International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials

Korean Society of Sericultural Science (한국잠사학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Effect of rearing season, host plants and their interaction on economical traits of tropical tasar silkworm, Antheraea mylitta Drury- an overview

  • Received : 2014.07.15
  • Accepted : 2014.09.23
  • Published : 2014.09.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Tropical tasar silkworm, Antheraea mylitta (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) is a polyphagous silk producing forest silkworm of commercial importance in India. Forest dependent people rear its larvae on different forestry host plants twice or thrice in a year for small household income. Larvae of A. mylitta feeds on many forest tree species, but always show a great degree of selectivity as a function of its behavioural responses to physical structure and chemical features of the host plants. Cocoon crop of A. mylitta is influenced by heterogeneity of tasar food plants and climatic conditions of the habitat. The role of host plants, temperature, humidity, rainfall, photoperiod and climatic variables on the growth and development of insects have clearly been demonstrated. This article entails an in-depth analysis on ecological and nutritional aspects of A. mylitta, which may provide selective information to researcher and forest managers, who are particularly associated with livelihood improvement of the poor people in forested area through location specific forest insect industry.

Keywords

References

  1. Abraham G, Thomas G, Babu CR (2004) Induction of bio-molecules in mature leaves of Terminalia arjuna due to feeding of Antheraea mylitta Drury. Scientific World J 4, 887-891. https://doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2004.143
  2. Agarwal SC, Jolly MS, Sinha AK (1980) Foliar constituents of secondary food plants of tasar silkworm Antheraea mylitta D. Indian Forester 106 (12), 847-851.
  3. Ahmad M, Arif MI, Ahmad M (2007) Occurrence of insecticide resistance in field populations of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Pakistan. Crop Prot. 26, 809-817. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2006.07.006
  4. Ahsan MM, Griyaghey UP (1973) Effect of rearing with different food plants In: Annual Report 1972-73. Central Tasar Research & Training Institute Ranchi Jharkhand India, pp. 41-43.
  5. Akai H (1998) Global scenario of wild silk. Indian Silk 7, 18-20.
  6. Akai H, Suto M, Ashoka K, Nayak BK, Jagannatha Rao CB (1991) Rearing of Antheraea mylitta with newly developed artificial diet. Wild Silkmoth 89-90, 121-127.
  7. Assadi M, Daryaei MG, Sendi JJ, Biravand HB (2012) Effect of feeding on four different forest trees on the biology and feeding indices of Lymantria dispar L. Am Eurasian J Agric Environ Sci 12 (1), 30-36.
  8. Awmack CS, Leather SR (2002) Host plant quality and fecundity in Badan P and Tara JS (1984) Comparative weight gain in silkworm Bombyx mori L fed on different varieties of mulberry. Zoological Orientalix 1(2), 53-54. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.47.091201.145300
  9. Badan, P. and Tara, J.S. (1984). Comparative weight gain in silkworm, Bombyx mori L. fed on different varieties of mulberry. Zoological Orientalix 1(2), 53-54.
  10. Bae SD, Park KB, Oh YJ (1997) Effects of temperature and food source on the egg and larval development of tobacco cutworm Spodoptera litura Fabricius. Korean J Appl Entomol 36, 48-54.
  11. Bale JS, Masters GJ, Hodkinson, Awmack C (2002) Herbivory in global climate change research, direct effects of rising temperatures on insect herbivores. Glob Chang Biol 8, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00451.x
  12. Banagade DD, Tembhare DB (2002) Effect of some exogenous factors on silk gland protein in the tropical tasar silkworm Antheraea mylitta Drury. Indian J Seric 41(1), 34-37.
  13. Banerjee ND, Choudhary SK, Sinha UPS, Brahmchari BN (1993) Studies on the foliar constituents of the food plants of temperate tasar silkworm Antheraea proylei Jolly. Indian J Seric 32(2), 228-230.
  14. Barah A, Goswami MC, Samson MV (1989) Consumption and utilisation of food in different instars of Muga silkworm Antheraea mylitta Westwood. Proceedings of Indian Academy of Sericulture 98(2), 99-103. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03179633
  15. Barah A, Phukan SN, Samson MV (1988) Variation in cocoon characters of Antheraea assama Ww during different season. Sericologia 28(2), 215-218.
  16. Barbosa P, Jane G (1979) Suitability digestibility and assimilation of various host plants of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar L. Oecologia 43(1), 111-119. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00346676
  17. Bari MA, Islam R (1985) Feeding effects of three mulberry varieties on Nistari race of B. mori L. Bangladesh J. Zool 13, 3-17.
  18. Barness OL (1955) Effect of food plants on lesser migratory grasshopper. J Econ Entomol 48, 119-124. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/48.2.119
  19. Basarajappa S, Savanurmath CJ ( 1997) Effect of feeding of mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaves of variable maturity on the economics characters in some breeds of silkworm Bombyx mori L. Bull Seric Res 8, 13-17.
  20. Basu AC (1944) Effect of different foods on the larval development of the moth Prodeni liture Fb (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). J. Bombay Nat Hist Soc 44 (1&2), 275-288.
  21. Basu R, Roychoudhury N, Shamsuddin M, Sen SK, Sinha SS (1995) Effect of leaf quality on rearing and reproductive potential of Bombyx mori L. Indian Silk 5(9), 21-22.
  22. Beck SD (1956) The European corn borer Pyrausta nubilalis (Hubh) and its principal host plant. II The influence of nutritional factors on larval establishment and development. Ann Entomol Soc Am 49, 582-588. https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/49.6.582
  23. Beckwith RC (1976) Influence of host foliage on the doughlas-fir tussock moth. Environ Entomol 64, 1032-1034.
  24. Behmer ST (2006) Insect Dietary Needs, Plants as Food for Insects. Encyclopaedia of Plant and Crop Science 12, 1-4.
  25. Benchamin KV, Jolly MS (1986) Principles of silkworm rearing. In: Proceedings of Seminar on Problems and Prospects of Sericulture (ed by Mahalingam S) Vellore India, pp. 63-108.
  26. Bhanot JP, Kapil RP (1973) Effect of starvation on fecundity and hatchability of the eggs of Acaropsis docta (Berlese). Indian J Entomol 35, 67-69.
  27. Bhardwaj SC, Kushwaha KS (1976) Effect of host plants on the larval and post-larval development of the hairy caterpillar Amsacta lineola Fabricius. Indian J Entomol 38(3), 230-232.
  28. Bhat NS, Bhattacharya AK (1978) Consumption and utilization of soyabean by Spodoptera litura (Fabr) at different temperatures. Indian J Entomol 40, 16-25.
  29. Bhatia, N.K. and Yousuf, M. (2013a). Reassuring livelihood functions of the forests to their dependents: Adoption of collaborative forest management system over Joint forest management regime in India. Ann Forest Res, 56(2), 377-388.
  30. Bhatia, N.K. and Yousuf, M. (2013b). Forest insect industry in collaborative forest management: an overview. Int J Indust Entomol, 27(1), 166-179. https://doi.org/10.7852/ijie.2013.27.1.166
  31. Bhatia, N.K. and Yousuf, M. (2013c). Assessment on climatic suitability of New Forest, FRI, Dehradun to introduce forest based rearing of tropical tasar silkworm, Antheraea mylitta Drury in Uttarakhand, India. Ann Entomol, 31(1), 55-66.
  32. Bhatia, N.K. and Yousuf, M. (2013d). Parasitic Behaviour of Xanthopimpla pedator Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) on Tropical Tasar Silkworm, Antheraea mylitta Drury (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae). Reared on Seven Forestry Host Plants in Uttarakhand, India. Int J Indust Entomol, 27(2), 243-264. https://doi.org/10.7852/ijie.2013.27.2.243
  33. Bhattacharya AK, Pant NC (1976) Studies on the host plant relationships, Consumption and utilization profile in insects. Proc Natl Acad Sci India 46 (B), 273-301.
  34. Biswas N, Das PK (2001) Effect of food plant species on rearing performance of eri silkworm, Samia ricini Donovan. B Indian Acad Seri 5(1), 36-39.
  35. Bogawat JK (1967) Biology of mustard saw fly on different host plants. Indian J Entomol 29(3), 270-274.
  36. Bongale UD, Chaluvachari M, Narahari Rao BV (1991) Mulberry leaf quality evaluation and its importance. Indian Silk 30, 51-53.
  37. Bose PC Singhvi NR and Datta RK (1995) Effect of micronutrients on the biochemical parameters of mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaf. Sericologia 35(1), 65-69.
  38. Brues CT (1920) The selection of food plants by insects with special reference to Lepidoptera larvae. Am Nat 54, 313-322. https://doi.org/10.1086/279763
  39. Brues CT (1924) The specificity of food plants in the evolution phytophagous insects. Am Nat 58, 127-144. https://doi.org/10.1086/279965
  40. Brues CT (1940) Food preferences of the Colorado potato beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say. Psyche 47, 38-43. https://doi.org/10.1155/1940/21956
  41. Butler CG (1940) The choice of drinking water by the honeybee. J Exp Biol 17, 253-261.
  42. Calvo D, Molina JM (2005) Fecundity-body size relationship and other reproductive aspects of Streblote panda Hubner (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae). Ann Entomol Soc Am 98(2), 191-196. https://doi.org/10.1603/0013-8746(2005)098[0191:FSRAOR]2.0.CO;2
  43. Carne PB (1966) Growth and food consumption during larval stages of Paropsis atomaria (Coleptera: Chrysomelidae). Entomol Exp Appl 9, 105-112. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1966.tb00982.x
  44. Casey TM (1981) Behavioural mechanism of thermoregulation. In: Heinrich B (Ed) Insect thermoregulation. John Wiely and Sons New York, pp. 79-114.
  45. Chakrabarty D, Gupta R, Chatterjee KK (2003) Effect of outdoor preservation of tasar seed cocoon on pupal survival and reproductive behavior of Daba ecorace of A mylilta. Indian J Seric 42(2), 160-164.
  46. Chaoba Singh K, Tikko BL, Singh TK (1991) Rearing of the oak tasar silkworm Antheraea proylei in relation to altitude and climate. Sericologia 31(2), 216-270.
  47. Chapman RF (1998) The insect structure and function. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 788.
  48. Chapman RF (2002) The Insects, Structure and Function. Cambridge University Press Cambridge, pp. 242-386.
  49. Chaudhuri M (2003) Studies on the relationship between silk yield yield components and rearing environment of muga silkworm Antheraea assama Ww. Sericologia 43, 349-354.
  50. Chen QJ, Yang JQ, Zhang JZ, Zhang YZ, Chen JH (2002) Effect of temperature on laboratory population of Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) in tobacco fields. Tobacco Science & Technology 2, 42-45.
  51. Choudhary SN (1981) Muga silk industry. Directorate of Sericulture and Weaving Government of Assam, pp. 71-73.
  52. Cizek L, Fric Z, Konvicka M (2006) Host plant defences and voltinism in European butterflies. Ecol Entomol 31, 337-344. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.2006.00783.x
  53. Clarke A (2003) Costs and consequences of evolutionary temperature adoption. Trends Ecol Evol 18 (11), 573-581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2003.08.007
  54. Coviella C, Trumble J (1999) Effects of elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide on insect plant interactions. Conserv Biol 13, 700-712. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.98267.x
  55. Crotch WJB (1956) Silkmoth rearers handbook. Amateur Entomologists' Society, pp.155
  56. Crowell HH (1941) The utilization of certain nitrogenous and carbohydrate substances by the southern army worm Prodenia liture. Cram Ann Ent Soc Am 34,503-512. https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/34.2.503
  57. CSB (2013) Annual Report for 2012-13. Central Silk Board Ministry of Textiles Government of India Bangalore India.
  58. Cunnington AM (1985) Factors affecting oviposition and fecundity in the grain mite Acarus siro (Acarina: Acaridae) especially temperature and humidity. Exp Appl Acarol 4, 327-344.
  59. Dadd RH (1960) Observations on the palatability and utilization of food by locusts with particular reference to the interpretation of performances in growth trials using synthetic diets. Entomol Exp Appl 3, 283-304. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1960.tb00458.x
  60. Das P, Bhattacharya PR, Unni BG, Deka PC (2004) Consumption and utilisation of food (Persea bombycina) in relation to larval development and silk protein biosynthesis by semi-domesticated muga silkworm, Antheraea assama. Indian J Seric 43 (1), 57-65.
  61. Dash AK (2001) Rainy season energy budget of larva of Indian tasar silk moth Antheraea mylitta Drury (Saturniidae) living in wild Sal (Shorea robusta) host plant. Int. J. Wild Silkmoth & Silk 6, 1- 7.
  62. Dash AK, Dash MC (1989) Energetics of the Indian tasar silk worm Antheraea mylilta Drury (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) raised on Asan (Terminalia tomentosa) food plant. Wild Silkmoth 2, 165-172.
  63. Dash AK, Jena K, Behera B (2012) Altitudinal effect on growth of pupa of Indian tasar silk insect Antheraea mylitta Drury (Saturniidae) reared in rainy season. B Indian Acad Seri 6, 81-88.
  64. Dash AK, Mishra S, Nayak BK, Dash MC (1988) Studies on effect of starvation stress on hatchlings of tasar silk insects Antheraea mylitta Drury. Annual Report of Sericulture Research Station Orissa 5, 42-44.
  65. Dash AK, Nayak BK (1990) Seasonal variation of occurrence of deformed cocoons of the tasar silk moths Antheraea mylitta (Drury) and Antheraea paphia (L) (Saturniidae) in India. J Lepid Soc 44 (1), 34-36.
  66. Dash AK, Nayak BK, Dash M C (1992) The effect of different food plants on cocoon crop performance in the Indian tasar silkworm Antheraea mylitta Drury (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae). J Res Lepid 31(1-2), 127-131. https://doi.org/10.1016/0163-7827(92)90006-5
  67. Dash AK, Nayak BK, Dash MC (1996) Energetics of the Indian tasar silkworm Antheraea mylitta Drury (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) raised on Arjun (Terminalia arjun). Int. J. Wild Silkmoth & Silk 2, 37-40.
  68. Dash AK, Patro PC, Nayak BK, Das MC (1994) Cocoon crop performance of the Indian wild tasar silkworm Antheraea paphia (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) reared on different food plants. Int. J. Wild Silkmoth & Silk 1, 72-74.
  69. Datta RK (1992) Guidelines for bivoltine silkworm rearing. Central Silk Board Bangalore India, pp. 18.
  70. Davidowitz G, Amico LJD, Nijhout HF (2004) The effects of environmental variation on a mechanism that controls insect body size. Evol Ecol Res 6, 49-62.
  71. Deka M, Dutta S, Devi D (2011) Impact of feeding of Samia cynthia ricini Boisduval (Lepidopera: Saturniidae) in respect of larval growth and spinning. Int J Pure Appl Sci and Technol 5(2), 131-140.
  72. Deka M, Kumari M (2013) Comparative study of the effect of different food plant species on cocoon crop performance of tropical tasar silkworm (Antheraea mylitta Drury). Int J Res Chem Environ 3(1), 99-104.
  73. Dethier VG (1947) Chemical Insect Attractants and Repellents. Lewis and Co London.
  74. Dethier VG (1966) Feeding behaviour. Symposia of Royal Entomological Society of London 3, 47-57.
  75. Devaiah MC, Dayashankar KN (1982) Effect of different host plants on the economic traits of eri silkworm Samia cynthia ricini Biosduval (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae). National Seminar on Silk Research and Development, pp. 25-32.
  76. Devaiah MC, Rajashekharagouda R, Suhas Y, Govindan R (1985) Growth and silk production in Samia cynthia ricini Boisduval fed on four different host plants. Indian J Seric 24, 33-55.
  77. Dhavalikar RS (1962) Amino acid composition of Indian silk fibroins and sericins. J Sci Ind Res 21(C), 261-263.
  78. Drooz AT (1970) The elm span worm (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) how several natural diets affects its biology. Ann Entomol Soc Ame 63, 391-397. https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/63.2.391
  79. Dubey AK, Mishra US, Dixit SA (1981) Effect of host plant on the developmental stages of gram pod borer, Heliothis armigera (Hubner). Indian J Entomol 43(2), 178-182.
  80. Elumalai K, Ekambaram E, Rajalakshmi S, Sundaram D, Raja N, Jayakumar M, Jeyasankar A (2001) Influence of age of mulberry (Morus alba) leaves on economic traits of silkworm, Bombyx mori L. Uttar Pradesh J of Zool 21, 159-161.
  81. Etman A, Hooper GHS (1979) Developmental and reproductive biology of Spodoptera litura (F) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). J. Aust. Entomol. Soc. 18, 363-372.
  82. Evans AC, Goodliffe ER (1939) The utilization of mealworm Tenebrio molitor L (Coleop.). Proc. R. Soc. A 14, 57-62.
  83. Faisal M, Ahmad M, Saini D, Pahwa E (2011) Suitability of host plants for the development of polyphagous defoliator Eupterote undata (Lepidoptera: Eupterotidae). Biol. Med. 3(2), 303-306.
  84. Garcia M A (1991) Ecologia nutricional de parasitoides e predadores terrestres. In: Ecologia nutricional de insetos e suas implicacoes no manejo de pragas Sao Paulo (ed. by Panizzi AR, Parra JRP), Manole, pp.359
  85. Getu ED (2007) Comparative studies of the influence of relative humidity and temperature on the longevity and fecundity of the parasitoid, Cotesia flavipes. J Insect Sci 19, 1536-2442.
  86. Gordon HT (1999) Growth and development of insects In: Ecological Entomology (ed. by Huffaker CB, Gutierrez AP). John Wiley & Sons Inc New York, pp. 55-82.
  87. Govindan R, Magadum SB (1987) Influence of mulberry varieties on cocoon weight ovariole length ovariole egg number and fecundity of B. mori L. Sericologia 27, 25-30.
  88. Grabstein E M, J M Scriber (1982) The relationship between restriction of host plant consumption and post ingestive utilization of biomass and nitrogen in Hyalophora cecropia. Entomol Exp Appl 31, 202-210. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1982.tb03136.x
  89. Green NPO, Stout GW, Taylor DJ (1996) Biological Science. Cambridge Low Price Edition, pp. 675-677.
  90. Guan BB, Chen OJ (1999) Biology and Ecology of Spodoptera litura. Acta Entomol 8, 57-61.
  91. Hajarika U, Barah A, Phukan JCD, Benchamin KV (2003) Study on the effect of different food plants and seasons on the larval development and cocoon characters of silkworm, Samia Cynthia ricini Boisduval. B Indian Acad Seri 7(1), 77- 85.
  92. Hamilton DJ, Lechowicz MJ (1991) Host effects on the development and fecundity of gypsy moth Lymantria dispar L. reared under field conditions. Can J Zool 69(8), 2217-2224. https://doi.org/10.1139/z91-309
  93. Hamilton JG, Dermody O, Aldea M, Zangerl AR, Rogers A (2005) Anthropogenic changes in tropospheric composition increase susceptibility of soybean to insect herbivory. Environ Entomol 34(2), 479-485. https://doi.org/10.1603/0046-225X-34.2.479
  94. Haniffa MA, Punitham MT (1988) Effects of larval nutrition on survival growth and reproduction in B. mori L. Sericologia 28, 563-575.
  95. Haniffa MA, Thomas M, Punith M, Arunachalam M (1988) Effect of larval nutrition on survival growth and reproduction in the silkworm Bombyx mori L. Sericologia 28, 563-575.
  96. Hansda G, Reddy RM, Sinha MK, Ojha NG, Prakash NBV (2008) Ex situ stabilization and utility prospects of Jata ecorace of tropical tasar silkworm, Antheraea mylitta Drury. Int J Indust Entomol 17, 169-172.
  97. Hassell MP, Southwood TRE (1978) Foraging strategies of insects. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 9, 75-98. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.09.110178.000451
  98. He XZ, Wang Q (2006) Asymmetric size effect of sexes on reproductive fitness in an aphid parasitoid, Aphidius ervi (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae). Biological Control 36, 293-298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2005.09.014
  99. Hiratsuka E (1920) Researches on nutrition of silkworm. Bull Seric Exp Stn 1, 257-315.
  100. Hopkins FG (1912) Feeding experiments illustrating the importance of accessory factors in normal dataries. J Physiol 44, 452-460.
  101. Hori Y (1962) Effect of various fractions of mulberry leaves on the feeding of silkworm Bombyx mori L. J. Seri. Sc. Japan 31, 258-264.
  102. Hough JA, Pimentel D (1978) Influence of host foliage on development survival and fecundity of gypsy moth. Environ Entomol 7, 97-102. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/7.1.97
  103. Hunter MD (2001) Effects of elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide on insect-plant interactions. Agric Forest Entomol 3, 153-159. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1461-9555.2001.00108.x
  104. Ito T (1967) Nutritional requirements of the silkworm Bombyx mori. Proc Jpn Acad Ser A 43, 57-61.
  105. Jayaramaiah M, Sannappa B (1998) Correlation coefficient between foliar constituent of caster genotypes and economic parameters of the eri silkworm, Samia cynthia ricini Boisduval (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae). Third International Conference on Wild Silkmoths, Bhubaneswar Odisha, pp. 162-164.
  106. Jayswal KP, Dash BD, Sen SK, Subba Rao G (1990) Genotype x environment interaction for economic traits in hybrid combinations of silkworm Bombyx mori L. In: Recent Trends in Sericulture (ed. by Kumari J.P.) Narendra Publishing House, Delhi, pp.103-116.
  107. Johansen NB (1997) Influence of temperature on development fecundity and survival of the cabbage moth, Mamestra brassicae (Lepidoptera: Noctuiidae) in relation to the improvement of forecasting and control methods. J Appl Entomol 121, 81-88. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0418.1997.tb01375.x
  108. Jolly MS (1965) Scope of inter-specific hybridisation in Antheraea In: Proceedings of World Congress on Silk Production. Central Silk Board Bangalore, pp. 1-8.
  109. Jolly MS, Sen SK, Ahsan MN (1974) Tasar culture. Ambica Publishers, Bombay, pp.266
  110. Jolly MS, Sen SK, Sonwalker TN, Prasad GK (1979) Non-mulberry silk. FAO Manuals on Sericulture Vol. (4) Non-mulberry Silks. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Rome, pp. 1-179.
  111. Jolly MS, Sinha SS, Razdan JL (1970) Influence of temperature and photoperiod on termination of pupal diapauses in the tasar silkworm (A. mylitta D). J Insect Physiol 17, 753 -760.
  112. Jong DG, Bijma P (2002) Selection and phenotypic plasticity in evolutionary biology and animal breeding. Livest Prod Sci 78, 195-214. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-6226(02)00096-9
  113. Kapila ML, Chaudhury A, Dubey OP, Chaudhuri CC, Sinha SS (1992) Studies on the preservation of seed cocoons of the tasar silkworm, Antheraea mylitta D during diapauses. Sericologia 32(4), 579-591.
  114. Kar JK, Guru BC, Nayak BK (1998) Influence of season on the life span and commercial traits of cultivated eri silk moth, Samia ricini Donovan. Third International Conference on Wild Silkmoths, Bhubaneswar Odisha, pp. 59-60.
  115. Kishnaswami S, Narasimhanna MN, Suryanarayana S, Kumararaj S (1973) In: Sericulture Manual Part-2. FAO Agricultural Services, pp. 1-131.
  116. Kohli RK, Jolly MS, Khan AM (1969) Foliar constituents of food plants of tasar silkworm, Antheraea mylitta D. Indian Forester 95(9), 614-617.
  117. Kozhanchikov IV (1950) Fundamental features of food utilization in the Asciatic locust. Izv Akad Nauk SSSR Biol 4, 73-86.
  118. Krishna BG, Govindan R, Gowda MVC (1990) Multiple regression analysis for some quantitative traits in C Nichi and NB18 breeds of silkworm B. mori and selected populations of their crosses. Mysore J Agric Sci 24, 83-85.
  119. Krishnaprasad NK, Sannappa B, Varalaksh1ni R (2002) Effect of multiple mating on grainage performance of newly evolved bivohine breeds of Bombyx mori L. B Indian Acad Seri 6, 50-55.
  120. Krishnaswami S (1978) New technology of silkworm rearing. Indian silk 16 (12), 7-15.
  121. Krishnaswami S, Ahsan MM, Sriharan TP (1970) Studies on quality of mulberry leaves and silkworm cocoon production Part 2 Quality difference due to maturity. Indian J Seric 9, 11-17.
  122. Krishnaswami S, Kumara S, Vijayaraghavan K, Kasiviswanathan K (1971a) Silkworm feeding traits for evaluating the quality of mulberry leaves as influenced by variety spacing and nitrogen fertilizations. Indian J Seric 10, 70-89.
  123. Krishnaswami S, Sriharan TP, Ahasen AM (1971b) Ecological studies on silkworm rearing to prevent crop losses in adverse seasons in West Bengal. Indian J Seric 10, 72-76.
  124. Kumar D, Mishra PK, Singh BMK, Sharan SK, Suryanarayana N (2009) Effect of feeding duration on some economical parameters of the tasar silkworm, Antheraea mylitta Drury. Sericologia 49(1), 85-90.
  125. Kumar KKP, Naik SS (2011) Development of polyvoltine bivoltine hybrids of mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori L tolerant to BmNPV. Int J Zool Res 7, 300-309. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijzr.2011.300.309
  126. Kumar NS, Basavaraja HK, Joge PG, Kalpana GV, Malreddy N (2008) Heterosis studies on hybrids of cocoon color sex-limited breed of the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. under different environments of temperature. J Entomol Res Soc 10, 1-12.
  127. Kumar R, Gargi, Hembrom I (2012) Bioassay studies in Terminalia sp, Lagerstroemia parviflora and L. speciosa. In: Annual Report 2011-12. Central Tasar Research & Training Institute Ranchi Jharkhand India, pp. 4-5.
  128. Kumar R, Joshi MC, Beck S, Gargi, Hembrom I, Sinhadeo SN, Suryanarayana N (2006) Bioassay studies with different accessions of Terminalia spp and Lagerstroemia speciosa. In: Annual Report 2002-03. Central Tasar Research & Training Institute Ranchi Jharkhand India, pp. 29-30.
  129. Kumar D, Maheshwari G, Kishore R, Srivastava AK, Rai S, Sinha AK, Prasad BC (2011) Comparative study on size and growth of male and female larvae of Antheraea mylitta Drury in bivoltine generations. Progressive Agriculture 11(2), 233-241.
  130. Kurubayashi S, Suda Y, Kousaka T (1990) Studies on the food utilisation efficiency in the silkworm Bombyx mori L. reared on mulberry leaves. Bull Nat Inst Seric Ento Sci 1, 81-102.
  131. Lefroy HM (1909) Indian insect life- A manual of the insects of plains (tropical India). Published under the authority of the Government of India. Thacker Spink & Co. W Thacker & Co. 2 Creed Lane. London, pp.773
  132. Legay J M (1958) Recent advances in silkworm nutrition. Ann Rev Entomol 3, 75-86. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.03.010158.000451
  133. Lindroth RL, Hemming JC (1990) Response of the gypsy moth to aspen phenolic glycosides. Biochem Syst Ecol 15, 685-690.
  134. Lints FA, Gruwez G (1972) What determines the duration of development in Drosophila melanogaster. Mech Ageing Dev 1, 285-297.
  135. Lipke H, Fraenkel G (1956) Insect nutrition. Ann Rev Entomol 1, 17-44. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.01.010156.000313
  136. Lokesh G, Pao PP, Madhusudhan KN, Kar PK, Srivastava AK (2012) Study of phenotypic variability in silk gland characters in three ecoraces of tropical tasar silkworm Antheraea mylitta Drury. Asian J Animal Vet Adv 7 (1), 80-84. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajava.2012.80.84
  137. Machii H, Katagiri K (1991) Varietal differences in nutritive values of mulberry leaves for rearing silkworms. Jpn Agric Res Q 25(3), 202-208.
  138. Manohar RR, Hansda G, Ojha NG, Suryanarayana N (2009) Heterobeltiosis in Fl hybrids of wild and domesticated ecoraces of tropical tasar silkworm, Antheraea mylitta Drury. Sericologia 49, 189-200.
  139. Masaki S (1978) Seasonal and latitudinal adaptations in life cycles of crickets. In: Evolution of insect migration and diapause (ed by Dingle H). Springer-Verlag New York, pp. 589-597.
  140. Mathur LML (1967) On food utilization and digestion of major food nutrients in Lepidopterous larvae feeding on cauliflower. Am Zool 178, 82-89.
  141. Mathur SK, Lal SB (1994) Effects of temperature and humidity on the adaptability of insects. Indian Textile J 136, 34-47.
  142. Mathur SK, Pramanik DR, Sen SK, Rao S (1995) Effect of seasonal temperature and humidity on ovulation fecundity and retention of eggs in silkworm Bombyx mori L. (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae). Records of Zoological Survey of India 95, 57-64.
  143. Matsumara S, Tanaka S, Kosaka, Suzuki S (1958) Relation of rearing condition to the ingestion and digestion of mulberry leaves in the silkworm. Bull Seric Exp Stn 73, 1-40.
  144. Mattson WJ, Haack RA (1987) The role of draught stress in provoking outbreaks of phytophagous insects. In: Insect Outbreaks (ed. by Barbosa P, Schultz JC) Academic press San Diego, pp. 365-407.
  145. McGinnis A J, Kasting R (1959) Nutrition of pale western cutworm Agrotis orthogonia Morr (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Can J Zool 37, 259-266. https://doi.org/10.1139/z59-031
  146. Miller WE (2005) Extrinsic effects on fecundity-maternal weight relations in capital-breeding Lepidoptera. J Lepid Soc 59, 143-160.
  147. Mishra CSK, Nayak BK, Das MC (1997) Studies on the reproductive behaviour of the Indian tasar silk moth, Antheraea mylitta (Saturniidae) reared on Terminalia tomentosa, Terminalia arjuna and Shorea robusta plants in different seasons. Int. J. Wild Silkmoth & Silk 3, 71-73.
  148. Mohanty AK, Mittra A (1991) Larval energitics of a tropical tasar silkworm, Antheraea mylitta Drury (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) grown on Terminalia tomentosa. Phytophaga 3, 93-102.
  149. Mohanty PK, Behera B (1998) Abnormal tasar cocoons. Indian Silk 37(8), 30-31.
  150. Mulder HA, Bijma P (2005) Effects of genotype x environment interaction on genetic gain in breeding programs. J Anim Sci 83, 49-61.
  151. Murthy GVS, Venu P Sanjappa M (1996) Climate. In: Flora of India-Introductory volume Part I (ed by Hajra PK, Sharma BD, Sanjappa M, Sastry ARK). Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta, pp.538
  152. Muthukrishnan J, Delvi MR (1974) Effect of ration level on food utilization in grasshopper, Poecilocerus pictus. Oecologica 16, 227-236. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00345885
  153. Muthukrishnan J, Mathavan S, Navarathina JV (1978) Effect of restriction of the feeding duration on food utilisation emergence and silk production in Bombyx mori L. (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae). Ital J Zool 12, 87-94.
  154. Nagalakshmamma K (1987) Investigation on some aspects of seed technology in Eri silkworm Samia cynthia ricini Boisduval. M. Sc. (Agriculture) Thesis, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, pp.84
  155. Naik CM, Patil GM, Murthy C, Awaknavar JS, Shekharappa, Alagundagi SC (2010) Development and economic cocoon parameters of eri silkworm, Samia cynthia ricini Boisduval (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) as influenced by new hosts. Karnataka J Agric Sci 23 (5), 716-721.
  156. Narasimhanna MN, Jolly MS (1969) Arrangement of tubercular setae in tasar silkworm Antheraea mylitta D. Bull Entomol 10, 150-152.
  157. Narasimhanna MN, Jolly MS, Sinha BRRP (1969) Frequency of occurrence of lateral shining spots in Antheraea mylitta D. Indian J Heredity 7, 49-52.
  158. Narayanan ES, Kasivishanathan K, Iyenger MNS (1967) Preliminary observations on the effect of feeding leaves of varying maturity on the larval development and cocoon characters Bombyx mori. Indian J Seric 1, 109-113.
  159. Nath TN, Nath S, Shamsuddin M, Subba Rao G (1990) Effect of food deprivation on dry matter utilization shell and cocoon weight and fecundity of multivoltine silkworm Bombyx mori L race Nistari. Indian J Seric 29, 174-181.
  160. Nayak BK, Dash AK (1989) Effect of refrigeration on egg incubation period of the tasar silk insect, Antheraea mylitta Drury (Saturniidae). J Lepid Soc 43(2), 152-153.
  161. Nayak B K, Dash A K, Sasmal A K, Dash M C (1988) Studies on growth and leaf yield of the primary tasar food plants Asan (Terminalia tomentosa) Arjun (T arjuna) and Sal (Shorea robusta) of different age groups. Annu. Rept. St. Seric. Res. Stn. Ori. 5 , 13-14.
  162. Nayak BK, Dash AK, Mohanty N (1998) Studies on growth and leaf yield of Asan (Terminalia alata) and Arjun (Terminalia arjuna) plants the primary food plants of the tasar silk worm, A paphia Linn and A mylitta Drury. B Indian Acad Seri 2(1), 64-68.
  163. Nayak BK, Dash AK, Patro KBG (2000) Biodiversity conservation of wild tasar silk moth Anrheraea paphia L. of Simnlipal biosphere reserve and strategy for its economic utilization. Int. J. Wild Silkmoth & Silk 5, 367-370.
  164. Nayak BK, DashAK, Dash MC, Akai H (1992) Environmental regulation of voltinism in A paphia Linn (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) the Indian tasar silk insect. Wild Silkmoth 4, 47-56.
  165. Nayak BK, Guru BC (1998a) Studies on cocoon biometry of the bivoltine tasar silkworm Antheraea mylitta Drury (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) reared at Kuliana area of Mayurbhanj District Orissa. Third International Conference on Wild Silkmoths Bhubaneswar, Odisha, pp. 281-283.
  166. Nayak BK, Guru BC (1998b) Studies on cocoon biometry of the bivoltine tasar silkmoth Antheraea mylitta Drury (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) reared at Bangiriposi. B Indian Acad Seri 2 (1), 31-34.
  167. Nayak BK, Mishra CSK, Das AK (1993) Effect of temperature and relative humidity certain life history traits in Antheraea mylitta (Saturniidae). J Lepid Soc 47(3), 244-247.
  168. NISCAIR (1976) The Wealth of India - An Encyclopaedia of India's Raw Material Resources Vol X. Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources (CSIR-NISCAIR) New Delhi, pp. 157-177.
  169. Odum EP (1983) Basic Ecology. Holt Saunders International Edition Tokyo Japan 244 p.
  170. Ojha NG, Panday PN (2004) Silk Production. ABH Publishing Corporation New Delhi India, pp. 2-3.
  171. Ojha NG, Reddy RM, Hansda G, Sinha MK, Suryanarayana N, Prakash NBK (2009) Status and potential of Jata a new race of Indian tropical tasar silkworm (Antheraea mylitta Drury). Acad J Entomol 2 (2), 80-84.
  172. Ojha NG, Saran SK, Rai S, Pandey PN (2000) Studies on the sex wise consumption and utilization of the leaves of different food plants in different ecoraces of tropical tasar silkworm Antheraea mylitta Drury during fifth instar of the first crop. Int. J. Wild Silkmoth & Silk 5, 241-245.
  173. Ojha NG, Sinha SS, Singh MK, Sharan SK (1994) Rearing and cocooning of tropical tasar silk worm Antheraea mylitta Drury (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) in indoor condition. Int. J. Wild Silkmoth & Silk 1(2), 257-260.
  174. Opender K, Tikku K (1979) Growth and silk production in B. mori L. fed on three different varieties of mulberry. Indian J Seric 18, 1-5.
  175. Ouedraogo PA, Sou S, Sanon A, Monge JP, Huignard J, Tran B, Credland PF (1996) Influence of temperature and humidity on populations of Callosobruchus maculates (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) and its parasitoid Dinarmus basalis (Pteromalidae) in two climatic zones of Burkina Faso. B Entomol Res 89, 695-702.
  176. Panda N (1972) Biometrical Studies on the Tassar Silk Cocoon (Antheraea paphia L) of Orissa. Indian Forester 98(7), 427-431
  177. Pandey ND, Yadava DR, Teotia TPS (1968) Effect of different food plants on larval and post larval development on Diacrisia obliqua Walk. Indian J Entomol 30(3), 229-234.
  178. Pandey RK (1995) Do leaf tannins affect non-mulberry silkworm. Indian Silk 34(8), 21-23.
  179. Pant R, Raman AD, Sarkar D (1986) Consumption and utilisation of food in Philosamia ricini larva during development. Sericologia 26, 49-54.
  180. Parpiev A (1968) Water metabolism in silkworm fed with a different mulberry strains changing diet. Shelk 39, 15-17.
  181. Patil GM (1998) Castor Ricinus communis L - A potential new host of tropical tasar silkworm Antheraea mylitta Drury (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae). Proceedings of the third international conference on wild silkmoths, pp. 51-53.
  182. Pattanayak J, Dash AK (2000) Allocation of energy for cocoon and pupal life of matured larva of Antheraea mylitta (Drury) the Indian tasar silk insect. Sericologia 40, 657-660.
  183. Periasamy K, Narayanaprakash R, Radhakrishnan S (1984) Food utilization in exotic and indigenous races of Bombyx mori L. Proc. Seri. Symp. and Seminar T.N.A.U., pp. 137-140.
  184. Periaswamy K (1994) Problems and prospectus of sericulture. PBS Publishers and Distributors Noida Uttar Pradesh India, pp. 293-307.
  185. Petzoldt C, Seaman A (2013) Climate Change Effects on Insects and Pathogens. http,//wwwclimateandfarmingorg/pdfs/FactSheets/III2InsectsPathogenspdf.
  186. Pillai SV (1989) Growth studies in parental stock of silkworm Bombyx mori L under tropical condition. Indian J Seric 28(1), 53-66.
  187. Pillai SV, Krishnaswamy S, Bhat DV, Rangnath BK (1980) Varietal effect on the development and economic characters of Bombyx mori L. Proc. Seri. Symposium and Seminar T.N.A.U., pp. 137-140.
  188. Pillai V, Krishnaswami S, Kashivishwanathan K (1987) Growth studies of silkworm Bombyx mori L in tropical conditions. Indian J Seric 16, 32-45.
  189. Ponnuvel KM, Noamani MKR, Luikham R, Singh KC (1996) Seasonal variation in biochemical constituents of oak Querecus serrata) leaf. Proc Natl Acad Sci India 66 (B), 283-287.
  190. Poonia ES (1978) Studies on food utilization and rate of growth during the developmental stage of eri silkworm, Philosamia ricini Hutt (Lepi: Satur). Indian J Seric 17, 48-60.
  191. Prasad BC, Rath SS, Nagedra S, Sinha BRRP (2004) Cashew, another food plant for tropical silkworms. Indian Silk (3), 17-18.
  192. Prasad GK (1980) Effect of habitat and food on the evolutionary trends in genus Antheraea as evident from taxonomic relationship (Silkworm). Indian J Ecol (1), 52-60.
  193. Price PW (1997) Insect Ecology. John Wiley & Sons Inc New York, pp. 73-104.
  194. Puri GS (1994) The foliar constituents in some tree species of Shorea robusta forests of the Shivalik UP India. Indian Forester 80(11), 692-699.
  195. Radjabi R, Ebodi R, Mirhoseini SZ, Nair S (2009) Effects of feeding alanine-enriched mulberry leaves on the economic characters of the silkworm Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae). Formos Entomol 23, 73-78.
  196. Rahman MS, Bari MA, Joarder OI (2004) Studies on genetic variability and correlation of leaf yield and its contributing characters in Mulberry varieties Morus sp. Indian J Seric 42 (2) 151-154.
  197. Rahman MS, Rahman SM (1989) Correlation and path analysis of some cocoon character of eri silkworm Samia cynthia ricini (Boisd). University J Zoology 8, 51-57.
  198. Rahmathulla VK, Suresh HM (2012) Seasonal variation in food consumption assimilation and conversion efficiency of Indian bivoltine hybrid silkworm Bombyx mori. J Insect Sci 12(82), 1-14.
  199. Rai S, Aggarwal KK, Babu CR (2006) Influence of host plant Terminalia arjuna defences on the evolution of feeding behaviour in the tasar silkworm. Curr Sci 91, 68-72.
  200. Raja Ram, Samson MV (1998) Effect of different types of diet of Dighloti, Majankuri Som and Soalu on the rearing of muga silkworm Antheraea assamai Westwood. Third International Conference on Wild Silkmoths Bhubaneswar Odisha, pp. 95-66.
  201. Raja Ram, Samson NMV (1991) Cinnamomum glanduliferum Messn as a secondary host plant for eri silkworm Samia cynthia ricini. Indian J Seric 30 (1), 64- 65.
  202. Raja Ram, Saradchandra B (1998) Micromelum minutum as a secondary host for eri silkworm (Samia cynthia ricini Hutt). Indian J Seric 6 (1-2), 55-56
  203. Rajanna KL, Jagadeesh N, Gowda P, Nair BP, Samson MV (1999) Performance of pure mysore x bivoltine hybrid combinations of silkworm Bombyx mori L. Indian J Seric 38, 113-118.
  204. Rao AP, Shamitha G (2000) Cocoon and post cocoon studies on outdoor and total indoor reared tasar silkworm Antheraea mylitta D. Uttar Pradesh J of Zool 20(3), 213 -218.
  205. Rajesh Kumar, Elangovan V (2010) Assessment of the volumetric attributes of eri silkworm (Philosamia ricini) reared on different host plants. Int J Sci Nat 1(2), 156-160.
  206. Rao AP, Shamitha G (2000) Cocoon and post cocoon studies on outdoor and total indoor reared tasar silkworm Antheraea mylitta D. Uttar Pradesh J of Zool 20(3), 213 -218.
  207. Rao JVK, Singh RN, Shetty KK (2003) Catalogue of wild silkworms and their host plants in India. In: Proceedings of the National Workshop on Vanya Silk Culture and Forestry (ed. by Rana AK, Bisht NS, Khatri RK, Khanna D, Siddiqui AA, Babulal). Forest Research Institute, Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education, New Forest, Dehradun India, pp. 1-8.
  208. Rao KVS (2001) Tasar crop planning in Bastar plateau of Chhattisgarh. Indian Silk 40(5) 11-13
  209. Rao KVS, Mahobia GP, Roy GC, Sinha BRRP (2004) Relevance of insitu conservation of wild tasar (Antheraea mylitta Drury) in India. Indian J Ecol 31, 127-131.
  210. Rashid MA, Mahadevamurthy TS, Shivakumar GR, Magadum SB (1993) Effect of preservation of bush and tree leaf on feeding efficiency of and growth in silkworm Bombyx mori L. Bul Seric Res 4, 62-66.
  211. Rath SS (2000) Studies on growth and development of Antheraea mylitta Drury (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) fed on three different natural host plants. Int. J. Wild Silkmoth & Silk 5, 99-103.
  212. Rath SS (2005) Effect of quantitative nutrition on adult characters and reproductive fitness in Antheraea mylitta Drury. Int J Indust Entomol 10(1), 19-24
  213. Rath SS (2010b) Impact of quantitative feeding on nutritional parameters of fifth instar larvae of Antheraea mylitta. Int J Indust Entomol 20 (2), 69-74.
  214. Rath SS, Narain R, Prasad BC,Sinha BRRP (2003a) Food allocation budgeting in tropical tasar Antheraea mylitta fed on Terminalia tomentosa. Sericologia 43(4), 557-564.
  215. Rath SS, Rajnarain, Vishwakarma SR, Roy GC, Sinha BRRP (2003b) Trial rearing of Antheraea mylitta on Cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale) in Ranchi condition in first crop 2003. In: Annual Report 2002-03. Central Tasar Research & Training Institute Ranchi Jharkhand India, pp. 62-64.
  216. Rath SS, Singh GS, Singh SS, Singh MK, Suryanarayana N, Vijayaprakash NB (2008) Host plant-Antheraea mylitta interactions and its effect on reproductive and commercial parameters. Int J Indust Entomol 17(2), 205-209.
  217. Rath SS, Singh MK, Suryanarayana N (2006) Change in rate of feeding and assimilation in Antheraea mylitta fed on two major food plants and its effect on silk production and reproduction. Agricultural Journal 1(1), 24-27.
  218. Rath SS, Singh RMK, Suryanarayana N (2007) Effect of mating delay and mating duration on reproductive performance of Antheraea mylitta. Int J Indust Entomol 14, 113-119.
  219. Rath SS, Sinha BRRP, Sinha SS (1997) Age specific changes in reproductive potential and longevity in female moths of Antheraea mylitta D (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae). Indian J Seric 36(1), 39-42.
  220. Rath SS, Sinha BRRP, Thangavelu K (2004) Nutritional efficiency in Antheraea mylitta D during food deprivation. Int J Indust Entomol 9, 111-115.
  221. Raubenheimer D, Simpson SJ (1999) Integrating nutrition, a geometrical approach. Entomol Exp Appl 91, 67-82. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1570-7458.1999.00467.x
  222. Rausher MD (1981) Host plant selection by Battus philenor butterflies, the role of predation nutrition and plant chemistry. Ecol Monograph 51, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.2307/2937304
  223. Ray N, Bhattacharya A, Senapati SK, Deb DC (1998) Selection of mulberry varieties (Morus sp) based on yield nutrition elements and its rearing upon bivoltine silkworm (Bombyx mori L) for larval traits. Environ Ecol 16 (1), 91-94.
  224. Reddy DNR, Kotikal YK, Vijayendra M (1989) Development and silk yield of eri silk worm Samia cynthia (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) as influenced by the food plants. Mysore J Agric Sci 23, 506-508.
  225. Reddy MY, Alfred JRB (1979) Utilization of caster Ricinus cormunis L. leaves by the last instar larvae of the silkworm, Philosamia ricin, Hutt (Lepi: Sat). Indian Biologist 11(2), 35-40.
  226. Reddy RM (2010) Conservation need of tropical tasar silk insect, Antheraea mylitta Drury (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)-strategies and impact. J Entomol 7 (3), 152-159. https://doi.org/10.3923/je.2010.152.159
  227. Reddy RM, Hansda G, Ojha NG, Suryanarayana N (2009) Utility scope of hybridization in seed production of tropical tasar silkworm Antheraea mylitta Drury. Sericologia 49, 547-551.
  228. Reddy RM, Rupesh C, Mohan RK, Angadi BS, Sivaprasad V (2012) Commercial prospective of Lagerstroemia parviflora (Roxb) as choice food plant of tropical tasar silkworm Antheraea mylitta (Drury). Int J Res Chem Environ 2 (1), 70-73.
  229. Reddy RM, Sinha AK, Kumar R, Prasad BC (2010) Parental combination and rearing season compatibility for silk yield in tropical tasar silkworm Antheraea mylitta Drury. World Applied Sci J 9 (8), 855-859.
  230. Reese JC, Beck SD (1978) Interrelationship of nutritional indices and dietary moisture in the black cutworm (Agrotis ipsilon) digestive efficiency. J Insect Physiol 24, 473-479. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1910(78)90048-3
  231. Sahay A, Ojha NG, Kulshrestha V, Singh GP, Roy DK, Suryanarayana N (2008) Application of sodium hypochlorite for controlling virosis and bacteriosis in tasar silkworm, Antheraea mylitta D. Sericologia 48(1), 71-79.
  232. Sahu AK, Singh BB, Das PK (1998) Phenological studies in muga silkworm, Antheraea assama Ww (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) in relation to its rearing and grainage behaviour. Proceedings of third international conference on wild silkmoths, pp. 25-28.
  233. Saikia S, Handique R, Pathak A, Das K (2004) Rearing performance of muga on the primary and secondary food plants with an attempt for the revival of now extinct mejankari silk heritage of Assam. Sericologia 44, 373-376.
  234. Sankarperumal G, Baskaran S, Mohandoss A (1989) Influence of host plants on the organic constituents and fecundity of Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Proc Natl Acad Sci India 855(5&6), 393-396.
  235. Saraswat SB (1992) Efficacy of host plants on some quantitative characters of Antheraea proylei J (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae). Indian J Seric 31(2), 159
  236. Sarkar DC (1980) Ericulture in India. Central Silk Board Bombay, pp.51
  237. Satpathy S (2003) Studies on bioenergetics of tasar silkworm Antheraea mylitta D during diapauses. Indian J Seric 42(1), 32 - 34.
  238. Saxena KN (1969) Pattern of insect plant relationship determining susceptibility or resistance of different plants to an insect. Entomol Exp Appl 12, 751-766. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1969.tb02569.x
  239. Scriber JM (1982) The behaviour and nutritional physiology of southern armyworm larvae as a function plant species consumed in earlier instars. Ent Exp Appl 31, 359-369. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1982.tb03161.x
  240. Scriber JM, Slansky F (1981) The nutritional ecology of immature insects. Annual Ann Rev Entomol 26, 183-211. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.26.010181.001151
  241. Seema R, Goel BB, Gupta GP (2004) Effects of temperature on the development and reproduction of Spodoptera litura. Ann Plant Protect Sci 12, 205-206.
  242. Sengupta AK (1991) Population Variability of A mylitta D. Ph.D. Thesis. Department of Zoology, Ranchi University, Ranchi, pp. 23-26.
  243. Sengupta AK, Barah A (1991) Correlation and regression studies between pupal weight and fecundity of muga silkworm Antheraea assama Westwood (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) on four different food plants. Acta Physiol Hung 78(3), 261-264.
  244. Sengupta D, Srivastava AK, Ghosh SS (2002) Studies on commercial and technological characters of different ecoraces of A mylitta D commercially available in India. In: Annual Report 2001-02. Central Tasar Research & Training Institute Ranchi Jharkhand India, pp. 59-60.
  245. Sengupta K (1988) Bivoltine rearing in the plains and plateaus of South India. Indian Silk 27(7), 25-27.
  246. Sengupta K, Singh K (1974) An evaluation of the efficiency of different food plants and their combinations for the rearing of eri silkworm Philosamia ricini Hutt. Proceedings of the First International seminar on Non-Mulberry Silks, pp.189
  247. Sengupta, A.K. (1991). Population Variability of A. mylitta D. Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Zoology, Ranchi University, Ranchi, pp. 23-26.
  248. Shahout HA, Xu JX, Yao XM, Jia QD (2011) Influence and mechanism of different host plants on the growth development and fecundity of reproductive system of common cutworm, Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Asian J Agric Sci 3(4), 291-300.
  249. Sharma B, Badan P (1986) Comparative consumption utilization percentage pupation and silk production in B mori L fed on varieties of mulberry existing in Jammu division of Jammu and Kashmir State. Sericologia 26, 419-429.
  250. Shields VDC, Broomell BP, Salako JOB (2012) Effect of feeding on four different forest trees on the biology and feeding indices of Lymantria dispar L. American-Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci. 12(1), 30-36.
  251. Shin BS, Jeon JY, Kim JH (2012) Cocoon characteristics of silkworm Antheraea pernyi reared in Korean Oak field. Int J Indust Entomol 25(2), 205-208. https://doi.org/10.7852/ijie.2012.25.2.205
  252. Shiva Kumar C, Sekharappa BM, Arangi SK (1997) Influence of temperature and leaf quality on rearing performance of silkworm, Bombyx mori L. Indian J Seric 36(2), 116-120.
  253. Siddique AA, Babulal, Sharma AK, Chauhan TPS, Khatri RK (2006) Breeding park for tasar silkworm in Uttarakhand: a feasibility. Indian Silk 45(7), 12-15.
  254. Siddiqui AA ,Sengupta AK, Dasmahapatra DP, Sengupta K (1989) Coheritability and correlation of different quantitative characters in Anrheraea myliua D. Sericologia 29, 211-214.
  255. Singh BN (1976) Development of Utetheisa pulchella Linn on Crotalaria juncea and Heliotropium indicum. Indian J Entomol 38(4), 398-400.
  256. Singh HN, Byas (1975) Larval development of Prodenia litura F in relation to certain cultivated plants. Indian J Entomol 37(1), 1-6.
  257. Singh KP (2010) Effect of different host plants on the biology of polyphagous insect Ascotis imparata Walk (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). Indian Forester 136(11), 1515-1519
  258. Singh T, Bhat MM, Khan MA (2009) Insect adaptations to changing environments - temperature and humidity. Int J Indust Entomol 19(1), 155-164.
  259. Singhvi NR, Bose PC (1991) Sericin - a deciding factor for the quality of cocoons and raw silk. Indian Silk 4(5), 26-28.
  260. Sinha A K, Choudhary SK, Brahmachari BN, Sengupta K (1986) Foliar constituents of the food plants of temperate tasar silkworm, Antheraea proylei proyeli. Indian J Seric 25(1), 42-43.
  261. Sinha AK, Chaudhury A (1992) Factors influencing phenology of different broods of tropical tasar silk moth, Antheraea mylitta Drury (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) in relation to its emergence and post emergence behaviour. Environ Ecol 10(4), 952-958.
  262. Sinha AK, Jolly MS (1971) Foliar constituents of the food plants of tasar silk worm Antheraea mylitta D. Indian Forester 97(5), 261-263.
  263. Sinha RB, Pandey PN, Suryanarayana N, Srivastava AK (2007a) Studies on ingestion digestion and conversion efficiency in Sarihan larvae (Antheraea mylitta Drury) fed on leaves of Terminalia tomentosa during the commercial crop. Proc Zool Soc India 6(2), 17-24.
  264. Sinha SS, Sinha AK (1994) Genetic analysis of quantitative traits in Antheraea mylitta. Int. J. Wild Silkmoth & Silk 1(2), 177-181.
  265. Sinha USP, Bajpayee CM, Sinha AK, Chari BNB, Sinha BRRP (2000) Food consumption and utilization in Antheraea mylitta Drury larvae. Int. J. Wild Silkmoth & Silk 5, 182-186.
  266. Sinha USP, Sinha AK, Chaudhary SK, Prasad J, Suryanarayana N (1998) Comparative study on the nutritive value of the food plants of tasar silkworm, Antheraea mylitta Drury. Proceedings of the third international conference on wild silkmoths, pp. 281-284.
  267. Sinha USP, Sinha AK, Srivastava PP, Brahmachari BN (1992) Studies on the variations in chemical constituents in relation to maturity of leaves in three primary food plants of tropical tasar silkworm, Antheraea mylitta D. Indian J Seric 31(1), 83-86.
  268. Sinha USP, Sinha AK, Suryanarayana N (2007b) A comparative biochemical study of hairy and non-hairy leaves of Terminalia tomentosa. Sericologia 47(3), 331-336.
  269. Situmorang J (2002) Wild silk industry as new revenue to increase farmer's income and for environmental conservation. Proceedings of International Conference on Wild silkmoths, Yogyakarta, Indonesia 23rd-26th April 2002, pp. 1-16.
  270. Slama K (1964) Hormonal control of respiratory metabolism during growth reproduction and diapause in female adults of Pyrrhocoris apterus L (Hemiptera). J Insect Physiol 9, 283-303.
  271. Slansky F (1980) Effect of food utilization on food consumption and reproductive allocation by adult milkweed bugs. J Insect Physiol 26, 79-84 https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1910(80)90046-3
  272. Slansky F (1982) Insect nutrition, an adaptationist's perspective. Florida Ent. 65, 45-71 https://doi.org/10.2307/3494145
  273. Slansky F (1985) Food Consumption and Utilization. In: Comprehensive Insect physiology Biochemistry and Pharmacology Vol. 4 Regu-lation, Digestion Nutrition Excretion (ed by Kerkut GA and Gilbert LI). Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp. 87-163.
  274. Slansky F (1993) Nutritional Ecology, the fundamental quest for nutrition. In: Caterpillars (ed. by Stamp NE, Casey TM). Chapman and Hall, London, pp.587
  275. Slansky F, Scriber JM (1982) Selected bibliography and summary of quantitative food utilization by immature insects. Bull Entomol Soc Am 28, 43-55.
  276. Slansky F, Scriber JM (1985) Food consumption and utilisation. In: Comprehensive Insect Physiology Biochemistry and Pharmacology Vol. 4 (ed. by Kerkut GA, Gilbert LI). Pergamon Press, New York, pp. 88-163.
  277. Smith DS (1959) Utilization of food plants by the migratory grasshopper, Melanoplus bilituratus (Walker) (Orthoptera: Acrididae) with some observations on the nutritional value of the plants. Ann Entomol Soc Am 52, 674-680. https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/52.6.674
  278. Smith DS, Nethcott FE (1951) The effect on the grasshopper, Melanoplus mexicanus Sauss (Orthoptera: Acrididae) of varying the nitrogen content in its food plant. Can J Zool 1(29), 297-304.
  279. Soo Hoo CF, Fraenkel G (1966) The consumption digestion and utilization of food plants by a polyphagous insect, Prodenia eridania (Cramer). J Insect Physiol 12(6), 711-730. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1910(66)90116-8
  280. Srivastav PK, Thangavelu K (2005) Sericulture and Seri-biodiversity. Associated Publishing Company, New Delhi, India, pp. 192-202.
  281. Srivastava AD, Mishra SD, Poonia FS (1982) Effect of food deprivation on larval duration cocoon shell weight and fecundity of eri silk moth, Philosamia ricini Hutt (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae). Indian J Seric 21, 11-15.
  282. Srivastava AK, Naqvi AH, Roy GC, Sinha BRRP (1998) Temporal variation in qualitative and quantitative character of Antheraea mylitta Drury. Third International Conference on Wild Silkmoths, Bhubaneswar Odisha, pp. 54-56.
  283. Srivastava AK, Naqvi AH, Sinha AK, Vishwakarma SR, Roy GC (2004) Genotype and environment interaction in Antheraea mylitta Drury and its implications. Perspect in Cytol Genet 11, 219-224.
  284. Srivastava AK, Sinha AK, Bishwa, Singh MK, Bakshi RRP, Sinha SS (1994) Efficiency of rearing on different host plants in three non mulberry silkworms. Int. J. Wild Silkmoth & Silk 1(2), 241-244
  285. Srivastava BK (1959) Growth potential of Laphyqma exiqua in relation to certain food plants. Madras Agric J 46(7), 255-259.
  286. Srivastava PK (1986) Terminalia and tasar culture; yesterday today and tomorrow. Indian Silk 26(5), 35-37.
  287. Subramanian SKN, Qadri SMH (2012) Effect of cocoon characters copulation and oviposition devices on the grainage performance of Samia cynthia ricini (Boisduval). Int J Life Sci Biotechnol Pharm Respectively 1(4), 193-202.
  288. Sudo Mkato (1981) The relation between the leaf quality at different orders and silkworm growth and cocoon quality. J. Seric Sci Jpn 50, 306-310.
  289. Suryanarayana N, Srivastava AK (2005) Monograph on Tropical Tasar silkworm. Central Tasar Research and Training Institute, Central Silk Board, Government of India Ranchi, Jharkhand, India, pp. 1-87.
  290. Tamiru A, Getu E, Jembere B, Bruce T (2012) Effect of temperature and relative humidity on the development and fecundity of Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Bull Entomol Res 102, 9-15. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485311000307
  291. Tanaka Y (1951) Studies on hibernation with special reference to photoperiodicity and breeding of Chinese silkworm. J. Seric Sci Jpn 19, 358-371.
  292. Teznov P, Petkov N, Natcheva Y (1999) Study on the inheritance of food ingestion and digestion in hybrids in between univoltine and multivoltine silkworm Bombyx mori L. races. Sericologia 39(2), 171-177.
  293. Thangamani R, Vivekanandan M (1984) Physiological studies and leaf analysis in the evaluation of best mulberry varieties. Sericologia 24(3), 317-324.
  294. Thangavelu K (1992) Wild sericigenous insects of India: a need for conservation. Wild Silkmoth 91, 71-77
  295. Thangavelu K (1993) Indoor rearing of tropical tasar silkworm, Antheraea mylitta Drury. Wild Silkmoth 92, 99-104.
  296. Thangavelu K (2000) Lessons on tropical tasar. Central Tasar Research and Training Institute, Central Silk Board, Ranchi, India, pp.104
  297. Thangavelu K, Phukon JCD (1983) Food preference of eri silkworm. Philosamia ricini. Entomon 8 (4), 311-316.
  298. Thangavelu K, Sahu AK (1986) Further studies on the indoor rearing of muga silkworm (Antheraea assama Westwood) (Saturniidae: Lepidoptera). Sericologia 26, 215-224.
  299. Thobbi VV (1961) Growth potential of Prodenia litura F In relation to certain food plants at Surat. Indian J Entomol 23(4), 262-264.
  300. Thorsteinson AJ (1960) Host selection in phytophagous insects. Ann Rev Entomol 5,193-218. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.05.010160.001205
  301. Timmins WA, Bellward K, Stamp AJ, Reynolds SE (1988) Food intake conversion efficiency and feeding behaviour of tobacco hornworm caterpillars given artificial diet of varying nutrient and water content. Physiol Entomol 13, 303-314 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3032.1988.tb00482.x
  302. Trager W (1953) Nutrition. In: Insect Physiology (ed. by Roeder KD). John Wiley & Sons Inc. New York, pp. 350-386.
  303. Tripathi AK, Sinha DP, Singh SB (1988a) Rearing of Antheraea mylitta (Saturniidae: Lepidoptera) larvae on nine species of host plants. Environ Ecol 6, 331-334.
  304. Tripathi AK, Sinha DP, Singh SB (1988b) Effect of transfer of tasar silkworm Antheraea mylitta from one host plant to another. Environ Ecol 6, 554-557.
  305. Ueda S, Kimura R, Suzuki K (1971) Studies on the growth of silkworm Bombyx mori L: III Relative increase in body weight and silk gland weight in fifth instar. Bull Seric Exp Stn 25, 1-20.
  306. Ullal SR, Narasimhanna MN (1987) Hand Book of Practical Sericulture. Central Silk Board Bangalore, pp. 1-166.
  307. Umbarihowar J, Hastings A (2002) The impact of resource limitation and the phenology of parasitoid attack on the duration of insect herbivore outbreaks. Theor Popul Biol 62, 259-269. https://doi.org/10.1006/tpbi.2002.1617
  308. Uvarov BP (1928) Nutrition and metabolism. Trans Ent Soc Lond 76, 255-343.
  309. Vage M N, Ashoka J (1999) Effect of tender shoots to fifth instar silkworm of PM x NB4D2 on cocoon and silk filament traits. Proceedings of National Seminar on Tropical Sericulture, Dec 28-30, Bangalore.
  310. Vasuki K, Basavana MM (1969) Variety difference in the content of total and soluble minerals of mulberry leaves. Silkworm Information Bulletin 1, 31-35.
  311. Venkataramu BV (1986) Nutrient status of different mulberry varieties and its effect on growth and development of Bombyx mori L. M. Sc. (Agriculture) Thesis, USA Bangalore, pp.88
  312. Venugopal P, Krishnaswami S (1987) Adoptability of silkworm Bombyx mori L. to tropical condition. Indian J Seric 26(2), 63-71.
  313. Walbdauer GP (1968) Consumption and utilisation of food by insects. In: Advances in Insect Physiology (ed. by Beatment JWL, Trecherne JW, Wigglesworth VB). Academic Press London, pp. 229-288.
  314. Waldbauer G (1996) Insects through the seasons. Harvard University Press, USA, pp. 289.
  315. Waldbauer G (2003) What Good Are Bugs? Insects in the Web of Life. Harvard University Press USA, pp. 345.
  316. Waldbauer GP (1964) Quantitative relationship between the number of fecal pellets fecal weights and the weight of food eaten by tobacco hornworms. Entomol Exp Appl 7, 310-314. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1964.tb00732.x
  317. Wellington WG, Johnson DL, Lactin DJ (1999) Weather and insects. In: Ecological Entomology (ed. by Huffaker CB, Gutierrez AP ). John Wiely and Sons, New York, pp.756
  318. Xue M, Pang YH, Wang HT, Li1 QL, Liu TX (2009) Effects of four host plants on biology and food utilization of the cutworm. Spodoptera litura. J Insect Sci 10, 1-14.
  319. Yadav G S, Mahobia G P (2009) Exploitation of Sidha (Lagerstroemia parviflora) for rearing of tropical tasar silkworm in Bastar Plateau of Chhattisgarh India. Journal of Ecobiology 25(1), 85-90.
  320. Yadav GS, Goswami BC (1989) Correlation and regression analysis between cocoon weight and shell weight in muga silkworm on two different types of food plants. Sericologia 29(2), 219-224.
  321. Yadav GS, Mahobiam GP (2010) Effect of different food leaves on rearing performance in Indian tropical tasar silkworm Antheraea mylitta Drury (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae). Uttar Pradesh J of Zool 30(2), 145-152.
  322. Yadav GS, Siddiqui AA, Borah A, Rajaram, Sengupta AK (1992) Studies on association of fecundity with cocoon with cocoon weight pupa weight and shell weight of muga silkworm Antheraea assama Westwood during two commercial crop. J Assam Science Soc 34(2), 13-18.
  323. Yadav GS, Singh BMK, Sinha BRRP, Thangavelu K (2001) Studies on association between moth weight and potential fecundity of ecorace Bhandara of tasar silkmoth (Antheraea paphia Linn). B Indian Acad Seri 5 (1), 59-67
  324. Yamamura K, Kiritani K (1998) A simple method to estimate the potential increase in the number of generations under global warming in temperate zones. Appl Entomol Zool 33, 289-298.
  325. Zhao Y, Chen K, He S, (2007) Key principles for breeding spring and autumn silkworm varieties, From our experience of breeding 873 x 874. J Environ Sci 5, 57-61.
  326. Zhu SD, Lu ZQ, Chen LF, Yu W, Zhang SJ (2000) Effect of temperature and food on Spodoptera litura population. Chinese J Appld Ecol 11, 111-114.

Cited by

  1. Pro-oxidative challenges and antioxidant protection during larval development of non-mulberry silkworm,Antheraea mylitta(Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) vol.83, pp.1, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1080/11250003.2015.1103319