Toxicological Research

  • 제30권2호
  • /
  • Pages.71-75
  • /
  • 2014
  • /
  • 1976-8257(pISSN)
  • /
  • 2234-2753(eISSN)
한국독성학회 (Korean Society of Toxicology & Korea Environmental Mutagen Society)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Air Pollution Exposure and Cardiovascular Disease

  • Lee, Byeong-Jae (Inhalation Toxicology Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology) ;
  • Kim, Bumseok (Biosafety Research Institute and Laboratory of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University) ;
  • Lee, Kyuhong (Inhalation Toxicology Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology)
  • 투고 : 2014.06.19
  • 심사 : 2014.06.27
  • 발행 : 2014.06.30
PDF 다운로드
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

Ambient air pollution (AAP) and particulate matters (PM) have been closely associated with adverse health effects such as respiratory disease and cardiovascular diseases. Previous studies have examined the adverse health effects associated with short- and long-term exposure to AAP and outdoor PM on respiratory disease. However, the effect of PM size ($PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{10}$) on cardiovascular disease has not been well studied. Thus, it remains unclear how the size of the inhalable particles (coarse, fine, or ultrafine) affects mortality and morbidity. Airborne PM concentrations are commonly used for ambient air quality management worldwide, owing to the known effects on cardiorespiratory health. In this article, we assess the relationship between cardiovascular diseases and PM, with a particular focus on PM size. We discuss the association of $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{10}$, nitrogen dioxide ($NO_2$), and elemental carbon with mortality and morbidity due to cardiovascular diseases, stroke, and altered blood pressure, based on epidemiological studies. In addition, we provide evidence that the adverse health effects of AAP and PM are more pronounced among the elderly, children, and people with preexisting cardiovascular and respiratory conditions. Finally, we critically summarize the literature pertaining to cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis and stroke, and introduce potential studies to better understand the health significance of AAP and PM on cardiovascular disease.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. WHO. (2006) WHO's global air-quality guidelines. Lancet, 368, 1302.
  2. Marks, G.B. (1994) A critical appraisal of the evidence for adverse respiratory effects due to exposure to environmental ozone and particulate pollution: relevance to air quality guidelines. Aust. N. Z. J. Med., 24, 202-213. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1445-5994.1994.tb00558.x
  3. Dockery, D.W., Pope, C.A. 3rd., Xu, X., Spengler, J.D., Ware, J.H., Fay, M.E., Ferris, B.G. Jr. and Speizer, F.E. (1993) An association between air pollution and mortality in six U.S. cities. N. Engl. J. Med., 329, 1753-1759. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199312093292401
  4. Hoek, G., Brunekreef, B., Goldbohm, S., Fischer, P. and van den Brandt, P.A. (2002) Association between mortality and indicators of traffic-related air pollution in the Netherlands: a cohort study. Lancet, 360, 1203-1209. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11280-3
  5. Pope, C.A. 3rd, Burnett, R.T., Thurston, G.D., Thun, M.J., Calle, E.E., Krewski, D. and Godleski, J.J. (2004) Cardiovascular mortality and long-term exposure to particulate air pollution: epidemiological evidence of general pathophysiological pathways of disease. Circulation, 109, 71-77.
  6. Brunekreef, B. and Holgate, S.T. (2002) Air pollution and health. Lancet, 360, 1233-1242. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11274-8
  7. Brook, R.D., Franklin, B., Cascio, W., Hong, Y., Howard, G., Lipsett, M., Luepker, R., Mittleman, M., Samet, J., Smith, S.C. Jr. and Tager, I. (2004) Air pollution and cardiovascular disease: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Expert Panel on Population and Prevention Science of the American Heart Association. Circulation, 109, 2655-2671. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000128587.30041.C8
  8. Hoek, G., Brunekreef, B., Fischer, P. and van Wijnen, J. (2001) The association between air pollution and heart failure, arrhythmia, embolism, thrombosis, and other cardiovascular causes of death in a time series study. Epidemiology, 12, 355-357. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001648-200105000-00017
  9. Pope, C.A., 3rd, Thun, M.J., Namboodiri, M.M., Dockery, D.W., Evans, J.S., Speizer, F.E. and Heath, C.W. Jr. (1995) Particulate air pollution as a predictor of mortality in a prospective study of U.S. adults. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 151, 669-674. https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm/151.3_Pt_1.669
  10. Samet, J.M., Dominici, F., Curriero, F.C., Coursac, I. and Zeger, S.L. (2000) Fine particulate air pollution and mortality in 20 U.S. cities, 1987-1994. N. Engl. J. Med., 343, 1742-1749. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200012143432401
  11. Peters, A., Dockery, D.W., Muller, J.E. and Mittleman, M.A. (2001) Increased particulate air pollution and the triggering of myocardial infarction. Circulation, 103, 2810-2815. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.103.23.2810
  12. Shah, A.S., Langrish, J.P., Nair, H., McAllister, D.A., Hunter, A.L., Donaldson, K., Newby, D.E. and Mills, N.L. (2013) Global association of air pollution and heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet, 382, 1039-1048. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60898-3
  13. Franchini, M. and Mannucci, P.M. (2009) Particulate air pollution and cardiovascular risk: short-term and long-term effects. Semin. Thromb. Hemostasis, 35, 665-670. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1242720
  14. Franchini, M. and Mannucci, P.M. (2007) Short-term effects of air pollution on cardiovascular diseases: outcomes and mechanisms. J. Thromb. Haemostasis, 5, 2169-2174. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-7836.2007.02750.x
  15. Nawrot, T.S., Perez, L., Kunzli, N., Munters, E. and Nemery, B. (2011) Public health importance of triggers of myocardial infarction: a comparative risk assessment. Lancet, 377, 732-740. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62296-9
  16. Brown, J.S., Zeman, K.L. and Bennett, W.D. (2002) Ultrafine particle deposition and clearance in the healthy and obstructed lung. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 166, 1240-1247. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200205-399OC
  17. Franck, U., Odeh, S., Wiedensohler, A., Wehner, B. and Herbarth, O. (2011) The effect of particle size on cardiovascular disorders--the smaller the worse. Sci. Total Environ., 409, 4217-4221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.05.049
  18. Valavanidis, A., Fiotakis, K. and Vlachogianni, T. (2008) Airborne particulate matter and human health: toxicological assessment and importance of size and composition of particles for oxidative damage and carcinogenic mechanisms. J. Environ. Sci. Health C Environ. Carcinog. Ecotoxicol. Rev., 26, 339-362. https://doi.org/10.1080/10590500802494538
  19. Mills, N.L., Amin, N., Robinson, S.D., Anand, A., Davies, J., Patel, D., de la Fuente, J.M., Cassee, F.R., Boon, N.A., Macnee, W., Millar, A.M., Donaldson, K. and Newby, D.E. (2006) Do inhaled carbon nanoparticles translocate directly into the circulation in humans? Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 173, 426-431. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200506-865OC
  20. Nemmar, A., Vanbilloen, H., Hoylaerts, M.F., Hoet, P.H., Verbruggen, A. and Nemery, B. (2001) Passage of intratracheally instilled ultrafine particles from the lung into the systemic circulation in hamster. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 164, 1665-1668. https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.164.9.2101036
  21. Franchini, M. and Mannucci, P.M. (2011) Thrombogenicity and cardiovascular effects of ambient air pollution. Blood, 118, 2405-2412. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2011-04-343111
  22. Langrish, J.P., Bosson, J., Unosson, J., Muala, A., Newby, D.E., Mills, N.L., Blomberg, A. and Sandstrom, T. (2012) Cardiovascular effects of particulate air pollution exposure: time course and underlying mechanisms. J. Intern. Med., 272, 224-239. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2012.02566.x
  23. Analitis, A., Katsouyanni, K., Dimakopoulou, K., Samoli, E., Nikoloulopoulos, A.K., Petasakis, Y., Touloumi, G., Schwartz, J., Anderson, H.R., Cambra, K., Forastiere, F., Zmirou, D., Vonk, J.M., Clancy, L., Kriz, B., Bobvos, J. and Pekkanen, J. (2006) Short-term effects of ambient particles on cardiovascular and respiratory mortality. Epidemiology, 17, 230-233. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ede.0000199439.57655.6b
  24. Laden, F., Schwartz, J., Speizer, F.E. and Dockery, D.W. (2006) Reduction in fine particulate air pollution and mortality: Extended follow-up of the Harvard Six Cities study. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 173, 667-672. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200503-443OC
  25. Lepeule, J., Laden, F., Dockery, D. and Schwartz, J. (2012) Chronic exposure to fine particles and mortality: an extended follow-up of the Harvard Six Cities study from 1974 to 2009. Environ. Health Perspect., 120, 965-970. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1104660
  26. Gold, D.R., Litonjua, A., Schwartz, J., Lovett, E., Larson, A., Nearing, B., Allen, G., Verrier, M., Cherry, R. and Verrier, R. (2000) Ambient pollution and heart rate variability. Circulation, 101, 1267-1273. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.101.11.1267
  27. Wellenius, G.A., Schwartz, J. and Mittleman, M.A. (2006) Particulate air pollution and hospital admissions for congestive heart failure in seven United States cities. Am. J. Cardiol., 97, 404-408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.08.061
  28. Zanobetti, A. and Schwartz, J. (2005) The effect of particulate air pollution on emergency admissions for myocardial infarction: a multicity case-crossover analysis. Environ. Health Perspect., 113, 978-982. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.7550
  29. Pope, C.A. 3rd., Muhlestein, J.B., May, H.T., Renlund, D.G., Anderson, J.L. and Horne, B.D. (2006) Ischemic heart disease events triggered by short-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution. Circulation, 114, 2443-2448. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.636977
  30. Brook, R.D. (2008) Cardiovascular effects of air pollution. Clin. Sci. (Lond), 115, 175-187. https://doi.org/10.1042/CS20070444
  31. Brook, R.D., Brook, J.R. and Rajagopalan, S. (2003) Air pollution: the "Heart" of the problem. Curr. Hypertens. Rep., 5, 32-39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11906-003-0008-y
  32. Zanobetti, A., Schwartz, J., Samoli, E., Gryparis, A., Touloumi, G., Peacock, J., Anderson, R.H., Le, T.A., Bobros, J., Celko, M., Goren, A., Forsberg, B., Michelozzi, P., Rabczenko, D., Hoyos, S.P., Wichmann, H.E. and Katsouyanni, K. (2003) The temporal pattern of respiratory and heart disease mortality in response to air pollution. Environ. Health Perspect., 111, 1188-1193. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.5712
  33. Morris, R.D. (2001) Airborne particulates and hospital admissions for cardiovascular disease: a quantitative review of the evidence. Environ. Health Perspect., 109 Suppl 4, 495-500. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.01109s4495
  34. Low, R.B., Bielory, L., Qureshi, A.I., Dunn, V., Stuhlmiller, D.F. and Dickey, D.A. (2006) The relation of stroke admissions to recent weather, airborne allergens, air pollution, seasons, upper respiratory infections, and asthma incidence, September 11, 2001, and day of the week. Stroke, 37, 951-957. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.0000214681.94680.66
  35. Dominici, F., Peng, R.D., Bell, M.L., Pham, L., McDermott, A., Zeger, S.L. and Samet, J.M. (2006) Fine particulate air pollution and hospital admission for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. JAMA, 295, 1127-1134. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.295.10.1127
  36. Brook, R.D. (2007) Why physicians who treat hypertension should know more about air pollution. J. Clin. Hypertens. (Greenwich), 9, 629-635. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-6175.2007.07187.x
  37. Urch, B., Silverman, F., Corey, P., Brook, J.R., Lukic, K.Z., Rajagopalan, S. and Brook, R.D. (2005) Acute blood pressure responses in healthy adults during controlled air pollution exposures. Environ. Health Perspect., 113, 1052-1055. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.7785
  38. de Paula, S.U., Braga, A.L., Giorgi, D.M., Pereira, L.A., Grupi, C.J., Lin, C.A., Bussacos, M.A., Zanetta, D.M., do Nascimento Saldiva, P.H. and Filho, M.T. (2005) Effects of air pollution on blood pressure and heart rate variability: a panel study of vehicular traffic controllers in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Eur. Heart J., 26, 193-200. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehi035
  39. Dubowsky, S.D., Suh, H., Schwartz, J., Coull, B.A. and Gold, D.R. (2006) Diabetes, obesity, and hypertension may enhance associations between air pollution and markers of systemic inflammation. Environ. Health Perspect., 114, 992-998. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8469
  40. Peel, J.L., Metzger, K.B., Klein, M., Flanders, W.D., Mulholland, J.A. and Tolbert, P.E. (2007) Ambient air pollution and cardiovascular emergency department visits in potentially sensitive groups. Am. J. Epidemiol., 165, 625-633. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwk051

피인용 문헌

  1. PM2.5 Spatiotemporal Variations and the Relationship with Meteorological Factors during 2013-2014 in Beijing, China vol.10, pp.11, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0141642
  2. PM2.5 and Cardiovascular Diseases in the Elderly: An Overview vol.12, pp.7, 2015, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120708187
  3. The impact of commonly used air filters in eliminating the exposure to secondhand smoke constituents vol.17, pp.3, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1039/C4EM00479E
  4. Chronic exposure to biomass fuel smoke and markers of endothelial inflammation vol.26, pp.5, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.12259
  5. Achieving attainable outcomes from good science in an untidy world: case studies in land and air pollution vol.37, pp.4, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-015-9717-9
  6. Ambient particulate matter exposure and cardiovascular diseases: a focus on progenitor and stem cells vol.20, pp.5, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1111/jcmm.12822
  7. A review on recent progress in observations, sources, classification and regulations of PM2.5 in Asian environments vol.23, pp.21, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7515-2
  8. Government employees’ perception of urban air pollution and willingness to pay for improved quality: a cross-sectional survey study in Nanchang, China vol.23, pp.21, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7204-1
  9. Association of EGF Receptor and NLRs signaling with Cardiac Inflammation and Fibrosis in Mice Exposed to Fine Particulate Matter vol.30, pp.9, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1002/jbt.21806
  10. Exploration and Application of Regulatory PM10 Measurement Data for Developing Long-term Prediction Models in South Korea vol.32, pp.1, 2016, https://doi.org/10.5572/KOSAE.2016.32.1.114
  11. Hospital Visits, Admissions and Hospital Costs among Patients with Respiratory and Cardiovascular Diseases according to Particulate Matter in Seoul vol.42, pp.5, 2016, https://doi.org/10.5668/JEHS.2016.42.5.324
  12. Inflammation in induced sputum after aluminium oxide exposure: an experimental chamber study vol.73, pp.3, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2015-103254
  13. Prenatal ambient air pollution exposure and the risk of stillbirth: systematic review and meta-analysis of the empirical evidence vol.73, pp.9, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2015-103086
  14. Emission of particulate matter from a desktop three-dimensional (3D) printer vol.79, pp.11, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1080/15287394.2016.1166467
  15. Environmental Pollution by Benzene and PM10 and Clinical Manifestations of Systemic Sclerosis: A Correlation Study vol.14, pp.11, 2017, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14111297
  16. Schools, Air Pollution, and Active Transportation: An Exploratory Spatial Analysis of Calgary, Canada vol.14, pp.8, 2017, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14080834
  17. Estimating deaths attributable to airborne particles: sensitivity of the results to different exposure assessment approaches vol.16, pp.1, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-017-0213-9
  18. Ultrafine Particulate Matter Increases Cardiac Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury via Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore vol.17, pp.4, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12012-017-9402-6
  19. Triggering of ST-elevation myocardial infarction by ambient wood smoke and other particulate and gaseous pollutants vol.27, pp.2, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1038/jes.2016.15
  20. Systemic effects of controlled exposure to diesel exhaust: a meta-analysis from randomized controlled trials vol.49, pp.2, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1080/07853890.2016.1252054
  21. The association of remotely sensed outdoor fine particulate matter with cancer incidence of respiratory system in the USA vol.52, pp.6, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2017.1284432
  22. Particulate matter-mediated release of long pentraxin 3 (PTX3) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in vitro: Limited importance of endotoxin and organic content vol.80, pp.2, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1080/15287394.2016.1257399
  23. The impact of energy consumption on environment and public health in China vol.87, pp.2, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-017-2787-5
  24. Potential Harmful Effects of PM2.5 on Occurrence and Progression of Acute Coronary Syndrome: Epidemiology, Mechanisms, and Prevention Measures vol.13, pp.8, 2016, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13080748
  25. Effects of Ambient Fine Particles PM2.5 on Human HaCaT Cells vol.14, pp.1, 2017, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14010072
  26. System Framework for Cardiovascular Disease Prediction Based on Big Data Technology vol.9, pp.12, 2017, https://doi.org/10.3390/sym9120293
  27. Electronic Tongue—A Tool for All Tastes? vol.8, pp.1, 2017, https://doi.org/10.3390/bios8010003
  28. Influence of airborne particulates on respiratory tract deposition of inhaled toluene and naphthalene in the rat vol.30, pp.1, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1080/08958378.2018.1438539
  29. Cosmetic Functional Ingredients from Botanical Sources for Anti-Pollution Skincare Products vol.5, pp.1, 2018, https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics5010019
  30. Legal regulations of restrictions of air pollution made by non-road mobile machinery—the case study for Europe: a review vol.25, pp.4, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0847-8
  31. Review on Effects of Air Pollution on Cardiovascular System vol.08, pp.09, 2018, https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2018.89135
  32. Exposures during industrial 3-D printing and post-processing tasks vol.24, pp.5, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1108/RPJ-03-2017-0050
  33. Des disparités spatiales de mortalité. La mortalité différentielle par âge, par sexe et par cause de décès dans les arrondissements belges au début du vingtième siècle pp.2018/1-2, 2018, https://doi.org/10.4000/eps.7439
  34. A Meta-Prediction of Methylenetetrahydrofolate-Reductase Polymorphisms and Air Pollution Increased the Risk of Ischemic Heart Diseases Worldwide vol.15, pp.7, 2018, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15071453
  35. 大气细颗粒物PM2.5 对人脐静脉内皮细胞蛋白质组的影响 vol.19, pp.6, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.B1700103
  36. Investigating air quality status and air pollutant trends over the Metropolitan Area of Tehran, Iran over the past decade between 2005 and 2014 vol.33, pp.2, 2018, https://doi.org/10.5620/eht.e2018010
  37. Reconnoitering the linkage between cardiovascular disease mortality and long-term exposures to outdoor environmental factors in the USA using remotely-sensed data vol.53, pp.9, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2018.1445083
  38. Ambient fine particulate matter exposure induces reversible cardiac dysfunction and fibrosis in juvenile and older female mice vol.15, pp.1, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12989-018-0264-2
  39. Airway and systemic inflammatory responses to ultrafine carbon black particles and ozone in older healthy subjects vol.81, pp.13, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1080/15287394.2018.1463331
  40. Health status, mental health and air quality: evidence from pensioners in Europe vol.25, pp.14, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-1534-0
  41. Trends on PM2.5 research, 1997–2016: a bibliometric study vol.25, pp.13, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-1723-x
  42. -Nitrosoglutathione Relevant to Aberrant Nitric Oxide Biological Signaling vol.12, pp.3, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201802201