Korean Journal of Child Studies (아동학회지)

Korean Association of Child Studies (한국아동학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

A Meta-Analysis on the Predictor Variables of the School Adjustment of Youth

학교적응의 예측변인에 대한 메타분석

  • 이지언 (이화여자대학교 일반대학원 사회복지학과) ;
  • 정익중 (이화여자대학교 사회복지학과) ;
  • 백종림 (이화여자대학교 사회복지전문대학원)
  • Received : 2013.10.19
  • Accepted : 2014.03.15
  • Published : 2014.04.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The purpose of this research was to investigate the most critical variables in the school adjustment of youth. In addition, this research assessed the impact of variables according to the categorization of individual, family, and school domains. To acquire the effect sizes, published studies between 1990 and 2012 were reviewed systematically and synthesized by meta-analysis. The major findings were as follows. First, this study identified a total of 34 variables which can have an influence on the school adjustment of youth and confirmed that 24 of those variables are significant. The most crucial variable that can influence school adjustment is that of a teacher's support. The next most important variables are self-resilience, relationships with friends, and self-efficiency. Focusing on the categorized elements, self-resilience is the most critical variable in the individual domain, the parent-child relation is the most crucial variable in the family domain, and a teacher's support is the most powerful variable in the school domain. Based on these results, this study suggested a number of the indispensable components in interventions to improve the youth's adjustment in school.

Keywords

References

  1. Ahn, G. (2010). The effect of perceived parenting attitude and to school adaptation and delinquency of adolescents. The Journal of the Korean Association of Psychotherapy, 2(1), 99-108.
  2. An, E. M., Kim, S. H., Jeun, S. Y., Jin, S. M., & Chung, I. J. (2012). The effect of fandom activity participation on adolescent school adjustment. Social Science Research, 28(2), 421-446.
  3. Bae, E. K. (2011). The effect of empathic ability on school adjustment mediated by self-esteem. The Journal of the Korean Association of Psychotherapy, 3(1), 85-100.
  4. Baek, W. H., & Baek, D. J. (2002). Relationships between the level of internet-addicton and school-related adjustments of middle and high school students. Journal of Korean Regional Development, 2(1), 155-172.
  5. Barnett, M. A. (2008). Economic disadvantage in complex family systems: Expansion of family stress models. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 11(3), 145-161. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-008-0034-z
  6. Bek, H. S. (2012). Basic psychology needs, an academic achievement goal-orientation and ego-resiliency on school adjustment for high school students. Unpublished master's thesis, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea.
  7. Bennett, D. S., & Gibbons, T. A. (2000). Efficacy of child cognitive-behavioral interventions for antisocial behavior: A meta-analysis. Child & Family Behavior Therapy, 22(1), 1-15.
  8. Block, J., & Gjerde, P. F. (1993). Depressive symptoms in late adolescence: A longitudinal perspective on personality antecedent. Rolf, J., Matson, A. S., Cicchetti, D., Nuechterlein, K. H., & Weintraub, S. (Eds). Risk and protective factors in the development of psychopathology. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  9. Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T., & Rothstein, H. R. (2009). Introduction to Meta-Analysis. Hoboken: Wiley.
  10. Bronfenbrenner, U., & Mahoney, M. (1975). The structure and verification of hypotheses. Bronfenbrenner, U., & Mahoney, M. (Eds.), Influences on human development. Hinsdale: Dryden Press.
  11. Byeon, Y. S., & Lee, H. S. (2007). The relation between self differentiation and school adjustment among school adolescents. Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing, 8(4), 673-680.
  12. Chang, C. J., & Yang, H. W. (2007). Structural equation modeling about parents-child relationship, children's depression, aggression, and school adjustment. Studies on Korean Youth, 18(2), 5-29.
  13. Chang, S. J., Song, S. W., & Cho, M. N. (2011). The effects of mobile phone dependency, perceived parenting attitude, attachment to peer on school life adjustment of middle school students. Korean Journal of Youth Studies, 18(12), 431-451.
  14. Cho, M. H., Choi, S. M., & Um, T. Y. (2006). A study on the effects of attachment to parents, friends, teachers on career maturity of male and female adolescents: Focusing on the mediating effect of adaptation to school life. Korean Journal of Social Welfare Research, 15, 81-97.
  15. Cho, S. H. (2012). The influence of parent attachment on primary school children's adaptation to school life: Mediating effect of ego-resilience. Unpublished master's thesis, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea.
  16. Cho, S. J. (2004). The relationship among parent's rearing attitudes perceived by the middle school students, self-esteem, and satisfaction in school life. Unpublished master's thesis, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea.
  17. Cho, S. J. (2010). Relationships among parents' rearing attitudes, ego-resilience, and school life adjustment. Unpublished master's thesis, Gangwon National University, ChunCheon, Korea.
  18. Choi, J. E., & Shin, Y. J. (2003). A study on adolescents' level of school adjustment by their perceived relationships with parents, peer and teachers. Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association, 41(2), 199-210.
  19. Choi, J. G. (2009). A study on effects of internet game addiction upon the youth's adaptation to schools and sociality development. Unpublished master's thesis, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea.
  20. Choi, J. H. (2004). A study on the maternal attitude of working and non-working mothers and the psychological characteristics of their children. Unpublished master's thesis, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul, Korea.
  21. Choi, O. H., & Kim, Y. M. (2008). A study on relation between first-grade children elementary school adjustment and academic achievement according to individual characteristics. The Journal of Child Education, 17(2), 275-285.
  22. Chung, I. J. (2007). Developmental trajectories of adolescent self-esteem and their predictors. Studies on Korean Youth, 18(3), 127-166.
  23. Chung, I. J., & Lee, J. Y. (2011). The impact of obesity and satisfaction with appearance on self-esteem in adolescence: Focusing on the moderating effect of gender. Mental Health & Social Work, 38, 60-80.
  24. Chung, I. J., & Lee, J. Y. (2012). The pathways from child abuse and school bullying to depression and aggression in adolescence: With a special focus on differences in gender. Studies on Korean Youth, 23(2), 217-242.
  25. Crystal, D. S., Chen, C., Fuligni, A. J., & Stevenson, H. W. (1994). Psychological maladjustment and academic achievement: A cross-cultural study of Japanese, Chinese, and American high school students. Child Development, 65(3), 738-753. https://doi.org/10.2307/1131415
  26. Do, K. H. (2008). The effects of children's selfesteem, eating attitude and school adjustment on body image. The Journal of Elementary Education, 21(3), 111-125.
  27. Durlak, J. A., Weissberg, R. P., Dymnicki, A. B., Taylor, R. D., & Schellinger, K. B. (2011). The impact of enhancing students' social and emotional learning: A meta-analysis of schoolbased universal interventions. Child Development, 82(1), 405-432. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01564.x
  28. Else-Quest, N. M., Hyde, J. S., Goldsmith, H. H., & Van Hulle, C. A. (2006). Gender differences in temperament: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 132(1), 33-72. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.132.1.33
  29. Finkelstein, D. M., Kubzansky, L. D., & Capitman, J., & Goodman, E. (2007). Socioeconomic differences in adolescent stress: The role of psychological resources. Journal of Adolescent Health, 40(2), 127-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2006.10.006
  30. Freud, S. (1961). The infantile genital organization: An interpolation into the theory of sexuality. London: Hogarth Press.
  31. Gu, J. A. (1997). Relationship between home environments and school adjustments of schoolage children. Journal of Military Nursing Research, 15, 199-223.
  32. Ha, J. H. (2011). The mediating effect of interpersonal relationship in the relation between appearance satisfaction and school adjustment of middle school students. Unpublished master's thesis, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea.
  33. Jang, M. Y. (2011). The effect of children's daily stress on school adjustment. Unpublished master's thesis, Korea National University of Education, Cheongju, Korea.
  34. Jang, Y. A., & Park, J. H. (2008). The effect of parenting behavior, parent-child communication on children's school adjustment. Korean Journal of Family Welfare, 13(2), 69-85.
  35. Jang, Y. J., & Shin, Y. L. (2010). Mediating effects of social self-perceptions and reer-beliefs on the relations between peer victimization and school adjustment. Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association, 48(10), 25-35. https://doi.org/10.6115/khea.2010.48.10.025
  36. Jeong, B. H., Kim, H. K., & Lee, Y. S. (2009). The influences of perceived marital conflict on school adjustment of general high school students: Focused on social support and ego-resilience. The Journal of Korean Educational Forum, 8(1), 291-312.
  37. Jeung, M. S. (2010). Differences in the effects of "self-differentiation" to "school adjustment" of adolescents from single parent and both parents families. Forum For Youth Culture, 26, 191-228.
  38. Jin, H. M., & Bae, S. W. (2012). A meta-analysis on the variables related with juvenile delinquency. Journal of Adolescent Welfare, 14(2), 193-221.
  39. Jo, E. J. (2008). The mediation effects of attachment on the relationship between adolescent's self-efficacy and school adjustment. Korean Journal of Youth Studies, 15(6), 299-322.
  40. Jung, K. S. (2004). Impact of social relations on youth school. Korean Journal of Social Welfare, 56(1), 235-252.
  41. Khu, B. Y. (2012). The mediation effects of relationship with parent, teacher, and peer between self-efficacy and adjustment to school. Korean Journal of Youth Studies, 19(3), 347-373.
  42. Ki, S. J. (2012). The influence of parenting attitudes on adolescents' school adjustment : Focused on the deduction of the political implication. Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information, 17(5), 127-136. https://doi.org/10.9708/jksci.2012.17.5.127
  43. Kim, H. J. (2008). Effect factors of adolescences' suicide risk. Journal of the Korean Society of Child Welfare, 27, 69-93.
  44. Kim, H. J. (2011). Identifying factors associated with school adjustment: A comparative study of poor and non-poor children. Journal of School Social Work, 20, 1-22.
  45. Kim, H. S. (2005). The effect of their anxiety and school related adjustments on the level of domestic violence perceived by adolescents. Studies on Korean Youth, 16(1), 109-132.
  46. Kim, H. S., Yi, J. T., & Hong, S. H. (2006). The effects of their school related adjustments and mental health on the experience of school violence in adolescents. The Journal of the Research Institute of Korean Education, 24, 79-97.
  47. Kim, H. W. (2011). A structural equation model analysis on relationships among peer rejection, peer victimization, psychological health, school attitudes, and school adjustment. Journal of Adolescent Welfare, 13(2), 173-198.
  48. Kim, J. B. (2009). A study of influencing factors to teenagers' maladjustment at school life - The main focus on maladjustment teenagers. Korean Journal of Clinical Social Work, 6(2), 25-48.
  49. Kim, J. G., & Lee, K. H. (2008). Relationships between combinational pattern of parenting styles and middle school student's adaptation to school life. The Korean Journal of Counseling, 9(3), 1183-1200. https://doi.org/10.15703/kjc.9.3.200809.1183
  50. Kim, J. H. (2008). The effects of stress on adaptation to school of adolescents: The moderating effects of family support. Korean Journal of Family Welfare, 13(4), 161-183.
  51. Kim, J. O. (2009). Relationships among elementary school student's bully-victim experience, selfesteem and school adjustment. Unpublished master's thesis, Changwon University, Changwon, Korea.
  52. Kim, J. Y. (2008). Reconsidering juvenile delin-quency and peer relationship. Journal of Private Guard, 11, 181-208.
  53. Kim, J. W., & Gong, Y. J. (2011). A study on the relationships among stress in early elementary years, mother's child-rearing attitude and children's adjustment to school life. Journal of Family and Counseling, 2(1), 59-76.
  54. Kim, J. Y. (2000). Friendship quality and attitudes toward school in elementary school children. Unpublished master's thesis, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
  55. Kim, J. Y. (2012). A study on the factors affecting school adjustment of students with disabilities from the perspective of ecosystem: Focusing on special and inclusive classroom teachers. Unpublished master's thesis, Kangnam University, Seoul, Korea.
  56. Kim, J. Y., Jang, Y. E., & Min, J. A. (2011). A study on the effect of school violence to adolescent's school adjustment: Moderating effect of parent-child communication. Korean Journal of Youth Studies, 18(7), 209-234.
  57. Kim, M. H., Ha, J. H., & Cha, K. H. (2006). The relationships among academic motivation, multiple intelligence, learning style and academic achievement, school adjustment. The Journal of Yeolin Education, 14(3), 57-79.
  58. Kim, M. J. (2009). Impact of attachment to mother and feeling control ability on school Adjustment in children. Unpublished master's thesis, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea.
  59. Kim, M. S. (2009). The study of the effect of perceived stress and depression on the school adjustment of korean adolescents. The Journal of the Korean Association of Psychotherapy, 1(2), 53-67.
  60. Kim, M. S. (2011). The effects of family strengths, positive and negative affect on school adjustment of adolescent in transition. Unpublished master's thesis, Hannam University, Daejeon, Korea.
  61. Kim, S. A. (2011). The effects of family strength, peer relationships and self-determination on school adjustment in middle school students. Unpublished master's thesis, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea.
  62. Kim, S. B. (2005). Elementary school children's perception of the relationship between their parents' child-rearing attitudes and adaptation to school life. Unpublished master's thesis, Dongshin University, Naju, Korea.
  63. Kim, S. J. (2011). The relationship among parents' academic achievement pressure, students' selfesteem and test anxiety. Unpublished master's thesis, Wonkwang university, Seoul, Korea.
  64. Kim, S. J., & Kim, H. S. (2011). Father's communication style and children's school adjustment: Mediation effect of ego-resilience. The Korean Journal of Elementary Counseling, 10(2), 203-221.
  65. Kim, S. S. (2004). The analysis of the internet addiction and the school adaptability of elementary school students. The Journal of Elementary Education, 11(1), 19-37.
  66. Kim, T. H., & Kim, S. W. (2012). The influences of mental depression and ego-resilience in middle school girls' school adaptability. Journal of Educational Innovation Research, 22(1), 67-87.
  67. Kim, T. K., Yu, H. K., & Cho, Y. S. (2010). The relation between students' perception degree about parents' and teachers' authority and the students' adjustment in high school. Secondary Education Research, 58(3), 61-85.
  68. Kim, W. D. (2011). The relationships between parents' rearing-attitude perceived by highschool students, self-control and school adjustment. Unpublished master's thesis, Kangwon university, Chuncheon, Korea.
  69. Kim, Y. G., Lee, S. J., & Shin, H. S. (2008). A study of family strengths, self-esteems, adjustments to school life perceived by adolescent. Journal of Human Ecology, 18, 116-125.
  70. Kim, Y. L., & Lee, K. H. (2011). The effect of perceived parenting style and psychological separation on adaptation to school life in middle school students. Asian Journal of Education, 12(4), 125-143.
  71. Kim, Y. S., & Hyun, H. S. (1999). Relationship of adolescent ego-identity and adaptability to family and school life. Journal of Korean Association of Child Studies, 20(1), 249-262.
  72. Koh, E. M. (2010). Influence of ego-resilience and stress-coping strategies on high school students' school adjustment. Unpublished master's thesis, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
  73. Koh, S. H. (2009). The relations between korean parent-child relationship and school life adjustment. Unpublished master's thesis, Kangwon university, Chuncheon, Korea.
  74. Kohlberg, L. (1981). The philosophy of moral development: Moral stages and the idea of justice. San Francisco: Harper & Row.
  75. Kwak, S. R. (2006). A structural equation modeling analysis of adolescents school adjustment. Korean Journal of Sociology of Education, 16(1), 1-26.
  76. Kweon, S. Y., & Yang, Y. S. (2007). Influences of psychological emotional state, learning motive and family function on adolescents' school adjustment. The Korean Journal of Family Welfare, 12(3), 115-129.
  77. Lee, B. H. (2011). The mediation effect of teacher trust on the relationship between ego-resiliency and school adjustment. The Korean Journal of Counseling, 12(5), 1779-1791. https://doi.org/10.15703/kjc.12.5.201110.1779
  78. Lee, H. R., & Cheon, M. S. (2003). Relationship analyses between adolescents' ego-identity and school life adjustments. Korean Journal of Youth Studies, 10(4), 511-541.
  79. Lee, H. S. (2008). Relationship of social support to self-esteem among children from needy families. The Social Welfare Student Research, 1, 104-161.
  80. Lee, I. S., & Lee, K. R. (2008). The relationship among appearance satisfaction, self-esteem and school maladjustment in elementary, middle, and high school students. The Journal of The Korean Society of School Health, 21(1), 11-22.
  81. Lee, J. H. (2011). The effect of experience of domestic violence on children's school adjustment. Unpublished master's thesis. Keimyung University. Daegu, Korea.
  82. Lee, J. M., & Kim, H. J. (2011). Effects of mother-child communication, and ego-resiliency on school adjustment: Perceived by the adolescents child. Journal of Future Oriented Youth Society, 8(4), 97-120.
  83. Lee, J. Y., & Kim, B. M. (2012). Mediating effects of self object on the relationship between parent empathy perceived by female middle school students and their school adjustment. The Korean Journal of Woman Psychology, 17(2), 245-263.
  84. Lee, J. Y., & Lee, K. A. (2004). Individual and familial factors in relation to school adjustment of elementary school students. The Korean Journal of Counseling and Psychotherapy, 16(2), 261-276.
  85. Lee, K. A., Lee, J. Y., & Yang, H. J. (2005). The effects of bullying on school adjustment of adolescent: Mediating and moderating effects of internalizing problem behaviors, peer relational skills, and self-esteem. The Korean Journal of Counseling, 6(2), 531-543.
  86. Lee, K. M., & Kim, M. S. (2008). A validation study on the school adjustment scale for middle school students. Korean Journal of Counseling and Psychotherapy, 5(1), 27-40.
  87. Lee, K. N. (2008). The ecological variables on children's school adjustment. Journal of Korean Home Management Association, 26(5), 211-224.
  88. Lee, K. Y., Choi, S. Y., Shin, S. C., & Jang, S. H. (2008). Effect of internet addiction of elementary school children on peer relationship, their school adjustment, and peer aggression: The moderating effects of self-esteem. Journal of Future Oriented Youth Society, 5(4), 111-133.
  89. Lee, M., & Larson, R. (2000). The Korean 'Examination Hell': Long hours of studying, distress, and depression. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 29(2), 249-271. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005160717081
  90. Lee, M. S., & Lee, G. M. (2009). A study on academic achievement, self-concept, schoolrelated adjustment, and school maladjustment behavior of vocational high school students. Ewha Journal of Educational Research, 40(1), 167-193.
  91. Lee, S. H., & Choi, H. R. (2007). High school students' perception of parental involvement in education, their ego-resiliency, test anxiety, and school adjustment. Korean Journal of Counseling and Psychotherapy, 19(2), 321-337.
  92. Lee, S. H., Do, M. H., Chung, I. J., Kim, M. J., & Byun, M. H. (2005). Youth welfare. Seoul: Nanam.
  93. Lee, S. L., & Lee, S. J. (2011). A study on the effect of self-resilience on academic stress and school life adaptation. Educational Research, 30(1), 85-113.
  94. Lee, T. J., & Kwon, J. H. (2007). A study on the school adjustment of abused adolescents. The Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 26(2), 377-389. https://doi.org/10.15842/kjcp.2007.26.2.021
  95. Lee, Y. J. (2004). Effects of ego-resilience and parents conflict on school adjustment of elementary students. The Korean Journal of Counseling, 5(2), 435-449.
  96. Lim, K. H. (2010). The effects of stress and ego resilience on school adjustment and life satisfaction. The Korean Journal of Elementary Counseling, 9(2), 217-233.
  97. Lim, S. J., & Ahn, J. H. (2012). Effects of mother-child attachment on school adjustment: Mediating effect of emotion regulation. The Korean Journal of School Psychology, 9(2), 331-345. https://doi.org/10.16983/kjsp.2012.9.2.331
  98. Lim, Y. J., & Lee, E. K. (2010). The relationship between children's emotion regulation and school adjustment as a function of child sex. Korean Journal of Human Ecology, 19(2), 285-294. https://doi.org/10.5934/KJHE.2010.19.2.285
  99. Moon, E. J., & Sim, H. O. (2001). Relationships between children's friendship quality, selfperception and school adjustment. Journal of Korean Association of Child Studies, 22(4), 99-113.
  100. Moon, E. S., & Kim, C. H. (2002). A structural analysis of the social and psychological variables influencing adolescents' school adjustment behaviors. The Koran Journal of Educational Psychology, 16(2), 219-241.
  101. Moon, K. I. (2012). Effects of stress, self-resilience, and depression on suicide ideation among teenage. Unpublished master's thesis, Korea University, Seoul, Korea.
  102. Oh, S. S. (2002). Theory and practice of metaanalysis. Seoul: Konkuk University Press.
  103. Park, E. J., & Sim, W. Y. (2005). A study on the parent-child relationship, peer relationship, teacher-child relationship, and school adjustment of elementary school children. The Korean Journal of Elementary Counseling, 5(1), 285-310.
  104. Park, E. M. (2010). Effects of adolescent's attachment to teachers, peers, mother, selfesteem, depression on school life adjustment. Korean Journal of Play Therapy, 13(3), 75-88.
  105. Park, J. H., & Park, J. M. (2010). The effects of children's ego-resilience and social support on exam anxiety and school adjustment. Journal of Korean Association of Child Studies, 31(6), 125-134.
  106. Park, J. Y., & Chung, I. J. (2010). The effects of high school students' academic problems on suicidal ideation: Focusing on the mediational effects of individual-level risk and protective factors. Journal of the Korean Society of Child Welfare, 32, 69-97
  107. Park, S. H. (1995). Relationships of family, school adjustment and satisfaction of elementary school children. Educational Research, 24, 203-227.
  108. Park, W. S., & Kim, C. S. (2012). The effect of internet addiction of elementary school student on impulsiveness and school adjustment. Journal of Korean Institute of Intelligent System, 22(2), 232-238. https://doi.org/10.5391/JKIIS.2012.22.2.232
  109. Rutter, M. (1985). Resilience in the face of adversity. British Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 598-611. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.147.6.598
  110. Seo, S. N., Lee, S. G., & Lim, S. H. (2012). The effect of positive parenting style, self-efficacy, stress, and depression on school adjustment of adolescents. The Journal of Digital Policy & Management, 10(8), 327-333.
  111. Shin, H. S. (2001). Comparisons of coping styles among junior and senior high school students with different types of school adjustment problems. Journal of Educational Psychology, 15(4), 297-321.
  112. Shin, H. S. (2009). Mediating effect of social identity and retaliatory psychology on the relationship between peer victimization and school adjustment. Unpublished master's thesis, Incheon University, Incheon, Korea.
  113. Song, H. W., & Choi, S. Y. (2012). The structural relationship among poverty level, perceived parental rearing attitude, learning motivation, psychological well-being, and school adjustment of adolescents. The Koran Journal of Educational Psychology, 26(3), 651-672.
  114. Song, M. R., & Lee, J. Y. (2011). The relationship between emotion neglect and children's ego resilience and school-related adjustment. Soonchunhyang Journal of Humanities, 29, 219-244.
  115. Song, S. Y., & Park, S. Y. (2008). The effects of SES, mother's psychological well-being, child-rearing behavior and child's peer relationship on school adjustment. Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association, 46(5), 19-33.
  116. Song, W. Y., & Kwak, S. R. (2006). A research on protection factors influencing on teenager's school adaptation. Family and Culture, 18(3), 107-129.
  117. Wilson, S. J., Lispey, M. W., & Derzon, J. H. (2003). The effect of school-based intervention programs on aggressive behavior: A metaanalysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71(1), 136-149. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.71.1.136
  118. Yang, S. M., & Yoo, Y. J. (2003). Effects of self-esteem, healthiness of family, and sociodemographic variables on the school life adjustment in rural adolescents. Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association, 41(9), 121-134.
  119. Yang, S. Y. (2006). The effect adolescent's internet game addiction reality ego-identity and cyber ego-identity on family relationship and adjustment in school life. Unpublished master's thesis, Myongji University, Seoul, Korea.
  120. Yoo, B. H., Kim, S. M., Baek, H. G., & Kang, J. H. (2009). Impact of internet addiction on school life adaptation. The Journal of Digital Policy & Management, 7(2), 71-81.
  121. Yu, I. S. (2011). A meta-analysis on the researches of adolescents' school adjustment. Unpublished master's thesis, Korea National University of Education, Chung-Buk, Korea.

Cited by

  1. Effect of Positive Psychological Capital, Sense of Community and Stress on Middle School Students' School Adjustment vol.24, pp.4, 2018, https://doi.org/10.4094/chnr.2018.24.4.506