Spatial Information Research

Korea Spatial Information Society (대한공간정보학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Evaluating MRV Potentials based on Satellite Image in UN-REDD Opportunity Cost Estimation: A Case Study for Mt. Geum-gang of North Korea

UN-REDD 기회비용 산정에서 위성영상 기반의 MRV 여건평가: 금강산을 사례로

  • Joo, Seung-Min (Dept. of Spatial Information, Kyungpook National University) ;
  • Um, Jung-Sup (Dept. of Geography. Kyungpook National University)
  • Received : 2014.05.07
  • Accepted : 2014.06.24
  • Published : 2014.06.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The credible measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) is among the most critical elements in UN-REDD (United Nations programme on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation in Developing Countries). This study is intended to explore MRV potential in terms of UN-REDD opportunity cost estimation using satellite image for Mt. Geum-gang of North Korea. A visual interpretation were conducted to evaluate MRV conditions by sub-dividing or decomposing the images with different pixel size into a three types of hierarchical tree structure that helps dealing with spatial variability within each subarea. The permanent record of standard satellite remote sensing system demonstrated its capability of presenting area-wide visual evidences of MRV conditions in Mt. Geum-gang (such as the identification of forested area, degradation trends for forest space, three types of hierarchical land-cover and land use tree structure, carbon density in the landscape). Satellite data could be accepted as legally binding proof when it comes to REDD opportunity cost estimation since several cases exist where remote sensing has been used as legal evidence in ICJ (International Court of Justice) and UN resolution. It doesn't seem very difficult to comply with MRV requirements for UN-REDD opportunity cost calculation due to the probative value of satellite data. It is anticipated that this research output could be used as a valuable reference for Korea-based enterprises exploring REDD project sites and the carbon traders to ensure MRV potentials using satellite image in UN-REDD Opportunity Cost estimation.

삼림전용 축소를 통한 온실가스 흡수량의 검증 및 인증(MRV: Measurement, Reporting, Verification)이 REDD의 기회비용 산정과정에서 핵심요건으로 부각되고 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 북한 금강산을 사례지역으로 UN-REDD 기회비용 산정과정에서 위성영상을 활용한 MRV의 잠재력을 파악하고, MRV과정에서 발생할 수 있는 입증책임에 관련된 쟁점들을 사전에 점검하는 데 있다. UN-REDD 기회비용을 산정하는 과정에서, MRV에 필요한 지표를 도출하고 위성영상을 활용하여 역사적 벌채율, 토지이용, 토지피복, 탄소저장량 등에 대한 정보의 수집여부를 평가하였다. 위성영상의 육안판독은 금강산의 MRV 여건(산림면적, 산림의 황폐화 추세 등)을 대, 중, 소 3단계의 분류체계에 의거하여 가시적인 기록으로 제시하였다. 위성영상이 국제사법재판소, UN, UN-REDD 등에서 증거자료로 인정되기 때문에 기회비용 산정과정에서 법적으로 구속력을 가진 증빙자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 현지조사와 문헌조사를 활용한 MRV에 대해서도 측정자료 확보에 대한 불확실성과 불안으로 인하여 북한의 REDD에 대한 활발한 투자가 어렵게 되고, 북한의 산림보전에 관련된 정부 기업 개인들과 거래하는 것을 꺼려할 정도로 대안이 없는 것이 아니라는 것이 확인되었다. 본 연구를 통해 도출된 결과는 북한에서 REDD사업을 하려는 남측 기업과 GCF(녹색기후기금, Green Climate Fund)를 비롯한 탄소무역 분야에서 실무를 수행하는 관계자들에게 구체적인 참고자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

Keywords

References

  1. Allen J. D. 1990, A Look at the Remote Sensing Applications Program of the National Agricultural Statistics Service. Journal of Official Statistics, 6(4):393-409.
  2. Bellassen, V; Gitz, V. 2008, Reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation in Cameroon- Assessing costs and benefits, Ecological Economics, 68(1):336-344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.03.015
  3. Boskin, M. J; Dulberger, E. R; Gordon, R. J; Griliches, Z; Jorgenson, D. W. 1998, Consumer prices, the consumer price index, and the cost of living, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 12:3-26.
  4. Brown, S; Achard, F; Braatz, B; Csiszar, I; DeFries, R; Frederici, S; Souza, C. 2008, Reducing greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation and degradation in developing countries: a sourcebook of methods and procedures for monitoring, measuring and reporting, GOFC-GOLD.
  5. Choi, J. H; Um, J. S. 2012, Application of Satellite Image to Evaluate UN-REDD Registration Potential of North Korea : a Case Study of Mt. Geumgang, Journal of the Korean Society for Geospatial Information System, 20(4):77-87. https://doi.org/10.7319/kogsis.2012.20.4.077
  6. DailyNK, 2014, Rice has dropped in price, http://www.dailynk.com/korean/read.php?cataId= nk04504&num=103603.
  7. Deveny, A; Nackoney, J; Purvis, N., Gusti, M; Kopp, R. J; Madeira, E. M; Obersteiner, M. 2009, Forest Carbon Index, The Geography of Forest in Climate Solutions, Resources for the Future, RFF Report.
  8. Diaz, D; Hamilton, K; Johnson, E; Kandy, D; Peters-Stanley, M. 2011, State of the forest carbon markets 2011: from canopy to currency, Ecosystem Marketplace.
  9. Doraiswamy, P. C; Sinclair, T. R; Hollinger, S; Akhmedov, B; Stern, A; Prueger, J. 2005, Application of MODIS derived parameters for regional crop yield assessment, Remote sensing of environment, 97(2):192-202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2005.03.015
  10. Dyer, N; Counsell, S. 2010, McREDD: How McKinsey 'cost curves are distorting REDD, Rainforest Foundation UK, http://www. rainforestfoundationuk. org/files/McKinsey%20&%20Company.
  11. Eggleston, S. 2008, Overview of relevant methodologies in IPCC Guidelines and Good Practice Guidance, In Presentation at the UNFCCC workshop on Methodological Issues relating to Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries, Tokyo:24-27.
  12. Eggleston, S; Buendia, L; Miwa, K; Ngara, T; Tanabe, K. 2006, IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories, Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, Hayama, Japan.
  13. Estrada, M. 2011, Standards and methods available for estimating project-level REDD+ carbon benefits: reference guide for project developers, CIFOR Working Paper, 52.
  14. Gibbs, H. K; Brown, S; Niles, J. O; Foley, J. A. 2007, Monitoring and estimating tropical forest carbon stocks: making REDD a reality, Environmental Research Letters, 2(4), 045023. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/2/4/045023
  15. Hong, S. Y; Choe, E. Y; Kim, G. Y; Kang, S. K; Kim, Y. H; Zhang, Y. S. 2009, A study on Estimating Rice Yield of North Korea using MODIS NDVI, Proc. of 2009 Korea RemoteSensing Symposium, 116-120.
  16. Jenson, J. R. 2005, Introductory digital image processing : a remote sensing perspective, Pearson Prentice Hall, 3rd edtion, NJ, pp. 526.
  17. Jo, J. H; Koo, J. C; Youn, Y. C. 2011, Economic Feasibility of REDD Project for Preventing Deforestation in North Korea, Journal of Korean Forest Society, 100(4):630-638.
  18. Joo, S. M; Um, J. S. 2014, Exploring Sub-watershed suitable to UN-REDD/AR-CDM by Comparative Evaluation of Carbon Stock in Baekdu Mountain, Journal of Korea Spatial Information Society, 22(2):1-9. https://doi.org/10.12672/ksis.2014.22.2.001
  19. Kelty, M. J. 2006, The role of species mixtures in plantation forestry, Forest Ecology and Management, 233(2):195-204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2006.05.011
  20. Korea Forest Service, 2010, Study on the basis of forest carbon accounting in Korea.
  21. Korea National Park, 2011, Report on Mt. Jiri National Parks Natural Resources.
  22. Lee, N. Y. 2012, Estimation of Carbon Storage in Three Cool-Temperate Broad-Leaved Deciduous Forests at Jirisan National Park, Journal of Korea Society of Environmental Biology, 30(2):121-127.
  23. lmer Fry, B. 2011, Community forest monitoring in REDD+: the 'M'in MRV?, Environmental Science & Policy, 14(2):181-187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2010.12.004
  24. Naidoo, R; Iwamura, T. 2007, Global-scale mapping of economic benefits from agricultural lands: implications for conservation priorities, Biological Conservation, 140(1):40-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2007.07.025
  25. Noland, M. 2014, Going Beyond Economic Engagement: Why South Korea Should Press the North on Labor Standards and Practices (No. PB14-12).
  26. Oh, Y. C. 2012, A study on the UNFCCC forestry mechanism in North Korea, Doctoral dissertation, Seoul University.
  27. Pagiola, S; Bosquet, B. 2009, Estimating the costs of REDD at the country level.
  28. Park, J. W; Lee, J, S. 2011, Analysis of spatial patterns and estimation of carbon emissions in Deforestation Using GIS and administrative data -Focused on Wonju and Inje, Journal of Korean Forest Society, 100(3):466-475.
  29. Peter, N. 2004, The use of remote sensing to support the application of multilateral environmental agreements, Space Policy, 20(3):189-195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spacepol.2004.06.005
  30. Ren, J; Chen, Z; Zhou, Q; Tang, H. 2008, Regional yield estimation for winter wheat with MODISNDVI data in Shandong, China, International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 10(4):403-413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2007.11.003
  31. Rhim, S. J; Lee, J. Y; Kang, J. H. 2007, Characteristics of Habitat Structure and Bird Communities between a Natural Deciduous Forest and the Road Area in Gwangneung, Journal of Korea Society of Environment and Ecology, 21(1):47-54.
  32. Rosenqvist, Å; Milne, A; Lucas, R; Imhoff, M; Dobson, C. 2003, A review of remote sensing technology in support of the Kyoto Protocol, Environmental Science & Policy, 6(5):441-455. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1462-9011(03)00070-4
  33. Sasaki, N; Yoshimoto, A. 2010, Benefits of tropical forest management under the new climate change agreement- a case study in Cambodia, Environmental Science & Policy, 13(5):384-392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2010.04.007
  34. Stich, M. 2009, An Economic Analysis of REDD Carbon Payments on Agricultural Expansion in Bolivia, Doctoral dissertation, Duke University.
  35. Um, D. B; Um, J. S. 2011, Exploring Registration Potential to UN-REDD in terms of MRV: A Case Study of Gaesung City, Journal of the Environmental Law Association, 33(3):30-63.
  36. UN-REDD. 2011, Final Report: Analysis of Opportunity Cost for REDD+, UN-REDD Programme.
  37. Wertz-Kanounnikoff, S. 2008, Estimating the costs of reducing forest emissions: a review of methods, CIFOR Working Paper, 42.
  38. Yun, H. Y. 2005, A Study on the Legal and Institutional Improvement Strategies by Kyoto-Ptotocol in Forest Sector. Journal of Environmental Law Association,27(3):158-204.
  39. Yun, H, W; Choi, Y, S; Yoon, H, S; Ko, J, S; Cho, S. K. 2014, The Application of InSAR Signature Time Series for Landcover Classification, Journal of Korea Spatial Information Society, 22(1):22-33.

Cited by

  1. 대북 사회공헌형 산림탄소상쇄사업 모니터링 여건평가 vol.23, pp.2, 2014, https://doi.org/10.12672/ksis.2015.23.2.011
  2. Monitoring negotiation strategy for Forestry Voluntary Carbon Market with North Korea vol.24, pp.5, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1007/s41324-016-0052-8
  3. 지역별 평균해수면에 의해 결정된 우리나라 해안의 해면경사 vol.22, pp.1, 2014, https://doi.org/10.11108/kagis.2019.22.1.051