Journal of Life Science (생명과학회지)

Korean Society of Life Science (한국생명과학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Insights into the Roles of Prebiotics and Probiotics in the Large Intestine

대장에서 prebiotics와 probiotics 역할에 대한 조명

  • An, Su Jin (Department of Animal Resources Technology, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology) ;
  • Kim, Jae Yeong (Department of Animal Resources Technology, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology) ;
  • Choi, In Soon (Department of Biological Science, Silla University) ;
  • Cho, Kwang Keun (Department of Animal Resources Technology, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology)
  • 안수진 (경남과학기술대학교 동물소재공학과) ;
  • 김재영 (경남과학기술대학교 동물소재공학과) ;
  • 최인순 (신라대학교 생물학과) ;
  • 조광근 (경남과학기술대학교 동물소재공학과)
  • Received : 2013.10.08
  • Accepted : 2013.10.20
  • Published : 2013.10.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

According to facts revealed up until the present, there are a total of 68 known phyla on earth, including 55 phyla of bacteria and 13 phyla of archaea. The human large intestine has 9 phyla of microorganisms, which is a relatively lower diversity compared to the general environments of soil or sea. The diversity of intestinal microorganisms is affected by the characteristics of the host (genetic background, sex, age, immune system, and gut motility), the diet (non-digestible carbohydrates, fat, prebiotics, probiotics), and the intake of antibiotics, which in turn have an effect on energy storage processes, gene expressions, and even metabolic diseases like obesity. Probiotics are referred to as living microorganisms that improve the intestinal microbiota and contribute to the health of the host; in addition, probiotics usually comprise lactic acid bacteria. Recently, bacteriotherapy using probiotics has been utilized to treat sicknesses like diarrhea and irritable bowel syndrome. Prebiotics are a food ingredient which can selectively adjust intestinal microorganisms and which comprise inulin, fructooligosaccharides, galactooligosaccharides, and lactulose. In recent days, attention has been paid to the use of dietary cellulose in the large intestine and the production of short chain fatty acids (short-chain fatty acids) in relation to obesity and anticancer. More research into microorganisms in the large intestine is necessary to identify specific microorganism species, which are adjusted by diverse non-digestible carbohydrates, prebiotics, and probiotics in the large intestine and to understand the connection between sicknesses and metabolites like short chain fatty acids produced by these microorganism species.

현재까지 밝혀진 사실에 의하면 지구상에는 55개 phylum의 bacteria와 13개 phylum의 archaea가 존재하여 총 68개 phylum 있으며, 대장에는 9개 phylum의 미생물이 존재하여 일반 토양환경이나 해양환경에 비하여 상대적으로 낮은 미생물 다양성을 가지고 있다. 장내 미생물의 다양성은 Host의 고유특성(genetic background, sex, age, immune system, gut motility)과 식이(nondigestible carbohydrates fat, prebiotics or probiotics), 항생제 섭취 등으로 인하여 영향 받으며, 이러한 영향이 에너지 저장 과정과 유전자 발현을 영향을 주고 나아가 비만과 같은 대사질환에 영향을 미친다. Probiotics는 숙주의 장내 균총을 개선하여 건강에 유익함을 줄 수 있는 살아있는 미생물을 말하며, 주로 lactic acid bacteria들이 이용되어 왔다. 최근 probiotics를 이용한 설사나 과민성대장증후군 등과 같은 질병 치료를 위하여 bacteriotherapy가 활용되고 있다. Prebiotics는 장내 미생물을 선택적으로 조절할 수 있는 식품 성분으로 inulin, fructo-oligosaccharides, galacto-oligosaccharides, lactulose 등이 이용되고 있으며, 최근에는 비만, 항암과 관련하여 대장 내 식이섬유소의 이용과 단쇄지방산(short-chain fatty acids) 생산에 대한 관심이 집중되고 있다. 다양한 nondigestible carbohydrates와 prebiotics, probiotics에 의해서 조절되는 대장 내 특정 미생물 종을 규명하고, 이들 미생물 종이 생산하는 단쇄지방산과 같은 대사산물들과 질병과의 연관성 규명하는 대장 미생물 연구가 더욱 필요하다.

Keywords

References

  1. Ackhed, F. B, Manchester, J. K., Semenkovich, C. F. and Gordon, J. I. 2007. Mechanisms underlying the resistance to diet induced obesity in germ-free mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104, 979-984. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0605374104
  2. Allen, S. J., Martinez, E. G., Gregorio, G. V. and Dans, L. F. 2010. Probiotics for treating acute infectious diarrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 11, CD003048.
  3. Arumugam, M., Raes, J., Pelletier, E., Paslier, D. L., Yamada, T., Mende, D. R., Fernandes, G. R., Tap, J., Bruls, T., Batto, J. M., Bertalan, M., Borruel, N., Casellas, F., Fernandez, L., Gautier, L., Hansen, T., Hattori, M., Hayashi, T., Kleerebezem, M., Kurokawa, K., Leclerc, M., Levenez, F., Manichanh, C., Bjorn, H., Nielsen, T., Pons, N., Poulain, J., Qin, J., Ponten, T. S., Tims, S., Torrents, D., Ugarte, E., Zoetendal, E.G., Wang, J., Guarner, F., Pedersen, O., Vos, W. M. D., Brunak, S., Dore, J. and Consortium, M. 2011. Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome. Nature 473, 174-180. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09944
  4. Backhed, F., Ding, H., Wang, T., Hooper, L. V., Koh, G. Y., Nagy, A., Semenkovich, C. F., Gordon, J. I. and Affiliations, A. 2004. The gut microbiota as an environmental factor that regulates fat storage. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101, 15718-15723. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0407076101
  5. Backhed, F., Ley, R. E., Sonnenburg, J. L., Peterson, D. A. and Gordon, J. I. 2005. Host-bacterial mutualism in the human intestine. Science 307, 1915-1920. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1104816
  6. Bajzer, M. and Randy, J. S. 2006. Physiology: Obesity and gut flora. Nature 444, 1009-1010. https://doi.org/10.1038/4441009a
  7. Belenguer, A., Duncan, A. S. H., Calder, G., Holtrop, G., Louos, P., Lobley, G. E. and Flint, H. J. 2006. Two routes of metabolic cross-feeding between Bifidobacterium adolescentis and butyrate-producing anaerobes from the human gut. Appl Environ Microbiol 72, 3593-3599. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.72.5.3593-3599.2006
  8. Brigidi, P., Vitali, B., Swennen, E., Bazzocchi, G. and Matteuzzi, D. 2001. Effects of probiotic administration upon the composition and enzymatic activity of human fecal microbiota in patients with irritable bowel syndrome or functional diarrhea. Res Microbial 152, 735-741. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0923-2508(01)01254-2
  9. Dave, M., Peter, D., Middhac, S. and Rioux, K. P. 2012. The human gut microbiome: current knowledge, challenges, and future directions. Transl Res 160, 246-257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trsl.2012.05.003
  10. Delzenne, N. M. and Kok, N. 2001. Effects of fructans-type prebiotics on lipid metabolism. Am J Clin Nutr 73, 456-458.
  11. Delzenne, N. M., Cani, P. D. and Neyrinck, A. M. 2007. Modulation of glucagon-like peptide 1 and energy metabolism by inulin and oligofructose: experimental data. J Nutr 137, 2547-2551.
  12. Delzenne, N. M., Neyrinck, M. A., Backhed, F. and Cani, P. D. 2011. Targeting gut microbiota in obesity: effects of prebiotics and probiotics. Nat Rev Endocrinol 7, 639-646. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2011.126
  13. Deshpande, G., Rao, S., Patole, S. and Bulsara, M. 2010. Updated meta-analysis of probiotics for preventing necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm neonates. Pediatrics 125, 921-930. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2009-1301
  14. DiBaise, J. K., Zhang, H., Crowell, M. D., Brown, R. K., Decker, G. A. and Rittmann, B. E. 2008. Gut microbiota and its possible relationship with obesity. Mayo Clin Proc 83, 460-469. https://doi.org/10.4065/83.4.460
  15. Eckburg, P. E., Bernstein, C. N., Purdom, E., Dethlefsen, L., Sargent, M., Gill, S. R., Nelson, K. E. and Relman, D. A. 2005. Diversity of the human intestinal microbial flora. Science 308, 1635-1638. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1110591
  16. Filippo, D. C., Cavalieria, D., Paolab, M. D., Ramazzottic, M., Poulletd, J. B., Massartd, S., Collinib, S., Pieraccinie, G. and Lionettib, P. 2010. Impact of diet in shaping gut microbiota revealed by a comparative study in children from Europe and rural Africa. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107, 14691-14696. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1005963107
  17. Finegold, S., Molitoris, M. D., Song, Y., Liu, C., Vaisanen, M. L., Bolte, E., McTeague, M., Sandler, R., Wexler, H., Marlowe, E. M., Collins, M. D., Lawson, P. A., Summanen, P., Baysallar, M., Tomzynski, T. J., Read, E., Johnson, E., Rolfe, R., Nasir, P., Shah, H., Haake, D. A., Manning, P. and Kaul, A. 2002. Gastrointestinal microflora studies in late-onset autism. Clin Infect Dis 35, 6-16.
  18. Floch, M. H., Madsen, K. K. and Jenkins, D. J. 2006. Recommendations for probiotic use. J Clin Gastroenterol 40, 275-278. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004836-200603000-00022
  19. Gibson, G. R., Probert, H. M., Rastall, R. A. and Roberfroid, M. R. 2004. Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: updating the concept of prebiotics. Nutr Res Rev 17, 259-275. https://doi.org/10.1079/NRR200479
  20. Guarner, F., Khan, A. G., Garisch, J., Eliakim, E., Gangl, A. Thomson, A., Krabshuis, J., Lemair, T., outside experts, I., Kaufmann, P., de Paula, J. A., Fedorak, R., Shanahan, F., Sanders, M. E., zajewska, H., Ramakrishna, B. S. and Karakan, T. 2011. Probiotics and prebiotics. World Gastroenterology Organisation.
  21. Haarman, M. and Knol, J. 2005. Quantitative real-time PCR assays to identify and quantify fecal Bifidobacterium species in infants receiving a prebiotic infant formula. Appl Environ Microbiol 71, 2318-2324. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.71.5.2318-2324.2005
  22. Hamer, H. M., Jonkers, D., Venema, K., Vanhoutvin, S., Troost, F. J. and Brummer, R. J. 2008. Review article: the role of butyrate on colonic function. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 27, 104-119.
  23. Harmsen, H. J., Raangs, G. C., Franks, A. H., Wildeboer-Veloo, A. C. M. and Welling, G. W. 2002. The effect of the probiotic inulin and the probiotic Bifidobacterium longum on the fecal microflora of healthy volunteers measured by FISH and DGGE. Microbiol Ecol Health Dis 14, 211-219.
  24. Holzapfel, W. H., Haberer, P., Snel, J., Schillinger, U. and Veld, H. I. 1998. Overview of gut flora and probiotics. K. Food Microbiol 41, 85-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1605(98)00044-0
  25. Hooper, L. V., Wong, M. H., Thelin, A., Hansson, L., Falk, P. G. and Gordon, J. I. 2001. Molecular analysis of commensal host microbial relationships in the intestine. Science 291, 881-884. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.291.5505.881
  26. Klaenhammer, T., Altermann, E. and Arigoni, F. 2002. Discovering lactic acid bacteria by genomics. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 82, 29-58. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020638309912
  27. Kuehl, C., Wood, H., Marsh, T. L., Schmidt, T. M. and Young, V. B. 2005. Colonization of the cecal mucosa by Helicobacter hepaticus impacts the diversity of the indigenous microbiota. Infect Immun 73, 6952-6961. https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.73.10.6852-6961.2005
  28. Leitch, E. C. M, Walker, A. W., Duncan, S. H., Holtrop, G. and Flint, H. J. 2007. Selective colonization of insoluble substrates by human faecal bacteria. Environ Microbiol 9, 667-679. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2006.01186.x
  29. Lenoir-Wijnkoop, I., Sanders, M. E., Cabana, M. D., Corthier, G., Rayes, N., Sherman, P. M., Timmerman, H. M., Vaneechoutte, M., Loo, J. V. and Wolvers, D. A. W. 2007. Probiotic and prebiotic influence beyond the intestinal tract. Nutr Rev 65, 469-489. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2007.tb00272.x
  30. Ley, R., Peter, E., Turnbaugh, J., Klein, S. and Gordon, J. 2006. Microbial ecology: human gut microbes associated with obesity. Nature 444, 1022-1023. https://doi.org/10.1038/4441022a
  31. Lopez, H. W., Levrat-Verny, M. A., Coudray, C., Besson, C., Krespine, V., Messager, A., Demigne, C. and Remesy, C. 2001. Class 2 resistant starches lower plasma and liver lipids and improve mineral retention in rats. J Nutr 131, 1283-1289.
  32. Mallon, P., McKay, D., Kirk, S. and Gardiner, K. 2007. Probiotics for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4, CD005573.
  33. Martin, F., Wang, E. Y., Dumas, M., Yap, I. K. S., Cloarec, O., Bergonzelli, G. E., Theulaz, I., Kochhar, S., Holmes, E., Lindon, J. C., Collinsand, S. M. and Nicholson, J. K. 2006. Transgenomic metabolic interactions in a mouse disease model: Interactions of Trichinella spiralis infection with dietary Lactobacillus paracasei supplementation. J Proteome Res 5, 2185-2193. https://doi.org/10.1021/pr060157b
  34. Martina, R., Langaa, S., Reviriegoa, C., Jimeneza, E., Marina, M. L., Olivaresb, M., Bozab, J., Jimenezb, J., Fernandeza, L., Xausb, J. and Rodrigueza, J. M. 2004. The commensal microflora of human milk: new perspectives for food bacteriotherapy and probiotics. Trends Food Sci Technol 15, 121-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2003.09.010
  35. Matto, J., Malinen, E., Suihko, M. L., Alander, M., Palva, A. and Saarela, M. 2004. Genetic heterogeneity and functional properties of intestinal Bifidobacteria. J Appl Microbiol 97, 459-470. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02340.x
  36. Morrison, D. J., Mackay, W. G., Edwards, C. A., Preston, T., Dodson, B. and Weaver, L. T. 2006. Butyrate production from oligofructose fermentation by the human faecal flora: what is the contribution of extracellular acetate and lactate?. J Nutr 96, 570-577.
  37. Okazaki, Y., Sitanggang, N. V., Sato, S., Ohnishi, N., Inoue, J., Iguchi, T., Watanabe, T., Tomotake, H., Harada, K. and Kato, N. 2013. Burdock fermented by Aspergillus awamori elevates cecal Bifidobacterium, and reduces fecal deoxycholic acid and adipose tissue weight in rats fed a high-fat diet. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 77, 53-57. https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.120551
  38. O’Mahony, L., McCarthy, J., Kelly, P., Hurley, G., Luo, F., Chen, K., O’Sullivan, G. C., Kiely, B., Collins, J. K., Shanahan, F. and Quigley, E. M. M. 2005. Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in irritable bowel syndrome: symptom responses and relationship to cytokine profiles. Gastroenterology 128, 541-551. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2004.11.050
  39. Osborn, D. A. and Sinn, J. K. 2007. Probiotics in infants for prevention of allergic disease and food hypersensitivity. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4, CD006475.
  40. Ott, S., Musfeldt, M., Wenderoth, D. F., Hampe, J., Brant, O., Folsch, U. R., Timmis, K. N. and Schreiber, S. 2004. Reduction in diversity of the colonic mucosa associated bacterial microflora in patients with active inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 53, 685-693. https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.2003.025403
  41. Qin, J, Raes, R., Arumugam, J., Burgdorf, M. K. S., Manichanh, C., Nielsen, T., Pons, N., Levenez, F., Yamada, T., Mende, D., Li, J., Xu, J., Li, S., Li, D., Cao, J., Wang, B., Liang, H., Zheng, H., Xie, Y., Tap, J., Lepage, P., Bertalan, M., Batto, J., Hansen, T., Paslier, D., Linneberg, A., Nielsen, H. B., Pelletier, E., Renault, P., Ponten, T., Turner, K., Zhu, H., Yu, C., Li, S., Jian, M., Zhou, Y., Li, Y., Zhang, X., Li, S., Qin, N., Yang, H., Wang, J., Brunak, S., Dore, J., Guarner, F., Kristiansen, K., Pedersen, O., Parkhill, J., Weissenbach, J., Consortium, M., Bork, P., Ehrlich, S. and Wang, J. 2010. A human gut microbial gene catalogue established by metagenomic sequencing. Nature 464, 59-65. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08821
  42. Ramnani, P., Gaudier, E., Bingham, M., van Bruggen, P., Tuoh, K. M. and Gibson, G. R. 2010. Prebiotic effect of fruit and vegetable shots containing Jerusalem artichoke inulin: a human intervention study. J Nutr 104, 233-240. https://doi.org/10.1017/S000711451000036X
  43. Reid, G., Jass, J., Sebulsky, M. T. and McCormick, J. K. 2003. Potential uses of probiotics in clinical practice. Clin Microbiol 16, 658-672. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.16.4.658-672.2003
  44. Sakakibara, S., Yamauchi, T., Oshima, Y., Tsukamoto, Y. and Kadowaki, T. 2006. Acetic acid activates hepatic AMPK and reduces hyperglycemia in diabetic KK-A(y) mice. Biochem Biophyl Res Commun 344, 597-604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.03.176
  45. Salminen, S., Bouley, C., Boutron-Ruault, M. C., Cummings, J. H., Franck, A., Gibson, G. R., Isolauri, E., Moreau, M. C., Roberfroid, M. and Rowland, I. 1998. Functional food science and gastrointestinal physiologyand function. J Nutr 80, 147-171. https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN19980108
  46. Samuel, B. S., Shaito, A., Motoike, T., Rey, F. E., Backhed, F., Manchester, J. K., Hammer, R. E., Williams, S. C., Crowley, J., Yanagisawa, M. and Gordon, J. I. 2008. Effects of the gut microbiota on host adiposity are modulated by the short-chain fatty-acid binding G protein-coupled receptor, Gpr41. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105, 16767-16772. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0808567105
  47. Sanz, Y., Santacruz, A. and De Palma, G. 2008. Insights into the roles of gut microbes in obesity. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis 2008, 829101.
  48. Shanahan, F. 2010. Probiotics in perspective. Gastroenterology 139, 1808-1812. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2010.10.025
  49. Sprunt, K. and Leidy, G. 1988. The use of bacterial interference to prevent infection. Can J Microbiol 34, 332-338 https://doi.org/10.1139/m88-061
  50. Stappenbeck, T. S., Hooper, L. V. and Gordon, J. I. 2002. Developmental regulation of intestinal angiogenesis by indigenous microbes via Paneth cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99, 15451-15455. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.202604299
  51. Stebbings, S., Munro, K., Simon, M. A., Tannock, G., Highton, J., Harmsen, H., Welling, G., Seksik, P., Dore, J., Grame, G. and Tilsala-Timisjarvi, A. 2002. Comparison of the faecal microflora of patients with ankylosing spondylitis and controls using molecular methods of analysis. Rheumatology 41, 1395-13401. https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/41.12.1395
  52. Tannock, G. W. 1997. Probiotic properties of lactic-acid bacteria: plenty of scope for fundamental R&D. Trends Biotechnol 15, 270-274 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-7799(97)01056-1
  53. Tannok, G., Munro, K., Harmsen, H. J. M., Welling, G. W., Smart, J. and Gopal, P. K. 2000. Analysis of the fecal microflora of human subjects consuming a probiotic product contacting Lactobacilus rhamnosus DR20. Appl Enviton Microbiol 66, 2578-2588. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.66.6.2578-2588.2000
  54. Turnbaugh, P. J., Ley, R. E., Hamady, M., Fraser-Liggett, C. M., Knight, E. and Gordon, J. I. 2007. The human microbiome project. Nature 449, 804-810. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06244
  55. Wolever, T. M. S., Spadafora, P. J., Cunnane, S. C. and Pencharz, P. B. 1995. Propionate inhibits incorporation of colonic [1, 2-13C] acetate into plasma lipids in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 61, 1241-1247.
  56. Zhou, J., Xia, B., Treves, S. D., Wu, L. Y., Marsh, T. L., O'Neill, R. V., Palumbo, A. V. and Tiedje, J. M. 2002. Spatial and resource factors influencing high microbial diversity in soil. Appl Environ Microbiol 68, 326-334. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.68.1.326-334.2002

Cited by

  1. A Genotoxicological Safety Evaluation of Crude Antifungal Compounds Produced by Lactobacillus Plantarum AF1 and Lactobacillus Plantarum HD1 vol.26, pp.4, 2015, https://doi.org/10.7856/kjcls.2015.26.4.633