DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Progressive collapse vulnerability in 6-Story RC symmetric and asymmetric buildings under earthquake loads

  • Received : 2013.09.22
  • Accepted : 2014.01.08
  • Published : 2014.05.28

Abstract

Progressive collapse, which is referred to as the collapse of the entire building under local damages, is a common failure mode happened by earthquakes. The collapse process highly depends on the whole structural system. Since, asymmetry of the building plan leads to the local damage concentration; it may intensify the progressive collapse mechanism of asymmetric buildings. In this research the progressive collapse of regular and irregular 6-story RC ordinary moment resisting frame buildings are studied in the presence of the earthquake loads. Collapse process and collapse propagation are investigated using nonlinear time history analyses (NLTHA) in buildings with 5%, 15% and 25% mass asymmetry with respect to the number of collapsed hinges and story drifts criteria. Results show that increasing the value of mass eccentricity makes the asymmetric buildings become unstable earlier and in the early stages with lower number of the collapsed hinges. So, with increasing the mass eccentricity in building, instability and collapse of the entire building occurs earlier, with lower potential of the progressive collapse. It is also demonstrated that with increasing the mass asymmetry the decreasing trend of the number of collapsed beam and column hinges is approximately similar to the decreasing trend in the average story drifts of the mass centers and stiff edges. So, as an alternative to a much difficult-to-calculate local response parameter of the number of collapsed hinges, the story drift, as a global response parameter, measures the potential of progressive collapse more easily.

Keywords

References

  1. Alashker, Y., Li, H. and EL-Tawil, S. (2011), "Approximations in progressive collapse modeling", J. Struct. Eng., 137, 914-924. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000452
  2. Bao, Y., Kunnath Sashi, K., El-Tawil, S. and Lew, H.S. (2012), "Macromodel-based simulation of progressive collapse: RC frame structures", Struct. Eng., 134(7), 1079-1091.
  3. Bazant, Z.P. and Verdure, M. (2007), "Mechanics of progressive collapse: Learning from world trade center and building demolitions", Eng. Mech., 133(3).
  4. Biskinis, D. and Fardis, M.N. (2009), Deformations of Concrete Members at Yielding and Ultimate under Monotonic or Cyclic Loading (Including Repaired and Retrofitted Members), Report Series in Structural and Earthquake Engineering, Report No. SEE 2009-01.
  5. Burnett, E.F.P. (1975a), "Abnormal loading and building safety", American Concrete Institute, International Concrete Research & Information Portal, SP, 48, 141-190.
  6. Ellingwood, B. (2006), "Mitigating Risk from Abnormal Loads and Progressive Collapse", J. Perform. Constr. Facil. 20, Special Issue: Mitigating the Potential for Progressive Disproportionate Structural Collapse, 315-323.
  7. El-Tawil, S., Khandelwal, K., Kunnath, S. and Lew, H.S. (2007), "Macro models for progressive collapse analysis of steel moment frame buildings", Proceeding Structures Congress 2007, Long Beach, CA.
  8. Eslami, A. and Ronagh, H.R. (2012), "Effect of elaborate plastic hinge definition on the pushover analysis of reinforced concrete buildings. Struct", J.Design Tall Spec. Build. doi: 10.1002/tal.1035.
  9. Ettouney, M., Smilowitz, R., Tang, M. and Hapij, A. (2012), "Global system considerations for pogressive cllapse with extensions to other natural and man-made hazards", J. Perform. Constr. Facil. 20, 403-417.
  10. FEMA P695 (2009), Quantification of Building Seismic Performance Factors. Prepared by Applied Technology Council, www.ATCouncil.org.
  11. Gurley, C. (2012). "Progressive collapse and earthquake resistance", Pract. Period. Struct. Des. Constr., ASCE, 13(1), 19-23.
  12. Hafez, I., Khalil, A. and Sherif, M. (2013), "Alternate path method analysis of RC structures using applied element method", Int. J. Protect. Struct., 4(1), 45-64. https://doi.org/10.1260/2041-4196.4.1.45
  13. Haselton, C.B. and Deierlein, G.G. (2007), Assessment Seismic Collapse Safety of Modern Reinforced Concrete Moment Frame Building, John A. Blume Earthquake Engineering Center Technical Report No. 156, Stanford, California.
  14. Haselton, C.B., Liel, A.B., Lange, S.T. and Deierlein, G.G. (2007), Beam-Column Element Model Calibrated for Predicting Flexural Response Leading to Global Collapse of RC Frame Buildings, PEER Report 2007/03, Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, College of Engineering University of California, Berkeley.
  15. Haselton, C.B., Liel, A.B. and Deierlein, G.G. (2008). "Simulating structural collapse due to earthquakes: model idealization, model calibration, and numerical solution algorithms", COMPDYN 2009 ,ECCOMAS Thematic Conference on Computational Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, Greece.
  16. Hayes Jr., J.R., Woodson, S.C., Pekelnicky, R.G., Poland, C.D., Corley, W.G. and Sozen, M. (2012), "Can strengthening for earthquake improve blast and progressive collapse resistance?", Struct. Eng., ASCE, 131(8), 1157-1177.
  17. Helmy, H., Salem, H. and Mourad, S. (2012), "Progressive collapse assessment of framed reinforced concrete structures according to UFC guidelines for alternative path method", Eng. Struct., 42, 127-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.03.058
  18. Ibarra, L.F. and Krawinkler, H. (2004), "Global collapse of deteriorating MDOF systems", Proceeding of the 13thWorld Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Vancouver, B.C., Canada, August 1-6, Paper No. 116.
  19. Ibarra, L.F. (2005), "Global collapse of frame structures under seismic excitations", Ph.D. Thesis, Stanford University.
  20. Ibarra, L.F., Medina, R.A. and Krawinkler, H. (2005), "Hysteretic models that incorporate strength and stiffness deterioration", J. Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn, 34, 1489-1511. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.495
  21. Kaewkulchai, G. and Williamson Eric, B. (2003), "Beam element formulation and solution procedure for dynamic progressive collapse analysis", Comput. Struct., 82(7-8), 639-651.
  22. Karbassi, A. and Nollet, M.J. (2013), "Performance-based seismic vulnerability evaluation of masonry buildings using applied element method in a nonlinear dynamic-based analytical procedure", Earthq. Spectra, 29(2), 399-426. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.4000148
  23. Karimiyan, S., Moghadam, A.S. and Vetr, M.G. (2013a), "Seismic progressive collapse assessment of 3-story RC moment resisting buildings with different levels of eccentricity in plan", Earthq. Struct., 5(3), 277-296. https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2013.5.3.277
  24. Karimiyan, S., Moghadam, A.S., Karimiyan, M. and Husseinzadeh Kashan, A. (2013b), "Seismic collapse propagation in 6-Story RC regular and irregular buildings", Earthq. Struct., 5(6), 753-779. https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2013.5.6.753
  25. Khandelwala, K., El-Tawila, S. and Sadekb, F. (2009), "Progressive collapse analysis of seismically designed steel braced frames", Construct. Steel Res., 65(3), 699-708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2008.02.007
  26. Khandelwal, K., El-Tawil, S., Kunnath, S. and Lew, H.S. (2012), "Macromodel-based simulation of progressive collapse: Steel frame structures", Struct. Eng., 134(7), 1070-1078.
  27. Kim, J. and Hong, S. (2011), "Progressive collapse performance of irregular buildings", J. Struct. Des. tall Spec. Build., 20(6), 721-734. https://doi.org/10.1002/tal.575
  28. Kim, J., Choi, H. and Min, K.W. (2011), "Use of rotational friction dampers to enhance seismic and progressive collapse resisting capacity of structures", J. Struct. Des. Tall Spec. Build., 20(4), 515-537. https://doi.org/10.1002/tal.563
  29. Krawinkler, H., Zareian, F., Lignos, D.G. and Ibarra, L.F. (2009), "Prediction of Collapse of Structures under Earthquake Excitations", COMPDYN 2009, ECCOMAS Thematic Conference on Computational Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, Greece.
  30. Kyakula, M. and Wilkinson, S.M. (2004), "The effect of the length and location of yield zones on the accuracy of the spread plasticity models", In: 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Vancouver - Canada.
  31. Lew, H.S. (2003), Best Practices Guidelines for Mitigation of Building Progressive Collapse,National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, U.S.A 20899-8611, hsl@nist.gov.
  32. Li, S., Liu, S., Zhai, C. and Xie, L. (2012), "Unified Analysis on Progressive and Seismic Collapses of RC Frame Structure: The Effect of Masonry-infill Walls", 15 WCEE,Lisboa.
  33. Lignos, D.G., Zareian, F. and Krawinkler, H. (2008), "Reliability of a 4-story steel moment-resisting frame against collapse due to seismic excitations", ASCE Structures Congress, 1-10.
  34. Lignos D.G. and Krawinkler, H. (2008 and 2012). "Sidesway Collapse of Deteriorating Structural Systems under Seismic Excitations", The John A. Blume Earthquake Engineering Center, Stanford University.
  35. Lignos, D. and Krawinkler, H. (2013), "Development and utilization of structural component databases for performance-based earthquake engineering", J. Struct. Eng. 139, Special Issue: Nees 2: Adv. Earthq. Eng., 1382-1394.
  36. Lu, X.Z., Lin, X., Ma, Y., Li, Y. and Ye, L. (2008a), "Numerical simulation for the progressive collapse of concrete building due to earthquake", Proceeding of the 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Beijing, China.
  37. Lu, X.Z., Li, Yi., Miao, Z.W. and Chen, S.C. (2008b), "Simulation for concrete structures under various disasters: model development and engineering application", Proceeding of the 2nd Int. Forum on Advances in Structural Engineering, Oct., Dalian: 653-660.
  38. Lu, X.Z., Li, Yi., Ye, L.P., Ma, Y.F. and Liang, Y. (2008c), "Study on the design methods to resist progressive collapse for building structures", Proceeding of the Tenth Int. Symp. On Structural Engineering for Young Experts, 478-483.
  39. Lu Xiao, Lu Xinzheng, Guan Hong and Ye Lieping. (2013), "Collapse simulation of RC high-rise building induced by extreme earthquakes", Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 42(5), 705-723. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2240
  40. Masoero, E., Wittel, F., Herrmann, H. and Chiaia, B. (2010), "Progressive collapse mechanisms of brittle and ductile framed structures", J. Eng. Mech., 136(8), 987-995. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0000143
  41. Nateghi-A, F. and Parsaeifard, N. (2013), "Studying the Effect of Initial Damage on Failure Probability of One Story Steel Buildings", J. Struct. Eng., 131(8), 258-264.
  42. Orton, S. and Kirby, J. (2013), "Dynamic response of a RC frame under column removal", J. Perform. Constr. Facil., 10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000464.
  43. Panagiotakos, T.B. and Fardis, M.N. (2009), "Deformations of reinforced concrete members at yielding and ultimate", Struct. J., 98(2), 135-148.
  44. Pekau, O.A. and Cui, Y. (2005), "Progressive collapse simulation of precast panel shear walls during earthquakes", 84(5-6), 400-412.
  45. Sasani, M., Bazan, M. and Sagiroglu, S. (2007), "Experimental and analytical progressive collapse evaluation of an actual RC structure", Struct. J., 104(6), 731-739.
  46. Sasani, M. and Kropelnicki, J. (2008), "Progressive collapse analysis of an RC structure", Struct. Design Tall Spec. Build., 17(4), 757-771. https://doi.org/10.1002/tal.375
  47. Sasani, M. and Sagiroglu, S. (2008), "Progressive collapse resistance of hotel San Diego", J. Structural Eng., 134(3), 478-488. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2008)134:3(478)
  48. Sasani, M. and Sagiroglu, S. (2008), "Progressive collapse of RC structures: A multihazard perspective", Struct. J., 105(1), 96-103.
  49. Somes, N.F. (1973), "Abnormal Loading on Buildings and Progressive Collapse," in Building Practices for Disaster Mitigation (Wright, Kramer and Culver, Eds.), Building Science, Series No. 46, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, DC.
  50. Stinger S. and Orton S. (2013), "Experimental evaluation of disproportionate collapse resistance in RC frames", ACI Struct. J., 110 (3).
  51. Talaat, M. and Mosalam, K.M. (2009), "Modeling progressive collapse in reinforced concrete buildings using direct element removal", Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 38, 609-634. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.898
  52. Tsai, M.H. and Lin, B.H. (2008), "Investigation of progressive collapse resistance and inelastic response for an earthquake-resistant RC building subjected to column failure", J. Eng. Struct., 30(12), 3619-3628. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2008.05.031
  53. Wibowo, H. and Lau, D.T. (2009), "Seismic progressive collapse: qualitative point of view", Civil Eng. Dim., 11(1), March, 8-14.
  54. Yi, L., Xinzheng, L., Lieping, Y., Yifei, M. and Yi, L. (2008), "Tie force method for progressive collapse resistance of structures", Proceeding of the 10th National Conference on fundamental theory and engineering application of concrete, Dalian, 391-396.
  55. Yi, L., Xin-zheng, L. and Lie-ping, Y. (2011), "Study on the progressive collapse mechanism of RC frame structures", Build. Sci., 27(5), 12-18.
  56. Zareian, F., Lignos, D.G. and Krawinkler, H. (2009), "Quantification of Modeling Uncertainties for Collapse Assessment of Structural Systems under Seismic Excitations", COMPDYN, ECCOMAS Thematic Conference on, Computational Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, Greece.
  57. Zareian, F. and Medina, R.A. (2010), "A practical method for proper modeling of structural damping in inelastic plane structural systems", J. Comput. Struct., 88, 45-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruc.2009.08.001

Cited by

  1. Earthquake induced torsion in buildings: critical review and state of the art vol.8, pp.2, 2015, https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2015.8.2.305
  2. Evaluation of Collapse Distribution in Three-Story RC Moment-Resisting Asymmetric Buildings due to Earthquake Loads vol.15, pp.5, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40999-017-0197-4
  3. A new method for progressive collapse analysis of RC frames vol.60, pp.1, 2016, https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2016.60.1.031
  4. Effect of base isolation systems on increasing the resistance of structures subjected to progressive collapse vol.9, pp.3, 2015, https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2015.9.3.639
  5. Seismic Behavior of Horizontally Irregular Structures: Current Wisdom and Challenges Ahead vol.68, pp.6, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4034725
  6. Inelastic Parametric Analysis of Seismic Responses of Multistorey Bidirectional Eccentric Structure vol.2018, pp.1875-9203, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7023205
  7. Effect of Earthquake characteristics on seismic progressive collapse potential in steel moment resisting frame vol.12, pp.5, 2017, https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2017.12.5.529
  8. Unified equivalent frame method for post-tensioned flat plate slab structures vol.20, pp.6, 2014, https://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2017.20.6.663
  9. Comparison of seismic progressive collapse distribution in low and mid rise RC buildings due to corner and edge columns removal vol.18, pp.5, 2014, https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2020.18.5.649
  10. Comparison of seismic progressive collapse distribution in low and mid rise RC buildings due to corner and edge columns removal vol.18, pp.6, 2014, https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2020.18.6.691
  11. Evaluation of Reinforced Concrete Frames Designed Based on Previous Iranian Seismic Codes vol.45, pp.10, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-020-04548-w
  12. Progressive collapse of regular- and irregular-plan concrete structures in an earthquake vol.174, pp.2, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1680/jstbu.18.00138
  13. A Computational Strategy for Eurocode 8-Compliant Analyses of Reinforced Concrete Structures by Seismic Envelopes vol.25, pp.6, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2018.1551161