Advances in nano research

Techno-Press (테크노프레스)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

On the preparation of iron pyrite from synthetic and natural targets by pulsed electron deposition

  • Al-Shareeda, Omar (School of Engineering, Laurentian University) ;
  • Henda, Redhouane (School of Engineering, Laurentian University) ;
  • Pratt, Allan (CANMET Mining and Mineral Sciences Laboratories, Natural Resources Ottawa) ;
  • McDonald, Andrew M. (Earth Science Dept., Laurentian University)
  • Received : 2013.03.07
  • Accepted : 2013.11.06
  • Published : 2013.12.25
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

We report on the preparation of iron pyrite ($FeS_2$) using pulsed electron ablation of two targets, namely, a mixture of sulfur and iron compound target, and a natural iron pyrite target. Thin films of around 50 nm in thickness have been deposited on glass substrates under Argon background gas at 3 mTorr, and at a substrate temperature of up to $450^{\circ}C$. The thin films have been analyzed chemically and examined structurally using x-ray diffraction (XRD), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and visible Raman spectroscopy. The morphology and thickness of the films have been assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and visible spectroscopic reflectance. The preliminary findings, using a synthetic target, show the presence of iron pyrite with increasing proportion as substrate temperature is increased from $150^{\circ}C$ to $250^{\circ}C$. The data have not shown any evidence of pyrite in the deposited films from a natural target.

Keywords

References

  1. Bronolda, M., Kubalaa, S., Pettenkofera, C. and Jaegermann, W. (1997), "Thin pyrite (FeS2) films by molecular beam deposition", Thin Solid Films, 304, 178-182. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-6090(97)00121-1
  2. Chatzitheodorou, G., Fiechter, S., Konenkamp, R., Kunst, M., Jaegermann, W. and Tributsch, H. (1986), "Thin photoactive $FeS_{2}$ (pyrite) films", Mater. Res. Bull., 21, 1481-1487. https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-5408(86)90088-7
  3. Ennaoui, A. and Tributsch, H. (1984), "Iron sulphide solar cells", Solar Cells, 13,197-200. https://doi.org/10.1016/0379-6787(84)90009-7
  4. Jaegermann, W. and Tributsch, H. (1983), "Photoelectrochemical reactions of $FeS_{2}$ (pyrite) with $H_{2}O$ and reducing agents", J. Appl. Electrochemistry, 13, 743-750. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00615824
  5. Kim, K. (1998), "Defect-associated photoluminescence and rapid thermal annealing effect on $SiO_{2}$ films grown in the plasma phase", J. Vacuum Sci. Technol. A, 16, 2272-2276. https://doi.org/10.1116/1.581339
  6. Lupis, C.H.P. (1983), Chemical Thermodynamics of Materials, North-Holland, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
  7. Nakamura, S. and Yamamoto, A. (2001), "Electrodeposition of pyrite ($FeS_{2}$) thin films for photovoltaic cells", Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 65, 79-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-0248(00)00080-5
  8. Parker, G.K. and Hope, G.A. (2010), "A Raman spectroscopic investigation of pyrite oxidation and flotation reagent interaction", ECS Trans., 28, 39-50.
  9. Rezig, B., Dahman, H. and Kenzari, M (1992), "Iron pyrite $FeS_{2}$ for flexible solar cells", Renewable Energy, 2, 125-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/0960-1481(92)90098-N
  10. Sasaki, K. (1997), "Raman study of microbially-mediated solution of pyrite by thiobacillus ferroxidans", The Canadian Mineralogist, 35, 999-1008.
  11. Slater, J.C. (1965), Quantum Theory of Molecules and Solids, Vol. 2, McGraw-Hill, New York, USA.
  12. Schlegel, A. and Wachter, P. (1976), "Optical properties, phonons and electronic structure of iron pyrite (FeS)", J. Phys. C, 9, 3363-3396. https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3719/9/17/027
  13. Seehra, S.S., Montano, P.A., Seehra, M.S. and Sen, S.K. (1979), "Preparation and characterization of thin films of $FeS_{2}$", J. Materials Science, 14, 2761-2763. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00610653
  14. Shembel, E.M., Polischuk, Y.V., Chervakov, O.V. and Reisner, D. (2006), "Reactivity of natural and synthesized $FeS_{2}$ relative to the components of polymer electrolytes", Ionics, 12, 41-46. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-006-0012-8
  15. van der Heide, H., Hemmel, R., van Bruggen, C.F. and Haas, C. (1980), "X-ray photoelectron spectra of 3d transition metal pyrites", J. Solid State Chemistry, 33, 17-25.
  16. Wadia, C., Alivisatos, A.P. and Kammen, D.M. (2009), "Materials availability expands the opportunity for large-scale photovoltaics deployment", Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 2072-2077. https://doi.org/10.1021/es8019534
  17. Wagner, C.D., Riggs, W.M., Davis, L.E., Moulder, J.F. and Mullenberg, G.E. (1979), Handbook of X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, (Ed. Muilenberg, G.E.), Perkin-Elmer, Eden Prairie, MN, USA.
  18. Willeke, G., Dasbach, R., Sailer, B. and Bucher, E. (1992), "Thin pyrite ($FeS_{2}$) films prepared by magnetron sputtering", Thin Solid Films, 213, 271-276. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-6090(92)90293-K
  19. Yokoyama, D., Namiki, K. and Yamada, Y. (2006), "Mossbauer study of Fe/S and Fe/O films produced by laser ablation of pyrite and hematite", J. Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 268, 283-288. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-006-0165-y