Structural Engineering and Mechanics

Techno-Press (테크노프레스)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Construction failures of masonry and adobe buildings during the 2011 Van earthquakes in Turkey

  • Sayin, Erkut (Civil Engineering Department, Firat University) ;
  • Yon, Burak (Civil Engineering Department, Firat University) ;
  • Calayir, Yusuf (Civil Engineering Department, Firat University) ;
  • Gor, Mesut (Civil Engineering Department, Firat University)
  • Received : 2013.11.01
  • Accepted : 2014.06.19
  • Published : 2014.08.10
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

On October 23, 2011, an earthquake of magnitude 7.0 struck Van, Turkey. This powerful earthquake caused the deaths of 604 people, more than 2,000 injuries, and a considerable loss of property. After this devastating earthquake, on November 9, 2011, another earthquake of magnitude 5.7 occurred. This moderate earthquake caused the deaths of 40 people. Partial and total collapse of the masonry and adobe buildings occurred in the rural areas of Van. In this paper, the acceleration records and response spectrums of the earthquakes were given and the structural deficiencies and reasons of the failures of the rural buildings were evaluated according to the Turkish Seismic Code. The observed failures showed that low quality of structural materials, poor workmanship, lack of engineering services and insufficient detailing of the structural elements are the main reasons of damages.

Keywords

References

  1. Ahmadizadeh, M. and Shakib, H. (2004), "On the December 26 2003 southeastern Iran earthquake in Bam region", Eng. Struct., 26, 1055-1070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2004.03.006
  2. Augenti, N. and Parisi, F. (2010), "Learning from construction failures due to the 2009 L'Aquila Italy earthquake", J. Perf. Const. Fac., 24(6), 536-555. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000122
  3. Bayraktar, A., Coskun, N. and Yalcin, A. (2007), "Performance of masonry stone buildings during the March 25 and 28, 2004 Askale (Erzurum) earthquakes in Turkey", J. Perf. Const. Fac., 21(6), 432-440. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0887-3828(2007)21:6(432)
  4. Bayraktar, A., Altunisik, A.C. and Muvafik, M. (2013), "Field investigation on the performance of masonry buildings during the October 23 and November 9, 2011 Van earthquakes in Turkey", J. Perf. Const. Fac., ASCE, doi: 10.1061/(asce)cf.1943-5509.0000383.
  5. Calayir, Y., Sayin, E. and Yon, B. (2012), "Performance of structures in the rural area during the March 8 2010 Elazig-Kovancilar earthquake", Nat. Hazards, 61(2), 703-717. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-011-0056-6
  6. Celep, Z., Erken, A., Taskin, B. and Ilki, A. (2011), "Failures of masonry and concrete buildings during the March 8 2010 Kovancilar and Palu (Elazig) earthquakes in Turkey", Eng. Fail. Anal., 18, 868-889. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2010.11.001
  7. Chiou, C.W. and Wang, H. J. (2011) " Damage to Chinese Courtyard Houses during the September 21 1999 Chi-Chi Earthquake in Taiwan", J. Earthq. Eng., 15(5), 711-723. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2010.541974
  8. Dizhur, D., Ismail, N., Knox, C., Lumantarna, R. and Ingham, J.M. (2010), "Performance of unreinforced and retrofitted masonry buildings during the 2010 Darfield earthquake", Bull. NZ Soc. Earthq. Eng., 43(4), 321-339.
  9. Humar, J.M., Lau, D. and Pierre, J.R. (2001), "Performance of buildings during the 2001 Bhuj earthquake", Can. J. Civil Eng., 28, 979-991. https://doi.org/10.1139/l01-070
  10. Ingham, J. and Griffith, M. (2011), "Performance of unreinforced masonry buildings during the 2010 Darfield (Christchurch NZ) earthquake", Australian J. Struct. Eng., 11(3), 1-17.
  11. Mahmood, H. and Ingham, J.M. (2011), "Seismic vulnerability assessment of Pakistan unreinforced masonry buildings at a national scale", Seismol. Res. Lett., 82(5), 676-685. https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.82.5.676
  12. Maqsood, S.T. and Schwarz, J. (2010), "Building vulnerability and damage during the 2008 Baluchistan earthquake in Pakistan and past experiences", Seismol. Res. Lett., 81(3), 514-525. https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.81.3.514
  13. Minzheng, Z. and Yingjie, J. (2008), "Building damage in Dujiangyan during Wenchuan earthquake", Earthq. Eng. Eng. Vib., 7, 263-269. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11803-008-0870-3
  14. Sayin, E., Yon, B., Calayir, Y. and Karaton, M. (2013), "Failures of masonry and adobe buildings during the June 23 2011 Maden-(Elazig) earthquake in Turkey", Eng. Fail. Anal., 34, 779-791. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2012.10.016
  15. Turkish Seismic Code (TSC) (2007), Ministry of Public Works and Settlement, Ankara.
  16. Van Earthquake Report (2011), Turkish Prime Ministry-Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency (DEMA), Ankara. (in Turkish)
  17. Yon, B., Sayin, E. and Koksal, T.S. (2013), "Seismic response of buildings during the May 19, 2011 Simav, Turkey earthquake", Earthq. Struct., 5(3), 343-357. https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2013.5.3.343

Cited by

  1. Experimental and numerical analysis of RC structure with two leaf cavity wall subjected to shake table vol.55, pp.5, 2015, https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2015.55.5.1037
  2. Seismic performance of RC buildings subjected to past earthquakes in Turkey vol.11, pp.3, 2016, https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2016.11.3.483
  3. In situOut-of-Plane Cyclic Testing of Original and Strengthened Traditional Stone Masonry Walls Using Airbags vol.20, pp.5, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2015.1107662
  4. Discrete element modeling of masonry structures: Validation and application vol.11, pp.4, 2016, https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2016.11.4.563
  5. Experimental characterization of the out-of-plane performance of regular stone masonry walls, including test setups and axial load influence vol.13, pp.9, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-015-9742-1
  6. Investigation of blast-induced ground vibration effects on rural buildings vol.54, pp.3, 2015, https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2015.54.3.545
  7. Comparison of linear and non-linear earthquake response of masonry walls vol.16, pp.1, 2015, https://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2015.16.1.017
  8. An artificial neural network-based earthquake casualty estimation model for Istanbul city vol.84, pp.3, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-016-2541-4
  9. Nonlinear analysis of RC structure with massive infill wall exposed to shake table vol.10, pp.4, 2016, https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2016.10.4.811
  10. Seismic performance of adobe construction vol.2, pp.1, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1080/23789689.2017.1278996
  11. Comparison of dynamic behaviours of retrofitted and unretrofitted cob material walls vol.15, pp.9, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-017-0117-7
  12. The effect of mortar type and joint thickness on mechanical properties of conventional masonry walls vol.67, pp.6, 2018, https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2018.67.6.579
  13. Investigation on seismic isolation retrofit of a historical masonry structure vol.16, pp.4, 2014, https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2019.16.4.501
  14. Evaluation of Structural Properties of Existing Turkish RC Building Stock vol.43, pp.3, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40996-018-0207-z
  15. Predicting Heating Load in Energy-Efficient Buildings Through Machine Learning Techniques vol.9, pp.20, 2014, https://doi.org/10.3390/app9204338
  16. Estimation of probabilistic hazard for Bingol province, Turkey vol.18, pp.2, 2020, https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2020.18.2.223
  17. Investigation of time-history response of a historical masonry minaret under seismic loads vol.30, pp.None, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2021.01.008
  18. Dynamic Testing of Seismic Resistant Cob Structure for Post-Earthquake Reconstruction vol.25, pp.6, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2018.1531092
  19. Buildings Damages after Elazığ, Turkey Earthquake on January 24, 2020 vol.109, pp.1, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-021-04831-5