Wind and Structures

  • 제17권1호
  • /
  • Pages.69-85
  • /
  • 2013
  • /
  • 1226-6116(pISSN)
  • /
  • 1598-6225(eISSN)
테크노프레스 (Techno-Press)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Wind loading on trees integrated with a building envelope

  • 투고 : 2012.07.26
  • 심사 : 2012.10.05
  • 발행 : 2013.07.25
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

With the sustainability movement, vegetated building envelopes are gaining more popularity. This requires special wind effect investigations, both from sustainability and resiliency perspectives. The current paper focuses on wind load estimation on small- and full-scale trees used as part of green roofs and balconies. Small-scale wind load assessment was carried out using a wind tunnel testing in a global-effect study to understand the interference effects from surrounding structures. Full-scale trees were investigated at a large open-jet facility in a local-effect study to account for the wind-tree interaction. The effect of Reynolds number combined with shape change on the overall loads measured at the base of the trees (near the roots) has been investigated by testing at different model-scales and wind speeds. In addition, high-speed tests were conducted to examine the security of the trees in soil and to assess the effectiveness of a proposed structural mitigation system. Results of the current research show that at relatively high wind speeds the load coefficients tend to be reduced, limiting the wind loads on trees. No resonance or vortex shedding was visually observed.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Aly, A.M., Gan Chowdhury, A. and Bitsuamlak, G. (2011a), "Wind profile management and blockage assessment for a new 12-fan WoW facility at FIU", Wind Struct., 14(4), 285-300. https://doi.org/10.12989/was.2011.14.4.285
  2. Aly, A.M., Bitsuamlak, G. and Gan Chowdhury, A. (2011b), "Florida International University‟s Wall of Wind: a tool for the improvement of code provisions and design criteria for hurricane-prone regions", Vulnerability, Uncertainty, and Risk: Analysis, Modeling, and Management - Proceedings of the ICVRAM 2011 and ISUMA 2011 Conference, Hyattsville, MD, USA, April, 352-359.
  3. Aly, A.M., Bitsuamlak, G.T. and Gan Chowdhury, A. (2012), "Full-scale aerodynamic testing of a loose concrete roof paver system", Eng. Struct., 44, 260-270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.05.008
  4. Baycan-Levent, T. and Nijkamp, P. (2009), "Planning and management of urban green spaces in Europe: comparative analysis", J. Urban Plann. Dev., 135(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9488(2009)135:1(1)
  5. Blevins, R.D. (1990), Flow-induced vibrations, New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold.
  6. de Langre, E. (2008), "Effects of wind on plants", Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech., 40, 141-168. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fluid.40.111406.102135
  7. Diener, J., Rodriguez, M., Baboud, L. and Reveret, L. (2009), "Wind projection basis for real-time animation of trees", Comput. Graph. Forum., 28(2), 533-540. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8659.2009.01393.x
  8. French, A.P. (1970), Newtonian mechanics, The M.I.T. Introductory Physics Series, 1st Ed., W.W. Norton and Company Inc., New York.
  9. Fossati F., Muggiasca S. and Argentini T. (2010), "The vertical forest: wind loads on trees, pedestrian comfort, and net pressure distributions on facades", Proceedings of the 9th UK Conference on Wind Engineering WES, Bristol UK, September.
  10. Gilman, E.F., Masters, F. and Grabosky, J. (2008), "Pruning affects tree movement in hurricane force wind", Arboric. Urban For., 34(1), 20-28.
  11. Haritos, N. and James, K. (2008), "Dynamic response characteristics of trees from excitation by turbulent wind", Proceedings of the 20th Australasian Conference on the Mechanics of Structures and Materials, ACMSM20, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia, December.
  12. Hough, M. (1984), City form and natural processes, Croom Helm, London.
  13. Hu, X., Tao, W. and Guo, Y. (2011), "Fluid-structure interaction simulation of a tree swaying in wind field", Chin. J. Comput. Mech., 28(2), 302-308.
  14. Hu, X., Tao, W. and Guo, Y. (2008a), "Simulation of swaying tree in wind field considering coupling effect", J. Zhejiang Univ. (Eng. Sc.), 42(7), 1123-1127.
  15. Hu, X., Tao, W. and Guo, Y. (2008b), "Using FEM to predict tree motion in a wind field", J. Zhejiang Univ-Sc A, 9(7), 907-915. https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.A0720035
  16. James, K.R. (2003), "Dynamic loading of trees", J. Arboric., 29(3).
  17. James, K.R., Haritos, N. and Ades, P. (2006), "Mechanical stability of trees under dynamic loads", Am. J. Bot., 93(10), 1522-1530. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.93.10.1522
  18. James, K.R. (2012), A dynamic structural analysis of trees subject to wind loading, PhD thesis, University of Melbourne.
  19. Kontogianni, A., Tsitsoni, T. and Goudelis, G. (2011), "An index based on silvicultural knowledge for tree stability assessment and improved ecological function in urban ecosystems", Ecol. Eng., 37(6), 914-919. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2011.01.015
  20. Mayhead, G.J. (1973), "Some drag coefficients for British trees derived from wind tunnel studies", Agric. Meteorology., 12,123-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-1571(73)90013-7
  21. Lin, D., Chen, C., Tang, L., Wang, Q. and Xu, W. (2009), "Interactive physical based animation of tree swaying in wind", Proceedings of the 10th ACIS Conference on Software Engineering, Artificial Intelligence, Networking and Parallel/Distributed Computing, SNPD 2009, In conjunction with IWEA 2009 and WEACR 2009, Daegu, Korea, May.
  22. Rodriguez, M., de Langre, E. and Moulia, B. (2008), "A scaling law for the effects of architecture and allometry on tree vibration modes suggests a biological tuning to modal compartmentalization", Am. J. Bot., 95(12), 1523-1537. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.0800161
  23. Sellier, D. and Fourcaud, T. (2009), "Crown structure and wood properties: influence on tree sway and response to high winds", Am. J. Bot., 96(5), 885-896. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.0800226
  24. Spatz, H.C, Bruchert, F. and Pfisterer, J. (2007), "Multiple resonance damping or how do trees escape dangerously large oscillations", Am. J. Bot., 94(10), 1603-1611. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.94.10.1603
  25. Theckes, B., de Langre, E. and Boutillon, X. (2011), "Damping by branching: a bioinspiration from trees", Bioinsp. Biomim., 6, 1-11.
  26. Zubizarreta-Gerendiain, A., Pellikka, P., Garcia-Gonzalo, J., Ikonen, V. and Peltola, H. (2012), "Factors affecting wind and snow damage of individual trees in a small management unit in Finland: assessment based on inventoried damage and mechanistic modeling", Silva Fenn., 46(2), 181-196.

피인용 문헌

  1. Nonlinear dynamics and failure wind velocity analysis of urban trees vol.22, pp.1, 2016, https://doi.org/10.12989/was.2016.22.1.089
  2. Atmospheric boundary-layer simulation for the built environment: Past, present and future vol.75, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.02.004
  3. Atmospheric boundary layer simulation in a new open-jet facility at LSU: CFD and experimental investigations vol.110, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2017.06.027