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Fractionation and Rare-Element Mineralization of Kenticha Pegmatite, Southern Ethiopia

에티오피아 남부 켄티차 페그마타이트의 분화양상과 희유원소 광화작용

  • Received : 2013.05.03
  • Accepted : 2013.09.20
  • Published : 2013.10.28

Abstract

The Kenticha rare-element (Ta-Li-Nb-Be) mineralized zone is located in ophiolitic fold and thrust complex of southern Ethiopia and was firstly discovered by joint exploration program of Ethiopia-Soviet in 1980s. It includes Dermidama, Kilkele, Shuni Hill, Kenticha, and Bupo pegmatites from south to north. The Kenticha pegmatite intruded parallel to NS-striking serpentinite and talc-chlorite schist, and is exposed approximately 2 km length and 400-700 m width. The Kenticha pegmatite is internally zoned and subdivided into lower quartz-muscovite-albite granite, intermediate muscovite-quartz-albite-microcline pegmatite, and upper spodumene-quartz-albite pegmatite, based on their mineral assemblage. The major, trace elements (e.g., Rb, Li, Nb, Ta, and Ga), and element ratios (e.g., K/Rb, Nb/Ta, Mg/Li, and Al/Ga) suggest that the fractionation and solidification of pegmatite have progressed from the lower towards upper pegmatite. In contrast, unlike general magmatic fractionation, Mg/Li ratios of the Kenticha pegmatite tend to be increased towards the upper pegmatite. It may result from post-magmatic hydrothermal alteration and/or interaction with upper ultramafic rock. Rare-element mineralization in Kenticha pegmatite concentrates on the upper pegmatite, which contains up to 3.0 wt % $Li_2O$, 3,780 ppm Rb, 111 ppm Cs, 1,320 ppm Ta, and 332 ppm Nb. Ore minerals in Kenticha pegmatite mostly include tantalite, spodumene, and lepidolite, and tantalite has an association with coarser quartz-spodumene and relatively fine sacchroidal albite. The tantalite is classified into Mn-tantalite as a function of $Mn^*[Mn/(Mn+Fe)]$ and $Ta^*[Ta/(Ta+Nb)]$ values. Its compositions ($Mn^*$, $Ta^*$, and Nb/Ta) between coarse and fine tantalites are different and the former is strongly enriched in Ta and depleted in Nb compared to latter one. In conclusion, rare-element mineralization in the Kenticha pegmatite may has occurred in the latest stage of magmatic fractionation.

켄티차(Kenticha) 희유원소(Ta-Li-Nb-Be) 광화대는 에티오피아 남부의 오피올라이트 습곡-쓰러스트 복합체내에 위치하고 있으며, 1980년대 에티오피아-구소련간 수행된 공동탐사 프로그램을 통해서 처음 발견되었다. 켄티차 희유원소 광화대는 남쪽에서 북쪽으로 덜미다마(Dermidama), 킬킬리(Kilkele), 슈니힐(Shuni Hill), 켄티차, 부포(Bupo) 페그마타이트를 포함한다. 켄티차 페그마타이트는 남북방향의 사문암과 활석-녹니석 편암층을 평행하게 관입하고 있으며, 대략 연장 2 km, 폭 400-700 m로 노출되어 있다. 켄티차 페그마타이트는 내부적으로 대상(zoning)을 이루고 있으며, 광물조합에 따라 하부 석영-백운모-조장석 화강암, 중부 백운모-석영-조장석-미사장석 페그마타이트, 상부 스포듀민-석영-조장석 페그마타이트로 세분된다. 주성분, 미량성분(Rb, Li, Nb, Ta, Ga), 원소비(K/Rb, Nb/Ta, Mg/Li, Al/Ga)는 페그마타이트의 분별작용과 고화작용이 하부에서 상부 페그마타이트로 진행되었음을 시사한다. 반면에 일반적인 페그마타이트 멜트의 분화양상과 달리 켄티차 페그마타이트의 Mg/Li 비는 상부 페그마타이트로 가면서 증가하는 양상을 보인다. 이러한 양상은 후기 마그마성 열수변질 또는 상부 초염기성암과의 반응 결과로 해석된다. 켄티차 페그마타이트의 희유원소 광화작용은 상부 페그마타이트에 집중되며, 최대 $Li_2O$ 3.0%, Rb 3,780 pm, Cs 111 ppm, Ta 1,320 ppm, and Nb 332 ppm을 함유하고 있다. 켄티차 페그마타이트에서 광석광물은 주로 탄탈라이트, 스포듀민, 레피돌라이트가 산출되며, 탄탈라이트는 거정의 석영-스포듀민과 상대적으로 세립의 당상 조장석과 함께 산출된다. 탄탈라이트는 $Mn^*$$Ta^*$ 값에 근거할 때 Mn-탄탈라이트로 분류된다. 거정질과 세립의 탄탈라이트는 조성($Mn^*$, $Ta^*$, Nb/Ta) 차이가 명확히 나타나며, 거정질 탄탈라이트는 세립의 탄탈라이트에 비해 Ta이 강하게 부화되며 Nb은 결핍되어 있다. 결론적으로 켄티차 페그마타이트에서 희유원소 광화작용은 마그마 멜트의 분별작용 최후기에 형성되었다.

Keywords

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