DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Modelling aspects of the seismic response of steel concentric braced frames

  • D'Aniello, M. (Department of Structures for Engineering and Architecture, University of Naples "Federico II") ;
  • La Manna Ambrosino, G. (Department of Structures for Engineering and Architecture, University of Naples "Federico II") ;
  • Portioli, F. (Department of Structures for Engineering and Architecture, University of Naples "Federico II") ;
  • Landolfo, R. (Department of Structures for Engineering and Architecture, University of Naples "Federico II")
  • Received : 2012.12.15
  • Accepted : 2013.08.05
  • Published : 2013.11.25

Abstract

This paper summarises the results of a numerical study on the non linear response of steel concentric braced frames under monotonic and cyclic loads, using force-based finite elements with section fibre discretisation. The first part of the study is addressed to analyse the single brace response. A parametric analysis was carried out and discussed to evaluate the accuracy of the model, examining the influence of the initial camber, the material modelling, the type of force-based element, the number of integration points and the number of fibers. The second part of the paper is concerned with the modelling issues of whole braced structures. The effectiveness of the modelling approach is verified against the nonlinear static and dynamic behaviour of different type of bracing configurations. The model sensitivity to brace-to-brace interaction and the capability of the model to mimic the response of complex bracing systems is analyzed. The influence of different approaches for modelling the inertia, the equivalent viscous damping and the brace hysteretic response on the overall structural response are also investigated. Finally, on the basis of the performed numerical study general modelling recommendations are proposed.

Keywords

References

  1. Abramowitz, M. and Stegun, I.A. (1964), Handbook of Mathematical Functions, National Bureau of Standards, Applied Math. Series, Vol. 55.
  2. Archambault, M.H., Tremblay, R. and Filiatrault, A. (1995), Etude du Comportement Seismique des Contreventements Ductiles en X avec Profile's Tubulaires en Acier, Rapport No. EPM/GCS-1995-09, In: Montreal, Canada: Departement de Genie Civil, Ecole Polytechnique. [In French]
  3. Black, G.R., Wenger, B.A. and Popov, E.P. (1980), Inelastic Buckling of Steel Struts Under Cyclic Load Reversals, UCB/EERC-80/40, Earthquake Engineering Research Center, Berkeley, CA, USA.
  4. Calabrese, A., Almeida, J.P. and Pinho, R. (2010), "Numerical issues in distributed inelasticity modelling of RC frame elements for seismic analysis", J. Earthq. Eng., 14(1), 38-68. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632461003651869
  5. CEN (2005), "Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures-Part 1: General rules and rules for buildings, EN 1993-1 1", European Committee for Standardisation, Brussels, Belgium.
  6. CEN (2005), "Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance-Part 1: General rules, seismic actions and rules for buildings, EN 1998-1", European Committee for Standardisation, Brussels, Belgium.
  7. Charney, F.A. (2008), "Unintended consequences of modeling damping in structures", J. Struct. Eng. ASCE, 134(4), 581-592. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2008)134:4(581)
  8. Cho, C.H., Lee, C.H. and Kim, J.J. (2011), "Prediction of column axial forces in inverted V-braced seismic steel frames considering brace buckling", J. Struct. Eng. ASCE, 137(12), 1440-1450. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000377
  9. Coleman, J. and Spacone, E. (2001), "Localization issues in force-based frame elements", J. Struct. Eng. ASCE, 127(11), 1257-1265. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2001)127:11(1257)
  10. Correia, A.A. and Virtuoso, F.B.E. (2006), "Nonlinear analysis of space frames", Proceedings of the Third European Conference on Computational Mechanics: Solids, Structures and Coupled Problems in Engineering, (Mota Soares et al. Eds.), Lisbon, Portugal.
  11. D'Aniello, M., Della Corte, G. and Mazzolani, F.M. (2006a), "Seismic upgrading of RC buildings by buckling restrained braces: Experimental results vs numerical modeling", Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Behaviour of Steel Structures in Seismic Areas-Stessa 2006, Yokohama, August, 815-820.
  12. D'Aniello, M., Della Corte, G. and Mazzolani, F.M. (2006b), "Seismic upgrading of RC buildings by steel eccentric braces: Experimental results vs numerical modeling", Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Behaviour of Steel Structures in Seismic Areas-Stessa 2006, Yokohama, August, 809-814.
  13. D'Aniello, M., Della Corte, G. and Mazzolani, F.M. (2008), "Experimental tests of a real building seismically retrofitted by special Buckling-Restrained Braces", AIP Conference Proceedings 1020 (PART 1), Reggio Calabria, July, 1513-1520.
  14. D'Aniello, M., Portioli, F. and Landolfo, R. (2010), "Modelling issues of steel braces under extreme cyclic actions", COST ACTION C26: Urban Habitat Constructions under Catastrophic Events-Proceedings of the Final Conference, Naples, September.
  15. Deierlein, G.G., Reinhorn, A.M. and Willford, M.R. (2010), Nonlinear Structural Analysis for Seismic Design: A Guide for Practicing Engineers, NIST GCR 10-917-5, National Institute of Standards and Technology, CA, USA.
  16. Della Corte, G., D'Aniello, M. and Landolfo, R. (2013), "Analytical and numerical study of plastic overstrength of shear links", J. Constr. Steel Res., 82, 19-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2012.11.013
  17. Dicleli, M. and Calik, E.E. (2008), "Physical theory hysteretic model for steel braces", J. Struct. Eng. ASCE, 134(7), 1215-1228. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2008)134:7(1215)
  18. Dicleli, M. and Mehta, A. (2007), "Simulation of inelastic cyclic buckling behavior of steel box sections", Comput. Struct., 85(7-8), 446-457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruc.2006.09.010
  19. ECCS (1978), European Recommendations for Steel Construction, European Convention for Constructional Steelwork, (Sfintesco, D.), Brussels, Belgium.
  20. Fell, B.V., Kanvinde, A.M., Deierlein, G.G. and Myers, A.T. (2009), "Experimental investigation of inelastic cyclic buckling and fracture of steel braces", J. Struct. Eng. ASCE, 135(1), 19-32. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2009)135:1(19)
  21. Filippou, F.C. and Fenves, G.L. (2004), "Methods of analysis for earthquake-resistant", Chapter 6 from Engineering Seismology to Performance-Based Engineering, (Bozorgnia, Y. and Bertero, V.V. eds.), CRC Press, FL, USA.
  22. Filippou, F.C., Popov, E.P. and Bertero, V.V. (1983), Effects of Bond Deterioration on Hysteretic Behaviorof Reinforced Concrete Joints, EERC Report 83-19, Earthquake Engineering, Research Center, Berkeley,CA, USA
  23. Fragiadakis, M. and Papadrakakis, M. (2008), "Modeling, analysis and reliability of seismically excited structures: Computational issues", Int. J. Comput. Methods, 5(4), 483-511. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219876208001674
  24. Georgescu, D. (1996), "Earthquake-recent developments in theoretical and experimental results on steel structures. Seismic resistant braced frames", Costruzioni metalliche, 1, 39-52.
  25. Goggins, J.M., Broderick, B.M., Elghazouli, A.Y. and Lucas, A.S. (2006), "Behavior of tubular steel members under cyclic axial loading", J. Constr. Steel Res., 621(2), 121-131.
  26. Goggins, J.M., Broderick, B.M. and Elghazouli, A.Y. (2008), "Earthquake testing and response analysis of concentrically-braced sub-frames", J. Constr. Steel Res., 64(9), 997-1007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2007.12.014
  27. Goggins, J. and Salawdeh, S. (2012), "Validation of nonlinear time history analysis models for single-storey concentrically braced frames using full-scale shake table tests", Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., DOI: 10.1002/eqe.2264. [In press]
  28. Ikeda, K. and Mahin, S.A. (1986), "Cyclic response of steel braces", J. Struct. Eng. ASCE, 112(2), 342-361. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1986)112:2(342)
  29. Jain, A.K. and Goel, S. (1978), Hysteresis Models for Steel Members Subjected to Cyclic Buckling or Cyclic End Moments and Buckling-Users Guide for DRAIN-2D, University of Michigan, College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
  30. Jin, J. and El-Tawil, S. (2003), "Inelastic cyclic model for steel braces", J. Eng. Mech. ASCE, 129(5), 548-557. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(2003)129:5(548)
  31. Lee, S. and Goel, S.C. (1987), Seismic Behavior of Hollow and Concrete-Filled Square Tubular Bracing Members, Research Rep. No. UMCE 87-11, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
  32. Lee, P.S and Noh, C.H. (2010), "Inelastic buckling behavior of steel members under reversed cyclic loading", Eng. Struct., 32(9), 2579-2595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2010.04.031
  33. Maquoi, R. and Rondal, J. (1978), "Mise en equation des nouvelles courbes europeennes de flambement", Construction Metallique, 1, 17-30. [In French]
  34. Mazzolani, F.M., Della Corte, G. and D'Aniello, M. (2009), "Experimental analysis of steel dissipative bracing systems for seismic upgrading", J. Civ. Eng. Manag., 15(1), 7-19. https://doi.org/10.3846/1392-3730.2009.15.7-19
  35. Menegotto, M. and Pinto, P.E. (1973), "Method of analysis for cyclically loaded reinforced concrete plane frames including changes in geometry and non-elastic behavior of elements under combined normal Force and bending", Proceedings IABSE Symposium on Resistance and Ultimate Deformability of Structures Acted on by Well Defined Repeated Loads, Lisbon, Portugal.
  36. Nip, K.H., Gardner, L. and Elghazouli, A.Y. (2010), "Cyclic testing and numerical modelling of carbon steel and stainless steel tubular bracing members", Eng. Struct., 32(2), 424-441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2009.10.005
  37. Priestley, M.J.N. and Grant, D.N. (2005), "Viscous damping in seismic design and analysis", J. Earthq. Eng., 9(1), 229-255. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1363246905002365
  38. Salawdeh, S. and Goggins, J. (2013), "Numerical simulation for steel brace members incorporating a fatigue model", Eng. Struct., 46, 332-349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.07.036
  39. Scott, M.H. and Fenves, G.L. (2006), "Plastic hinge integration methods for force-based beam-column elements", J. Struct. Eng. ASCE, 132(2), 244-252. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2006)132:2(244)
  40. Seismosoft (2011), "SeismoStruct-A computer program for static and dynamic nonlinear analysis of framed structures", Available from URL: www.seismosoft.com
  41. Serra, M., Rebelo, C., Silva, L.S., Tenchini, A., D'Aniello, M. and Landolfo, R. (2012), "Study on concentrically V-braced frames under cyclic loading", Proceedings of Stessa 2012 Conference, Santiago, Chile, January.
  42. Shaback, B. and Brown, T. (2003), "Behavior of square hollow structural steel braces with end connections under reversed cyclic axial loading", Can. J. Civ. Eng., 30(4), 745-753. https://doi.org/10.1139/l03-028
  43. Shibata, M. (1982), "Analysis of elastic-plastic behavior of a steel brace subjected to repeated axial force", Int. J. Solids Struct., 18(3), 217-228. https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-7683(82)90004-X
  44. Spacone, E., Ciampi, V. and Filippou, F.C. (1996), "Mixed formulation of nonlinear beam finite element", Comput. Struct., 58(I), 71-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/0045-7949(95)00103-N
  45. Szabo, B.A. and Babuška, I. (1991), Finite Element Analysis, John Wiley & Sons.
  46. Takeuchi, T. and Matsui, R. (2011), "Cumulative cyclic deformation capacity of circular tubular braces under local buckling", J. Struct. Eng. ASCE, 137(11), 1311-1318. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000380
  47. Tang, X. and Goel, S.C. (1989), "Brace fractures and analysis of phase I structures", J. Struct. Eng. ASCE, 115(8), 1960-1976. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1989)115:8(1960)
  48. Tremblay, R. (2002), "Inelastic seismic response of steel bracing members", J. Constr. Steel Res., 58(5-8), 665-701. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0143-974X(01)00104-3
  49. Tremblay, R., Archambault, M.H. and Filiatrault, A. (2003), "Seismic response of concentrically brace steel frames made with rectangular hollow bracing members", J. Struct. Eng. ASCE, 129(12), 1626-1636. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2003)129:12(1626)
  50. Uang, C.M. and Bertero, V.V. (1986), Earthquake Simulation Tests and Associated Studies of a 0.3-Scale Model of a Six-Story Concentrically Braced Steel Structure, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
  51. Uriz, P. (2005), "Towards earthquake resistant design of concentrically braced steel buildings", Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
  52. Uriz, P., Filippou F.C. and Mahin, S.A. (2008), "Model for cyclic inelastic buckling of steel braces", J. Struct. Eng. ASCE, 134(4), 619-628. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2008)134:4(619)
  53. Wakawayashi, M., Matsui, C., Minami, K. and Mitani, I. (1970), Inelastic Behaviour of Full Scale Steel Frames, Kyoto University Research Information Repository, Disaster Prevention Research Institute annuals.
  54. Wijesundara, K.K. (2009), "Design of concentrically braced steel frames with RHS shape braces", Ph.D. Dissertation, Pavia: European Centre for Training and Research in Earthquake Engineering (EUCENTRE).
  55. Wijesundara, K.K., Nascimbene, R. and Sullivan, T.J. (2011), "Equivalent viscous damping for steel concentrically braced frame structures", B. Earthq. Eng., 9(5), 1535-1558. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-011-9272-4
  56. Yang, C.S., Leon, R.T. and DesRoches, R. (2008), "Pushover response of a braced frame with suspended zipper struts", J. Struct. Eng. ASCE, 134(10), 1619-1626. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2008)134:10(1619)

Cited by

  1. Theory of plastic mechanism control for MRF–CBF dual systems and its validation vol.12, pp.6, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-014-9612-2
  2. The influence of out-of-straightness imperfection in physical theory models of bracing members on seismic performance assessment of concentric braced structures vol.24, pp.3, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1002/tal.1160
  3. Seismic Behaviour of Different Bracing Systems in High Rise 2-D Steel Buildings vol.3, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2015.06.004
  4. Comparative Response Assessment of Steel Frames With Different Bracing Systems Under Seismic Effect vol.11, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2017.06.006
  5. Seismic analysis of steel structure with brace configuration using topology optimization vol.21, pp.3, 2016, https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2016.21.3.501
  6. I.11.03: Influence of splitting beam and column stiffness on CBFS ductile behaviour vol.1, pp.2-3, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1002/cepa.393
  7. Seismic performance of dual-steel moment resisting frames vol.101, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2014.06.007
  8. Seismic Design of MRF-EBF Dual Systems with Vertical Links: EC8 vs Plastic Design vol.19, pp.3, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2014.978917
  9. Seismic design and performance of multi-tiered steel braced frames including the contribution from gravity columns under in-plane seismic demand vol.101, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advengsoft.2016.01.021
  10. Seismic response of Cfs strap-braced stud walls: Experimental investigation vol.85, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2014.09.008
  11. Intermediate HSS bracing members during seismic excitations: modeling, design, and behavior 2017, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11709-016-0375-5
  12. Seismic design criteria for Chevron CBFs: European vs North American codes (Part-1) vol.135, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2017.04.018
  13. Seismic performance assessment of Eurocode 8-compliant concentric braced frame buildings using FEMA P-58 vol.155, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.11.016
  14. Modeling of different bracing configurations in multi-storey concentrically braced frames using a fiber-beam based approach vol.101, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2014.06.009
  15. The influence of beam stiffness on seismic response of chevron concentric bracings vol.112, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2015.05.021
  16. Experimental tests on Crescent Shaped Braces hysteretic devices vol.144, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.04.034
  17. High strength steel in chevron concentrically braced frames designed according to Eurocode 8 vol.124, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.06.001
  18. Vibration control by damped braces of fire-damaged steel structures subjected to wind and seismic loads vol.83, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2016.01.003
  19. Buckling length determination of concrete filled steel tubular column under axial compression in standard fire test vol.49, pp.4, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-015-0570-1
  20. Determination of geometrical imperfection models in finite element analysis of structural steel hollow sections under cyclic axial loading vol.141, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2017.11.012
  21. Theory of Plastic Mechanism Control for MRF–EBF dual systems: Closed form solution vol.118, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.03.050
  22. 11.64: Seismic behaviour of steel Chevron bracing systems by non-linear dynamic analyses vol.1, pp.2-3, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1002/cepa.389
  23. Ground motions and scaling techniques for 3D performance based seismic assessment of an industrial steel structure 2018, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-017-0244-1
  24. Seismic behavior of concentrically braced frames designed to AISC341 and EC8 provisions vol.133, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2017.02.026
  25. Contribution of secondary frames to the mitigation of collapse in steel buildings subjected to extreme loads vol.12, pp.1, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1080/15732479.2014.994534
  26. Seismic Performance Assessment of Multitiered Steel Concentrically Braced Frames Designed in Accordance with the 2010 AISC Seismic Provisions vol.142, pp.12, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001561
  27. Cyclic Plastic Hinges with Degradation Effects for Frame Structures vol.143, pp.12, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0001358
  28. Dynamic Response of Steel Framed Structures Fire-Retrofitted with Viscoelastic-Damped Braces vol.15, pp.8, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40999-016-0134-y
  29. Seismic response and failure mechanism of single-layer latticed domes with steel columns and braces as substructures vol.124, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2017.12.038
  30. Comparing fluid viscous damper placement methods considering total-building seismic performance vol.47, pp.14, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.3117
  31. Proposal of design rules for ductile X-CBFS in the framework of EUROCODE 8 pp.00988847, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.3128
  32. Seismic performance of modular steel frames equipped with shape memory alloy braces vol.16, pp.11, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-018-0394-9
  33. Improving total-building seismic performance using linear fluid viscous dampers vol.16, pp.9, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-018-0338-4
  34. Remarks on Seismic Design Rules of EC8 for Inverted-V CBFs vol.763, pp.1662-9795, 2018, https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.763.1147
  35. Concentrically Braced Frames: European vs. North American Seismic Design Provisions vol.11, pp.1, 2013, https://doi.org/10.2174/1874149501711010453
  36. Assessment of the Design Criteria for Concentric V-Braced Steel Structures According to Italian and European Codes vol.11, pp.1, 2017, https://doi.org/10.2174/1874149501711010464
  37. Nonlinear Behaviour of Mid-rise Steel Buildings with Gate Braced Frames vol.11, pp.1, 2017, https://doi.org/10.2174/1874149501711010475
  38. Seismic Behavior of Concentrically Braced Steel Frames with Out-of-Plane Offset Irregularity vol.11, pp.1, 2013, https://doi.org/10.2174/1874149501711010485
  39. Dual-concentrically Braced Frames Using High Strength Steel - Seismic Response vol.11, pp.1, 2013, https://doi.org/10.2174/1874149501711010496
  40. A study on the comparison of a steel building with braced frames and with RC walls vol.12, pp.3, 2013, https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2017.12.3.263
  41. Evaluation of seismic criteria of built-up special concentrically braced frames vol.29, pp.1, 2013, https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2018.29.1.023
  42. ÇELİK ÇAPRAZ ELEMANLARIN ELASTİK ÖTESİ BURKULMA DAVRANIŞLARININ FARKLI MODELLEME YAKLAŞIMLARI İLE İNCELENMESİ vol.6, pp.1, 2018, https://doi.org/10.29130/dubited.362689
  43. Seismic performance-based design and risk analysis of thermal power plant building with consideration of vertical and mass irregularities vol.164, pp.None, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.03.001
  44. Cyclic performance and fracture of wide flanged concentrically steel braced frames vol.21, pp.3, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1080/13287982.2020.1786988
  45. Seismic design rules for ductile Eurocode-compliant two-storey X concentrically braced frames vol.36, pp.3, 2013, https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2020.36.3.273
  46. An assessment of damper placement methods considering upfront damper cost vol.173, pp.11, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1680/jstbu.19.00023
  47. Development of curved braces partially strengthened by induction heating vol.233, pp.None, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.111754
  48. Seismic Design and Performance Assessment of Steel Frames Considering Joints' Behaviour vol.4, pp.2, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1002/cepa.1510