References
- Wherry, E. J., J. N. Blattman, K. Murali-Krishna, R. van der Most, and R. Ahmed. 2003. Viral persistence alters CD8 T-cell immunodominance and tissue distribution and results in distinct stages of functional impairment. J. Virol. 77: 4911-4927. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.77.8.4911-4927.2003
- Ha, S. J., E. E. West, K. Araki, K. A. Smith, and R. Ahmed. 2008. Manipulating both the inhibitory and stimulatory immune system towards the success of therapeutic vaccination against chronic viral infections. Immunol. Rev. 223: 317-333. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-065X.2008.00638.x
- Virgin, H. W., E. J. Wherry, and R. Ahmed. 2009. Redefining chronic viral infection. Cell 138: 30-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2009.06.036
- Zajac, A. J., J. N. Blattman, K. Murali-Krishna, D. J. Sourdive, M. Suresh, J. D. Altman, and R. Ahmed. 1998. Viral immune evasion due to persistence of activated T cells without effector function. J. Exp. Med. 188: 2205-2213. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.188.12.2205
- Jin, H. T., Y. H. Jeong, H. J. Park, and S. J. Ha. 2011. Mechanism of T cell exhaustion in a chronic environment. BMB Rep. 44: 217-231. https://doi.org/10.5483/BMBRep.2011.44.4.217
- Ng, C. T., L. M. Snell, D. G. Brooks, and M. B. Oldstone. 2013. Networking at the level of host immunity: immune cell interactions during persistent viral infections. Cell Host Microbe 13: 652-664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2013.05.014
- Fahey, L. M., E. B. Wilson, H. Elsaesser, C. D. Fistonich, D. B. McGavern, and D. G. Brooks. 2011. Viral persistence redirects CD4 T cell differentiation toward T follicular helper cells. J. Exp. Med. 208: 987-999. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20101773
- Rosenberg, S. A., J. C. Yang, and N. P. Restifo. 2004. Cancer immunotherapy: moving beyond current vaccines. Nat. Med. 10: 909-915. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm1100
- Figdor, C. G., I. J. de Vries, W. J. Lesterhuis, and C. J. Melief. 2004. Dendritic cell immunotherapy: mapping the way. Nat. Med. 10: 475-480. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm1039
- Janikashvili, N., N. Larmonier, and E. Katsanis. 2010. Personalized dendritic cell-based tumor immunotherapy. Immunotherapy 2: 57-68. https://doi.org/10.2217/imt.09.78
- Schultze, J. L., S. Grabbe, and M. S. von Bergwelt-Baildon. 2004. DCs and CD40-activated B cells: current and future avenues to cellular cancer immunotherapy. Trends Immunol. 25: 659-664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2004.09.016
- Eynon, E. E., and D. C. Parker. 1992. Small B cells as antigen-presenting cells in the induction of tolerance to soluble protein antigens. J. Exp. Med. 175: 131-138. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.175.1.131
- Fuchs, E. J., and P. Matzinger. 1992. B cells turn off virgin but not memory T cells. Science 258: 1156-1159. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1439825
- Schultze, J. L., S. Michalak, M. J. Seamon, G. Dranoff, K. Jung, J. Daley, J. C. Delgado, J. G. Gribben, and L. M. Nadler. 1997. CD40-activated human B cells: an alternative source of highly efficient antigen presenting cells to generate autologous antigen-specific T cells for adoptive immunotherapy. J. Clin. Iinvest. 100: 2757-2765. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI119822
- Coughlin, C. M., B. A. Vance, S. A. Grupp, and R. H. Vonderheide. 2004. RNA-transfected CD40-activated B cells induce functional T-cell responses against viral and tumor antigen targets: implications for pediatric immunotherapy. Blood 103: 2046-2054. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2003-07-2379
- Lapointe, R., A. Bellemare-Pelletier, F. Housseau, J. Thibodeau, and P. Hwu. 2003. CD40-stimulated B lymphocytes pulsed with tumor antigens are effective antigen-presenting cells that can generate specific T cells. Cancer Res. 63: 2836-2843.
- Bendelac, A., P. B. Savage, and L. Teyton. 2007. The biology of NKT cells. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 25: 297-336. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.25.022106.141711
- Godfrey, D. I., S. Stankovic, and A. G. Baxter. 2010. Raising the NKT cell family. Nat. Immunol. 11: 197-206. https://doi.org/10.1038/ni.1841
- Kronenberg, M. 2005. Toward an understanding of NKT cell biology: progress and paradoxes. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 23: 877-900. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115742
- Park, S. H., and A. Bendelac. 2000. CD1-restricted T-cell responses and microbial infection. Nature 406: 788-792. https://doi.org/10.1038/35021233
- Chung, Y., B. S. Kim, Y. J. Kim, H. J. Ko, S. Y. Ko, D. H. Kim, and C. Y. Kang. 2006. CD1d-restricted T cells license B cells to generate long-lasting cytotoxic antitumor immunity in vivo. Cancer Res. 66: 6843-6850. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-0889
- Godfrey, D. I., and M. Kronenberg. 2004. Going both ways: immune regulation via CD1d-dependent NKT cells. J. Clin. Invest. 114: 1379-1388. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI200423594
- Kim, Y. J., H. J. Ko, Y. S. Kim, D. H. Kim, S. Kang, J. M. Kim, Y. Chung, and C. Y. Kang. 2008. alpha-Galactosylceramide-loaded, antigen-expressing B cells prime a wide spectrum of antitumor immunity. Int. J. Cancer 122: 2774-2783. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.23444
-
Hermans, I. F., J. D. Silk, U. Gileadi, M. Salio, B. Mathew, G. Ritter, R. Schmidt, A. L. Harris, L. Old, and V. Cerundolo. 2003. NKT cells enhance
$CD4^+$ and$CD8^+$ T cell responses to soluble antigen in vivo through direct interaction with dendritic cells. J. Immunol. 171: 5140-5147. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.171.10.5140 -
Stober, D., I. Jomantaite, R. Schirmbeck, and J. Reimann. 2003. NKT cells provide help for dendritic cell-dependent priming of MHC class I-restricted
$CD8^+$ T cells in vivo. J. Immunol. 170: 2540-2548. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.170.5.2540 - Cerundolo, V., J. D. Silk, S. H. Masri, and M. Salio. 2009. Harnessing invariant NKT cells in vaccination strategies. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 9: 28-38. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri2451
- Ha, S. J., S. N. Mueller, E. J. Wherry, D. L. Barber, R. D. Aubert, A. H. Sharpe, G. J. Freeman, and R. Ahmed. 2008. Enhancing therapeutic vaccination by blocking PD-1-mediated inhibitory signals during chronic infection. J. Exp. Med. 205: 543-555. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20071949
- Barber, D. L., E. J. Wherry, D. Masopust, B. Zhu, J. P. Allison, A. H. Sharpe, G. J. Freeman, and R. Ahmed. 2006. Restoring function in exhausted CD8 T cells during chronic viral infection. Nature 439: 682-687. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04444
- King, C. C., R. de Fries, S. R. Kolhekar, and R. Ahmed. 1990. In vivo selection of lymphocyte-tropic and macrophage-tropic variants of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus during persistent infection. J. Virol. 64: 5611-5616.
- Elsaesser, H., K. Sauer, and D. G. Brooks. 2009. IL-21 is required to control chronic viral infection. Science 324: 1569-1572. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1174182
- Frohlich, A., J. Kisielow, I. Schmitz, S. Freigang, A. T. Shamshiev, J. Weber, B. J. Marsland, A. Oxenius, and M. Kopf. 2009. IL-21R on T cells is critical for sustained functionality and control of chronic viral infection. Science 324: 1576-1580. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1172815
- Yi, J. S., M. Du, and A. J. Zajac. 2009. A vital role for interleukin-21 in the control of a chronic viral infection. Science 324: 1572-1576. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1175194
- Linterman, M. A., L. Beaton, D. Yu, R. R. Ramiscal, M. Srivastava, J. J. Hogan, N. K. Verma, M. J. Smyth, R. J. Rigby, and C. G. Vinuesa. 2010. IL-21 acts directly on B cells to regulate Bcl-6 expression and germinal center responses. J. Exp. Med. 207: 353-363. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20091738
- Zotos, D., J. M. Coquet, Y. Zhang, A. Light, K. D'Costa, A. Kallies, L. M. Corcoran, D. I. Godfrey, K. M. Toellner, M. J. Smyth, S. L. Nutt, and D. M. Tarlinton. 2010. IL-21 regulates germinal center B cell differentiation and proliferation through a B cell-intrinsic mechanism. J. Exp. Med. 207: 365-378. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20091777
- Sharpe, A. H., and G. J. Freeman. 2002. The B7-CD28 superfamily. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2: 116-126. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri727
-
Wherry, E. J., S. J. Ha, S. M. Kaech, W. N. Haining, S. Sarkar, V. Kalia, S. Subramaniam, J. N. Blattman, D. L. Barber, and R. Ahmed. 2007. Molecular signature of
$CD8^+$ T cell exhaustion during chronic viral infection. Immunity 27: 670-684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2007.09.006 - Wiesner, M., C. Zentz, C. Mayr, R. Wimmer, W. Hammerschmidt, R. Zeidler, and A. Moosmann. 2008. Conditional immortalization of human B cells by CD40 ligation. PLoS One 3: e1464. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0001464