J. R. Friederishen. 2002. Slope position effects on soil fertility and crop productivity and implications for soil conservation in upland Northwest Vietnam. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 91(1-3): 113-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8809(01)00242-0
  24. Wischmeier, W. H. and D. D. Smith. 1978. Predicting Rainfall Erosion Losses: A Guide to Conservation Planning. Agriculture Handbook No. 537. USDA/Science and Education Administration, US. Govt. Printing Office, Washington, DC. 58.
  25. Yang, D..S. Kanae..T. Oki.T. Koike and K. Musiake. 2003. Global potential soil erosion with reference to land use and climate changes. Hydrological Processes 17: 2913-2928. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.1441
  26. Yu, L..J. Wang and P. Gong. 2013. Improving 30 meter global land cover map FROM-GLC with time series MODIS and auxiliary datasets: a segmentation based approach, International Journal of Remote Sensing 34(16): 5851-5867. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2013.798055

Cited by

  1. The Inclusion of Forest Hydrological Services in the Sustainable Development Strategy of South Korea vol.9, pp.8, 2017, https://doi.org/10.3390/su9081470
  2. Assessment of Economic Value of Ecosystem Service by Using InVEST Model in South Korea vol.8, pp.12, 2017, https://doi.org/10.18178/ijesd.2017.8.12.1063
  3. 지속가능한 순천만을 위한 보호지역 확대와 정책적 활용을 위한 생태계 서비스 지불제(PES)의 적용 vol.19, pp.1, 2014, https://doi.org/10.13087/kosert.2016.19.1.171
  4. Spatial Assessment of Ecosystem Services from Planted Forests in Central Vietnam vol.11, pp.8, 2014, https://doi.org/10.3390/f11080822