Korean Journal of Human Ecology (한국생활과학회지)

Korean Association of Human Ecology (한국생활과학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Understanding expected number of children of childless married and single men and women

미혼 및 기혼 무자녀 남성과 여성의 출산 의사 고찰과 미래 예상 출산 자녀수 관련 변인 탐색

  • 권영인 (연세대학교 젠더연구소)
  • Received : 2014.04.10
  • Accepted : 2014.04.11
  • Published : 2014.04.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Applying the data from 64 single(26 men and 38 women) and 71 childless married men and women(37 men and 34 women) aged between 30 and 45, this study is to understand their future fertility intention. For this purpose, ideal and real number of children that participants plan to have were compared using paired t-test. Second, demographic variables(sex, age, marital status), child care related variables(thoughts about caring children, child care value), individual characteristics(gender role attitude, relation orientation) and social context variables(perceived economic condition, recognition of low fertility policies) were included in a stepwise regression model to explain expected number of children participants plan to have in the future. Results showed that ideal number of children participants wish to have was significantly higher than real number of children they expect to have in the Korean society. The stepwise regression model explained 35% of the variance of the dependent variable. Among four types of variables, child care related variables most powerfully explained expected number of children study participants plan to have in the future. Finally, age, child care value, gender role attitude, and relation orientation significantly explained expected number of children in the future.

Keywords

References

  1. Ahn, B.H.(1979). Consideration of interpersonal relationship theories. Wonwoo research journal, Graduate school of Yonsei University, 63-85.
  2. Atoh, M. (2008). Family Changes in the Context of Lowest - Low Fertility: The Case of Japan. International Journal of Japanese Sociology, 17(1), 14-29. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6781.2008.00109.x
  3. Bernardi, G.(2005). Public Policies and Low Fertility: Rationales for Public Intervention and a diagnosis for the Spanish Case. Journal of European Social Policy. 15(2), 123-138. https://doi.org/10.1177/0958928705049160
  4. Billari, F. & Kohler, H. P.(2004). Patterns of Low and Lowest-Low Fertility in Europe. Population Studies, 58(2), 161-176. https://doi.org/10.1080/0032472042000213695
  5. Bjrklund, A.(2006). Does family policy affect fertility? Lessons from Sweden. Journal of population economy, 19, 3-24 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00148-005-0024-0
  6. Bronfenbrenner, U.(1986). Ecology of the family as a context for human development: Research perspectives. Development Psychology, 20, 1074-1081.
  7. Bubolz, M. M., & Sontag, M.S.(1993). Human ecology theory. In P. G. Boss, W. J. Doherty, R. LaRossa, W. R. Schumm, & S. K. Steinmetz(Eds.), Sourcebook of family theories and methods: A contextual approach(pp. 419-448). New York: Plenum Press.
  8. Cho, B. H. (2009). Current conditions and reasons of low childbirth in Korea. Newsletter of The Korean Society for Early Childhood Education, 46 , 1-5.
  9. Cho, H. J., & Bang, H. J. (2005). A reason of Korean women's avoidance tendency of marriage and child-bearing: Gender role stereotype. Journal of Korean Psychology: Women, 10(1), 95-112.
  10. Cho, M. D. (2010). A study on the determinants and economic effects of the low fertility and aging society. Korean Social Security Studies, 26(1), 1-31.
  11. Choi, S. H., & Kim, J. W. (2005). Investigation of low fertility reasons since IMF crisis. Issue paper of Samsung Economic Research Institute.
  12. Choi, S. I. (2012). Trend in marriage and birth considering among single men and women in Gyeonggido. Research Report of Gyeonggido Family and Women Research Institute.
  13. Chu, B. W. (2010). A study on the methods of forming family-friendly values orientation in the Low childbirth & aged society. Journal of Korean Elementary Moral Education, 34, 226-252.
  14. Chung, S. H. (2009). Population change and population policy. Journal of Social Sciences, 15(1), 29-45.
  15. Feeney, J. A., Noller, P. & Hanrahan, M.(1994). Sperling, Michael B.(Ed); Berman, William H.(Ed). Attachment in adults: Clinical and developmental perspectives,(pp. 128-152). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  16. Gallup Korea (2007). 2007 Economic Index. Gallup Report
  17. Gauthier, A. H.(2007). The impact of family policies on fertility in industrialized countries: A review of the literature. Population Research and Policy Review, 26(3), 323-346. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11113-007-9033-x
  18. Gerson, M. J. (1986). The prospect of parenthood for women and men, Psychology of Women Quarterly, 10(1), 49-62. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1986.tb00736.x
  19. Hoem, B. & Hoem, J. M.(1996). Sweden's family policies and rollercoaster fertility. Journal of Population Problems, 52(3-4), 1-22.
  20. Hong, S. A., & Jang, H. K. (2006). A Study about the fix way of parental leave. Research Report of Korean Women's Development Institute.
  21. Jang, H. S., & Lee, M. J. (2012). The middle school students' emotional intelligence and interpersonal relation disposition according to the family communication pattern. Speech Study, 21, 287-318.
  22. Ju, H. J., Kwak, K. H., & Cho, J. Y. (2010). The effect of social economic factors and policy factors on will of childbirth. Journal of Korea Association for Public Management, 24(4), 211-228.
  23. Kang, G. H & Shim, W. C. (2010). A study on the utility of sociodrama for undergraduate students in increasing their awareness regarding Low birthrate as a social problem: A report of a "female＋male = I" enactment process. Korean Jounal of Psychodrama, 13(1), 1-17.
  24. Kim, E. J. (2010). A study of the gender and generation differences of the family values and perception of low fertility in korean society. Phenomena and perception, 112, 169-200.
  25. Kim, I. C., & Choi, J. W. (2008). Low Fertility Trend and Gender Equality in S. Korea: Discussion on the Complementarities of Population Policy and Women's Policy. Social Science Studies, 16(1), 312-345.
  26. Kim, H. B., Choi, J. S., & Oh, D. H. (2008). Determining factors of age specific fertility rate and policy direction for enhancing birth rate. Regional Studies, 24(1), 23-37.
  27. Kim, H. Y., Sun, B. Y., & Kim, S. D. (2010). A study of women's late marriage and low fertility. Korean Women's Development Institute.
  28. Kim, K. H. (2011). Korean Assessment of the Key Competencies of Youth. National Youth Policy Institute.
  29. Kim, K. S. (1998). The family value orientations among adolescent, middle and old generation. Family and Environment Research, 36(10), 145-160.
  30. Kim, M. J. (2010). An analysis of factors affecting low fertility and fertility policies. Journal of Policy Studies, 19(2), 105-128.
  31. Kim, S. K., Jun, K. H., Kim, M. J., Lee, Y. K., Kim, Y. K., Seo, M. H., & Cho, Y. J. (2005). Changes of social values and families and its counterplan in population transition period of Korea. The Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs Research Reports.
  32. Kim, T. H. (2005). Personal value changes and low fertility. Health and Welfare Policy Forum, 102, 16-24.
  33. Kim, Y. H. & Jung, K. A. (2000). Korean gender egalitarianism scale. Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology, 14(1), 23-44.
  34. Kim, Y. I. (2005). Focus and direction of social welfare policy preparing aging society: National strategy toward aging society. Conference source book of Korean Association of Social Welfare Policy.
  35. Kimhong, M. L. (2005). An analysis of gender perceptions on low fertility and aging policy. A debate of gender perceptions on low fertility and aging policy. Korean Women Link.
  36. Korean Government (2008). The first basic plan for low fertility and aging society(revised).
  37. Kwon, Y. E., & Kim, U. C. (2004). Value of children and fertility. Child Education, 13(1), 221-226
  38. Kwon, Y. I. (2013). Ecological examination of single men and women's future fertility behavior in relations with their family values, recognized fertility policies and perceived economic condition. Journal of Family Relations, 18(1), 75-92.
  39. Kwon, Y., & Roy, K. M. (2007). Changing social expectations for work and family involvement among Korean fathers. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 38, 285-305.
  40. Lee, K. S., Jung, S. J., Park, J. A., & Shin, Y. J. (2009). A Study on psychological variables related to Low fertility. The Korean Journal of Woman Psychology, 14(1), 93-108.
  41. Lee, M. R. (2010). Influence of environmental factors in the married women upon value on children and upon childbirth behavior. Journal of Family Relations, 15(1), 99-121.
  42. Lee, S. H., & Kwon, Y. I. (2009). The mediating effect of work-family conflict on the relationship between family-friendly workplace culture and paternal involvement. Family and Culture, 21(1), 1-28.
  43. Lee, S. L. (2012). Marriage trends and marriage transition in Korea. Health and Social Affair Studies, 33(4), 39-71.
  44. Lee, S. S. (2006). A study on impact of the change in values on marriage and fertility behaviors. Journal of population, health and social welfare, 26(2), 95-140.
  45. Lee, S. S., Jung, Y. S., Kim, H. K., Choi, E. Y., Park, S. K., Cho, N. H. Shin, I. C., Doh, S. R., Cho, S. K., & Kang, J. H. (2005). 2005 National marriage and childbirth trend survey. Committee of low fertility and aging society, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Report of The Korean Institute for Health and Social Affairs.
  46. Lee, Y. J., & Kim, J. I. (2009). Birth assistance program recognition & occupation sensitive birth assistance programs for working women. Journal of Social Science, 35(1), 61-90. https://doi.org/10.15820/khjss.2009.35.1.004
  47. Ministry of Health and Welfare (2010). The decision of the second basi plan for preparing low fertility and aging society. Report of Ministry of Health and Welfare.
  48. Na, Y. M., & Kim, M. K. (2010). Approaches to studying low birth rate in Korea: A critical review. Korean Journal of Human Ecology, 19(5), 817-833. https://doi.org/10.5934/KJHE.2010.19.5.817
  49. National Assembly Budget Office (2007). Evaluation of National low fertility policies.
  50. OECD. (2013). Social policy division- Directorate of employment, labour and social affairs. OECD family database. www.oecd.org/els/social/ family/ database
  51. Park, D. E., & Yoo, G. S. (2011). The delaying & advancing factors of marriage & fertility timing among married women. The Korean association of family welfare, 16(2), 29-65.
  52. Park, S. M. (2005). Low fertility and gender equity in the family. Health and Welfare Policy Forum, 102, 36-44.
  53. Planned Population Federation of Korea (2014). Korean couples, ideal number of children, 3!: 2014 The first survey of low fertility perception. Report of Planned Population Federation of Korea.
  54. Seoul city (2007). Seoul Survey.
  55. Shin, H. Y., & Bang, E. R. (2009). Individual values on childbirth and social view on childbirth encouragement policy. Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association, 47(10), 123-136.
  56. Sohn, S. Y. (2005). Causes of low fertility rate Korean society and suggestions for family-friendly policies. Family and Culture, 17(2), 285-316.
  57. Sohn, S. Y., & Kim, E. (2010). A study of the gender and generation differences of the family values and perception of low fertility in Korean Society. Phenomena and Perceptions, 34(4), 169-204.
  58. Song, Y. M., & Lee, J. S.(2011). Investigation of the causes of low fertility rate: Focused on the change in industrial society and the expansion of the opportunity of women for social activities. Health and Social Affair Studies, 31(1), 27-61.
  59. Statistics Korea (2001). Future Population Trend: 2000-2050.
  60. Statistics Korea (2013). Social Index Report.
  61. Statistics Korea (2014). 2013 Statistics on Birth and Death.
  62. Suh, E. J., & Lee, H. R. (2008). The effect of attachment improvement parent-education group counseling on mother's attachment, self-esteem and parent-child interaction. Korea Journal of Counseling, 9(3), 1117-1135.
  63. Sung, Y. H., & Shin, K. S. (2001). Children's perceived competences and the tendency of interpersonal relations in the children by family cohesion & adaptability. Korean Journal of Family Welfare, 6(2), 45-63.
  64. Torr, B. M., & Short, S. E. (2004). Second birth and the second shift: A research note on gender equity and fertility. Population and development review, 30(1), 109-130. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2004.00005.x
  65. Um, H. Y., & Kim, H. S. (2011). Examination of relationships among future plan for balancing work and family life, gender role attitude and attitude toward low fertility problem of single men and women. Korea Journal of Population Studies, 34(3), 179-209.
  66. Woo, N. H., Kim, Y. S., Lee, E. J., & Kim, H. S. (2009). Examining mothers'perception and current status concerning their children's education and nurturing in the low birthrate era. Journal of Future Early Childhood Education, 16(3), 297-325.
  67. Yoo, G. S. (2009). The effects of fertility policies on childbirths in 2007. Journal of Family Relations, 15(1), 169-189
  68. Yoo, G. S., Jang, B. H., & Han, J. S. (2006). Content analysis of family phenomena shown on TV drams related to low birthrate. Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association, 44(8), 63-78.

Cited by

  1. Construction of Thoughts and Roles of Parents with Multiple Children vol.33, pp.4, 2015, https://doi.org/10.7466/JKHMA.2015.33.4.83
  2. Irregular menstruation according to occupational status pp.1541-0331, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1080/03630242.2017.1342740
  3. The Analysis of Factors That Influence the First Childbirth Intentions Among Married Working Women in South Korea - Focusing on Working Conditions And Workplace Pro-natal Programs - vol.55, pp.None, 2014, https://doi.org/10.16975/kjfsw.2017..55.005