DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Trends and Projected Estimates of GHG Emissions from Indian Livestock in Comparisons with GHG Emissions from World and Developing Countries

  • Patra, Amlan Kumar (Department of Animal Nutrition, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences)
  • Received : 2013.06.17
  • Accepted : 2013.08.23
  • Published : 2014.04.01

Abstract

This study presents trends and projected estimates of methane and nitrous oxide emissions from livestock of India vis-$\grave{a}$-vis world and developing countries over the period 1961 to 2010 estimated based on IPCC guidelines. World enteric methane emission (EME) increased by 54.3% (61.5 to $94.9{\times}10^9kg$ annually) from the year 1961 to 2010, and the highest annual growth rate (AGR) was noted for goat (2.0%), followed by buffalo (1.57%) and swine (1.53%). Global EME is projected to increase to $120{\times}10^9kg$ by 2050. The percentage increase in EME by Indian livestock was greater than world livestock (70.6% vs 54.3%) between the years 1961 to 2010, and AGR was highest for goat (1.91%), followed by buffalo (1.55%), swine (1.28%), sheep (1.25%) and cattle (0.70%). In India, total EME was projected to grow by $18.8{\times}10^9kg$ in 2050. Global methane emission from manure (MEM) increased from $6.81{\times}10^9kg$ in 1961 to $11.4{\times}10^9kg$ in 2010 (an increase of 67.6%), and is projected to grow to $15{\times}10^9kg$ by 2050. In India, the annual MEM increased from $0.52{\times}10^9kg$ to $1.1{\times}10^9kg$ (with an AGR of 1.57%) in this period, which could increase to $1.54{\times}10^9kg$ in 2050. Nitrous oxide emission from manure in India could be $21.4{\times}10^6kg$ in 2050 from $15.3{\times}10^6kg$ in 2010. The AGR of global GHG emissions changed a small extent (only 0.11%) from developed countries, but increased drastically (1.23%) for developing countries between the periods of 1961 to 2010. Major contributions to world GHG came from cattle (79.3%), swine (9.57%) and sheep (7.40%), and for developing countries from cattle (68.3%), buffalo (13.7%) and goat (5.4%). The increase of GHG emissions by Indian livestock was less (74% vs 82% over the period of 1961 to 2010) than the developing countries. With this trend, world GHG emissions could reach $3,520{\times}10^9kg$ $CO_2$-eq by 2050 due to animal population growth driven by increased demands for meat and dairy products in the world.

Keywords

References

  1. ALGAS. 1998. India National Report on Asia Least Cost Greenhouse Gas Abatement Strategy. Asia Development Bank and United Nations Development Programme, Manila, Philippines.
  2. Bellarby, J., R. Tirado, A. Leip, F. Weiss, J. P. Lesschen, and P. Smith. 2013. Livestock greenhouse gas emissions and mitigation potential in Europe. Global Chang. Biol. 19:3-18. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02786.x
  3. Chhabra, A., K. R. Manjunath, S. Panigrahy, and J. S. Parihar. 2009. Spatial pattern of methane emissions from Indian livestock. Curr. Sci. 96:683-689.
  4. EPA. 1994. International Anthropogenic Methane Emissions: Estimates for 1990, EPA-230-R-93-010. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Global Change Division, Office of Air and Radiation, Washington, DC.
  5. FAOSTAT. 2013. FAO statistics. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. http://faostat.fao.org/ site/573/default.aspx#ancor
  6. FAO. 2006. Livestock's long shadow. Environmental Issues and Options. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.
  7. FAO. 2010. Greenhouse gas emissions from the dairy sector - a life cycle assessment. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.
  8. Garg, A., S. Bhattacharya, P. R. Shukla, and V. K. Dadhwal. 2001. Regional and sectoral assessment of greenhouse gas emissions in India. Atmos. Environ. 35:2679-2695. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00414-3
  9. Garg, A. and P. R. Shukla. 2002. Emission inventory of India. Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi, India.
  10. Gerber, P., T. Vellinga, C. Opio, and H. Steinfeld. 2011. Productivity gains and greenhouse gas emissions intensity in dairy systems. Livest. Sci. 139:100-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2011.03.012
  11. Gupta, P. K., A. K. Jha, S. Koul, P. Sharma, V. Pradhan, V. Gupta, C. Sharma, and N. Singh. 2007. Methane and nitrous oxide emission from bovine manure management practices in India. Environ. Pollut. 146:219-224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2006.04.039
  12. IPCC. 1996. Revised 1996 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories. (Ed. J. T. Houghton, L. G. Meira. Filho, B. Lim, K. Treanton, I. Mamaty, Y. Bonduki, D. J. Griggs, and B. A. Callender). UK Meteorological Office, Brackbell, UK.
  13. IPCC. 2006. IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories, prepared by the national greenhouse gas inventories programme (Ed. H. S. Eggleston, L. Buendia, K. Miwa, T. Ngara, and K. Tanabe), IGES, Japan.
  14. IPCC. 2007. Summary for policymakers. In: Climate change 2007: the physical science basis. Contribution of working group to the fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change (Ed. S. D. Solomon, M. Qin, Z. Manning, M. Chen, K. B. Marquis, M. T. Averyt, and H. L. Miller), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.
  15. Ji, E. S. and K. H. Park. 2012. Methane and nitrous oxide emissions from livestock agriculture in 16 local administrative districts of Korea. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 25:1768-1774. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2012.12418
  16. Patra, A. K. 2012a. Enteric methane mitigation technologies for ruminant livestock: a synthesis of current research and future directions. Environ. Monit. Assess. 184:1929-1952. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-011-2090-y
  17. Patra, A. K. 2012b. Estimation of methane and nitrous oxide emissions from Indian livestock. J. Environ. Monit. 14:2673-2684. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2em30396e
  18. Singhal, K. K., M. Mohini, A. K. Jha, and P. K. Gupta. 2005. Methane emission estimates from enteric fermentation in Indian livestock: Dry matter intake approach. Curr. Sci. 88:119-127.
  19. Swamy, M. and S. Bhattacharya. 2006. Budgeting anthropogenic greenhouse gas emission from Indian livestock using country specific emission coefficients. Curr. Sci. 91:1340-1353.
  20. United Nations. 2013. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision, Key Findings and Advance Tables. Working Paper No. ESA/P/WP.227.
  21. Zervas, G. and E. Tsiplakou. 2012. An assessment of GHG emissions from small ruminants in comparison with GHG emissions from large ruminants and monogastric livestock. Atmos. Environ. 49:13-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.11.039

Cited by

  1. Evaluation of feeds from tropical origin for in vitro methane production potential and rumen fermentation in vitro vol.13, pp.3, 2015, https://doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2015133-7467
  2. Effects of Adaptation of In vitro Rumen Culture to Garlic Oil, Nitrate, and Saponin and Their Combinations on Methanogenesis, Fermentation, and Abundances and Diversity of Microbial Populations vol.6, pp.1664-302X, 2015, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.01434
  3. Predicting enteric methane emission in sheep using linear and non-linear statistical models from dietary variables vol.56, pp.3, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1071/AN15505
  4. Methane emissions from paddy cultivation and livestock farming in Sarawak, Malaysia vol.103, pp.2261-236X, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201710305007
  5. Prediction of enteric methane emission from cattle using linear and non-linear statistical models in tropical production systems vol.22, pp.4, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-015-9691-7
  6. Effect of black cumin seeds on growth performance, nutrient utilization, immunity, gut health and nitrogen excretion in broiler chickens vol.97, pp.11, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.8237
  7. Impact of phytogenic feed additives on growth performance, nutrient digestion and methanogenesis in growing buffaloes vol.58, pp.6, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1071/AN15610
  8. Exploring diet-dependent shifts in methanogen and methanotroph diversity in the rumen of Mehsani buffalo by a metagenomics approach vol.8, pp.4, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1080/21553769.2015.1063550
  9. Recent Advances in Measurement and Dietary Mitigation of Enteric Methane Emissions in Ruminants vol.3, pp.None, 2014, https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2016.00039
  10. Livestock Greenhouse Gases Emissions Under Grazing Conditions in the TropicLivestock Greenhouse Gases Emissions Under Grazing Conditions in the Tropic vol.10, pp.1, 2018, https://doi.org/10.22490/21456453.2685
  11. Effect of Punica granatum and Tecomella undulata supplementation on nutrient utilization, enteric methane emission and growth performance of Murrah male buffaloes vol.28, pp.2, 2014, https://doi.org/10.22358/jafs/109237/2019
  12. Plants extract and bioactive compounds on rumen methanogenesis vol.94, pp.4, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-019-00411-6
  13. A Holistic Manure Management Model by Leveraging Dairy Cooperative Network vol.16, pp.2, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1177/0973005220950520
  14. Enteric Methane Emissions of Dairy Cattle Considering Breed Composition, Pasture Management, Housing Conditions and Feeding Characteristics along a Rural-Urban Gradient in a Rising Megacity vol.10, pp.12, 2020, https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10120628
  15. Review: Methanogens and methane production in the digestive systems of nonruminant farm animals vol.15, pp.1, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.animal.2020.100060
  16. Methane emissions from livestock in East Asia during 1961−2019 vol.7, pp.1, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1080/20964129.2021.1918024
  17. Effect of dietary supplementation of Emblica officinalis fruit pomace on methane emission, ruminal fermentation, nutrient utilization, and milk production performance in buffaloes vol.28, pp.14, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-12008-z
  18. In vitro digestibility and methane gas production of fodder from improved cowpea ( L.) and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) varieties vol.13, pp.None, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2021.e00897