Geomechanics and Engineering

Techno-Press (테크노프레스)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Field behaviour geotextile reinforced sand column

  • Tandel, Yogendra K. (Applied Mechanics Department, S.V. National Institute of Technology) ;
  • Solanki, Chandresh H. (Applied Mechanics Department, S.V. National Institute of Technology) ;
  • Desai, Atul K. (Applied Mechanics Department, S.V. National Institute of Technology)
  • Received : 2013.02.15
  • Accepted : 2013.11.21
  • Published : 2014.02.25
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Stone columns (or granular column) have been used to increase the load carrying capacity and accelerating consolidation of soft soil. Recently, the geosynthetic reinforced stone column technique has been developed to improve the load carrying capacity of the stone column. In addition, reinforcement prevents the lateral squeezing of stone in to surrounding soft soil, helps in easy formation of stone column, preserve frictional properties of aggregate and drainage function of the stone column. This paper investigates the improvement of load carrying capacity of isolated ordinary and geotextile reinforced sand column through field load tests. Tests were performed with different reinforcement stiffness, diameter of sand column and reinforcement length. The results of field load test indicated an improved load carrying capacity of geotextile reinforced sand column over ordinary sand column. The increase in load carrying capacity depends upon the sand column diameter, stiffness of reinforcement and reinforcement length. Also, the partial reinforcement length about two to four time's sand column diameter from the top of the column was found to significant effect on the performance of sand column.

Keywords

References

  1. Abuel-Naga, H.M., Bergado, D.T. and Chaiprakaikeow, S. (2006), "Innovative thermal technique for enhancing the performance of prefabricated vertical drain system", Geotext. Geomembr., 24(6), 359-370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2006.04.003
  2. Alexiew, D., Brokemper, D. and Lothspeich, S. (2005), "Geotextile encased columns (GEC): Load capacity, geotextile selection and pre-design graphs", Proceedings of the Geo-Frontiers Conference, ASCE Geotechnical Special Publication No. 130-142, Austin, TX, USA, January, pp. 497-510.
  3. ASTM D 4595 (1986), Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Geotextiles by Wide-Width Strip Method, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA.
  4. Ayadat, T. and Hanna, A.M. (2005), "Encapsulated stone columns as a soil improvement technique for collapsible soil", Ground Improve., 9(4), 137-147. https://doi.org/10.1680/grim.2005.9.4.137
  5. Barksdale, R.D. and Bachus, R.C. (1983), "Design and construction of stone columns", Rep. No. FHWA/RD-83/026, Office of Engineering and Highway Operations Research and Development, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., USA.
  6. Bathurst, R.J. and Karpurapu, R. (1993), "Large scale model triaxial compression testing of geocell-reinforced granular soils", ASTM Geotech. Test. J., 16(3), 296-303. https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ10050J
  7. Bauer, G.E. and Nabil, A.J. (1996), "Laboratory and analytical investigation of sleeve reinforced stone columns", Geosynthetics: Application-Design and Construction - Proceedings of the First European Geosynthetics Conference, EUROGEO 1, Netherlands, pp. 463-466.
  8. Bergado, D.T. and Teerawattanasuk, C. (2008), "2D and 3D numerical simulations of reinforced embankments on soft ground", Geotext. Geomembr., 26(1), 39-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2007.03.003
  9. Brokemper, D., Sobolewski, J., Alexiew, D. and Brok, C. (2006), "Design and construction of geotextile encased columns supporting geogrid reinforced landscape embankments; Bastions Vijfwal Houten in the Netherlands", Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Geosynthetics, Yokohama, Japan, October, pp. 889-892.
  10. Castro, J. and Sagaseta, C. (2011), "Deformation and consolidation around encased stone columns", Geotext. Geomembr., 29(3), 268-276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2010.12.001
  11. Chen, Y.M., Cao, W.P. and Chen, R.P. (2008), "An experimental investigation of soil arching within basal reinforced and unreinforced piled embankment", Geotext. Geomembr., 26(2), 164-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2007.05.004
  12. Chu, J., Yan, S.W. and Yang, H. (2000), "Soil improvement by the vacuum preloading method for an oil storage station", Geotechnique, 50(6), 625-632. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2000.50.6.625
  13. Datye, K.R. and Nagaraju, S.S. (1981), "Design approach and field control for stone columns", Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on SMFE, Stockholm, Sweden, June, Vol. 3, pp. 637-640.
  14. De Mello, L.G., Mondolfo, M., Montez, F., Tsukahara, C.N. and Bilfinger, W. (2008), "First use of geosynthetic encased sand columns in South America", Proceedings of the 1st Pan-American Geosynthetics Conference, Cancun, Mexico, March, pp. 1332-1341.
  15. Di Prisco, C., Galli, A., Cantarelli, E. and Bongiorno, D. (2006), "Georeinforced sand columns: small scale experimental tests and theoretical modeling", Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Geosynthetics, Yokohama, Japan, September, pp. 1685-1688.
  16. Gniel, J. and Bouazza, A. (2009), "Improvement of soft soils using geogrid encased stone columns", Geotext. Geomembr., 27(3), 167-175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2008.11.001
  17. Greenwood, D.A. (1970), "Mechanical improvement of soils below ground surface", Proceedings of Confernce on Ground Engineering, Institution of Civil Engineers, London, UK, January, pp. 11-22.
  18. Henkel, D.J. and Gilbert, G.D. (1952), "The effect of the rubber membrane on the measured triaxial compression strength of clay samples", Geotechnique, 3(1), 20-29. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1952.3.1.20
  19. Hughes, J.M.O., Withers, N.J. and Greenwood, D.A. (1975), "A field trial of the reinforcing effect of a stone column in soil", Geotechnique, 25(1), 31-44. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1975.25.1.31
  20. Indian Standard (IS) (1982), Method of Load Test in Soils IS: 1888, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India.
  21. Indian Standard (IS) (2003), Design and Construction for Ground Improvement-Guidelines. Part 1: Stone columns, IS:15284, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India.
  22. Indraratna, B., Bamunawita, C. and Khabbaz, H. (2004), "Numerical modelling of vacuum preloading and field applications", Can. Geotech. J., 41(6), 1098-1110. https://doi.org/10.1139/t04-054
  23. Kempfert, H.G. and Gebreselassie, B. (2006), Excavations and Foundations in Soft Soils, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
  24. Kempfert, H.G. and Raithel, M. (2002), "Experiences on dike foundations and landfills on very soft soils", Technical Committee TC 36 Soft Soils Foundation Engineering, International Symposium on Soft Soils Foundation Engineering, Mexico.
  25. Kempfert, H.G. and Wallis, P. (1997), "Geokunststoffummantelte Sandsaulen - ein neues Grundungsverfahren im Verkehrswegebau", Geotechnik Sonderheft zur 5, Informations - und Vortragsveranstaltung uber Kunststoffe in der Geotechnik, Munchen, Germany.
  26. Khabbazian, M., Kaliakin, V.N. and Meehan, C.L. (2009), "3D analyses of geosynthetic encased stone columns", Proceedings of the International Foundations Congress and Equipment Expo 09 (IFCEE09), Contemporary Topics in Ground Modification, Problem Soils, and Geo-Support, Geotechnical Special Publication No. 187, New York, USA.
  27. Koerner, R.M. and Wong (2008), "Geosynthetic supported basal reinforcement over deep foundations emphasizing geogrid encased stone columns and geotextile encased sand columns", Proceedings of the 23rd Central Pennsylvania Geotechnical Conference, Hershey, CA, USA, p. 26.
  28. Latha, G.M., Rajagopal, K. and Krishnaswamy, N.R. (2006), "Experimental and theoretical investigations on geocell-supported embankments", Int. J. Geomech., 6(1), 30-35. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1532-3641(2006)6:1(30)
  29. Lee, D., Yoo, C. and Park, S. (2007), "Model tests for analysis of load carrying capacity of geogrid encased stone column", Proceeding of the 17th International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference, Lisbon, Portugal, July, pp. 1632-1635.
  30. Malarvizhi, S.N. and Ilamparuthi, K. (2004), "Load versus settlement of clay bed stabilized with stone and reinforced stone columns", Proceedings of GeoAsia-2004, Seoul, Korea, pp. 322-329.
  31. Malarvizhi, S.N. and Ilamparuthi, K. (2007), "Comparative study on the behaviour of encased stone column and conventional stone column", Soil. Found., 47(5), 873-885. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.47.873
  32. Murugesan, S. and Rajagopal, K. (2006), "Geosynthetic-encased stone columns: Numerical evaluation", Geotext. Geomembr., 24(6), 349-358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2006.05.001
  33. Murugesan, S. and Rajagopal, K. (2007), "Model tests on geosynthetic encased stone columns", Geosynth. Int., 14(6), 346-354. https://doi.org/10.1680/gein.2007.14.6.346
  34. Murugesan, S. and Rajagopal, K. (2010), "Studies on the behaviour of single and group of geosynthetic encased stone columns", J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 136(1), 129-139. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000187
  35. Nods, M. (2003), "Put a sock in it", Ground Eng., pp. 13-15.
  36. Paul, A. and Ponomarjow, A. (2004), "The bearing behaviour of geogrid reinforced crushed stone columns in comparison to non-reinforced concrete pile foundations", EuroGeo3: Geotechnical Engineering with Geosynthetics, Munich, Germany, 285-288.
  37. Pulko, B., Majes, B. and Logar, J. (2011), "Geosynthetic-encased stone columns: Analytical calculation model", Geotext. Geomembr., 29(1), 29-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2010.06.005
  38. Raithel, M. and Kempfert, H.G. (2000), "Calculation models for dam foundations with geotextile-coated sand columns", Proceedings of International Conference on Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, GeoEng 2000, Melbourne, Australia, pp. 347-352.
  39. Raithel, M. and Kirchner, A. (2008), "Calculation techniques and dimensioning of encased columns-design and state of the art", Proceedings of the 4th Asian Regional Conference on Geosynthetics, Shanghai, China, June, pp. 718-723.
  40. Raithel, M., Kempfert, H.G. and Kirchner, A. (2002), "Geotextile-encased columns (GEC) for foundation of a dike on very soft soils", Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Geosynthetics, Nice, France, September, pp. 1025-1028.
  41. Raithel, M., Kirchner, A., Schade, C. and Leusink, E. (2005), "Foundation of construction on very soft soils with geotextile encased columns-state of the art", Proceedings of GeoFrontiers 2005, Austin, TX, USA, January.
  42. Rajagopal, K., Krishnaswamy, N.R. and Latha, G.M. (1999), "Behaviour of sand confined with single and multiple geocells", Geotext. Geomembr., 17(3), 171-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0266-1144(98)00034-X
  43. Rampello, S. and Callisto, L. (2003), "Predicted and observed performance of an oil tank founded on soil-cement columns in clayey soils", Soil. Found., 43(4), 229-241. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.43.4_229
  44. Rowe, R.K. and Taechakumthorn, C. (2008), "Combined effect of PVDs and reinforcement on embankments over rate-sensitive soils", Geotext. Geomembr., 26(3), 239-249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2007.10.001
  45. Trunk, U., Heerten, G., Paul, A. and Reuter, E. (2004), "Geogrid wrapped vibro stone columns", Proceedings of the 3rd European Geosynthetics Conference; Geotechnical Engineering with Geosynthetics, Munich, Germany, March, pp. 289-294.
  46. Van Impe, W.F. (1989), Soil Improvement Techniques and Their Evolution, (A.A. Balkema), Rotterdam, Netherlands.
  47. Van Impe, W. and Silence, P. (1986), "Improving of the bearing capacity of weak hydraulic fills by means of geotextiles", Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Geotextiles, Vienna, Austria, April, pp. 1411-1416.
  48. Vashi, J.M., Desai, A.K. and Solanki, C.H. (2013), "Behaviour of geotextile reinforced flyash + clay-mix by laboratory evaluation", Geomech. Eng., 5(4), 331-342. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2013.5.4.331
  49. Wu, C.S. and Hong, Y.S. (2009), "Laboratory tests on geosynthetic encapsulated sand columns", Geotext. Geomembr., 27(2), 107-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2008.09.003
  50. Wu, C.-S., Hong, Y.S. and Lin, H.C. (2009), "Axial stress-strain relation of encapsulated granular column", Comput. Geotech., 36(1-2), 226-240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2008.01.003
  51. Yoo, C. (2010), "Performance of geosynthetic-encased stone columns in embankment construction: numerical investigation", J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 136(8), 1148-1160. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000316
  52. Yoo, C. and Kim, S.B. (2009), "Numerical modeling of geosynthetic encased stone column-reinforced ground", Geosynth. Int., 16(3), 116-126. https://doi.org/10.1680/gein.2009.16.3.116
  53. Zhang, Y.P., Li T. and Wang, Y. (2011), "Theoretical solutions for foundations improved by geosyntheticencased stone columns", Geosynth. Int., 18(1), 12-20. https://doi.org/10.1680/gein.2011.18.1.12

Cited by

  1. Fully coupled solution for the consolidation of poroelastic soil around geosynthetic encased stone columns vol.45, pp.6, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2017.08.003
  2. Improvement of pavement foundation response with multi-layers of geocell reinforcement: Cyclic plate load test vol.9, pp.3, 2015, https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2015.9.3.373
  3. Behavior of polymer columns in soft clayey soil: A preliminary study vol.10, pp.1, 2016, https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2016.10.1.095
  4. Experimental Study on Stress Monitoring of Sand-Filled Steel Tube during Impact Using Piezoceramic Smart Aggregates vol.17, pp.8, 2017, https://doi.org/10.3390/s17081930
  5. Unconfined compressive strength of PET waste-mixed residual soils vol.8, pp.1, 2015, https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2015.8.1.053
  6. Full-scale investigations into installation damage of nonwoven geotextiles vol.17, pp.1, 2014, https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2019.17.1.081